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Colonial Legacy and Development: Reflection on Nigeria’s Oil Dependency and Economic Resilience amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic Adzraa Andira; Freya Harber
Jurnal Sentris Vol. 3 No. 2 (2022): Jurnal Sentris
Publisher : Kelompok Studi Mahasiswa Pengkaji Masalah Internasional Unpar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/sentris.v3i2.6106.168-182

This paper argues that the lack of economic diversification caused by colonial practices serves as the cause of Nigeria’s dependency towards the oil sector, hence exacerbating their economic condition amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. What began as colonialism with the British Empire has carried out into today’s day and age as Nigeria’s economic vulnerability and dependency on its oil industry. Despite previous experiences in facing crises due to fluctuating global oil markets, it is apparent that the sector of mining and quarrying –including oil– still holds a great proportion of Nigeria’s domestic revenue sources, despite attempts to diversify the country’s economic portfolio. It is clear that Nigeria’s lack of diversification of economic sources as a colonial legacy makes the country more vulnerable towards crisis, especially in the context of COVID-19. Nigeria’s dependency on Oil in the wake of post-colonialism offers a good example of the vulnerable nature of economies that lack diversification. Furthermore, this study uses literature findings as its main source of data. One can also see literature comparison of the concept regarding the impact of neo-colonial frameworks towards former colonies.

Konsep Keuntungan Maksimal Sebagai Alasan Filipina Menggandeng Tiongkok pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19 Evita Christiana
Jurnal Sentris Vol. 3 No. 2 (2022): Jurnal Sentris
Publisher : Kelompok Studi Mahasiswa Pengkaji Masalah Internasional Unpar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/sentris.v3i2.6129.154-167

Relations between the Philippines and China are filled with conflict and cooperation. The conflict between the two countries can be seen from the conflict in the South China Sea, while the cooperation between the Philippines and China can be seen in the form of investment, loans, and others. With these dynamics, the author then finds an anomaly related to why the Philippines, which is in conflict with China in the South China Sea still wants to cooperate with China during the pandemic of COVID-19. Through this research, the author aims to find out the reasons behind the Philippines' desire to cooperate. The author then argues that the cooperation happens because of the material benefits that the Philippines has received and the benefit of social relations. In doing this research, the author uses rational choice theory from a journal written by Linda K George. By using rational choice theory, the author will further review what choices the Philippines faces so that it prefers to cooperate with China.

Legalisasi Ganja di Uruguay dan Kanada: Dampak terhadap Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Nasional Nada Gavrila Wasisto; Sesilia Rainaputri Jans
Jurnal Sentris Vol. 3 No. 2 (2022): Jurnal Sentris
Publisher : Kelompok Studi Mahasiswa Pengkaji Masalah Internasional Unpar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/sentris.v3i2.6157.104-117

ABSTRACT The legalization of cannabis has been a trend to be done by countries because it is seen as beneficial in many ways. Marijuana is seen as a drug which has less negative impacts, or can be said “manageable” hence receiving much support from the society to be legalized in a country. Cannabis legalization, either medical or non medical marijuana, is believed to positively impact the welfare of society. Uruguay and Canada are the first and second countries which legalized non medical marijuana through the establishment of a specific marijuana policy to regulate various activities related to marijuana. However, the established marijuana legalization policy has not necessarily proven to give advantages to society. In addition, the impacts of the legalization itself can not only be seen from the fact that the countries have legalized marijuana, rather how the legalization is regulated in the policy. Thus, this research will analyze how marijuana is legalized in the national policy of Uruguay and Canada, and compare the impacts of the policy towards human welfare through the perspective of Social Welfare Theory by Elizabeth Wickenden.

Critical Summary Bab 8 “Propaganda” Daphne Andrea
Jurnal Sentris Vol. 3 No. 2 (2022): Jurnal Sentris
Publisher : Kelompok Studi Mahasiswa Pengkaji Masalah Internasional Unpar

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Garth S. Jowett dalam salah satu bab di bukunya yang berjudul Propaganda and Persuasion berargumen bahwa propaganda merupakan suatu bentuk komunikasi yang dapat digambarkan sebagai sebuah proses yang sangat rumit dan kompleks. Proses propaganda sendiri dapat dikatakan berupa aliran pesan melalui sistem jaringan yang meliputi agen propaganda, berbagai media, dan jaringan sosial. Propaganda memiliki dampak potensial pada budaya pada titik mana pun selama proses berlangsung, dan tentu saja budaya pada gilirannya berdampak pada proses propaganda.

Peran United States Agency for International Development (USAID) terhadap Kudeta Militer Myanmar Amanda Khairunissa Yunus; Nindya Raihan Zani; Rihhadatul Aisya; Reza Santika; Sonia Pesliko
Jurnal Sentris Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Jurnal Sentris
Publisher : Kelompok Studi Mahasiswa Pengkaji Masalah Internasional Unpar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/sentris.v4i1.5105.1-13

Myanmar has experienced a democracy crisis and is facing a violent war for human rights by the military junta. The conflict between the military and the victory of Aung San Suu Kyi's party, namely the NLD (National League for Democracy) party, caused Myanmar to experience a coup since February 2021. The human rights urgency of the Myanmar problem caused international institutions and a number of countries such as the United States to help Myanmar in resolving the problem by both providing financial assistance and other government development assistance to Myanmar, through its agency USAID (United States Agency for International Development). The existence of USAID assistance to Myanmar indicates that there are things that encourage US assistance to Myanmar which raises questions; what are the interests of the US through USAID in helping Myanmar. Which questions will be answered in this paper with a historical approach based on the theory of liberalism. Keywords: Military Coup; liberalism; Myanmar; USAID References Aida, R. N. (2021, February 12). Kudeta Myanmar, Sebab, dan Apa yang Sebenarnya Terjadi? KOMPAS.Com. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2021/02/12/123000265/kudeta-myanmar sebab-dan-apa-yang-sebenarnya-terjadi-?page=1 Bakry, U.S. (2017). Dasar-Dasar Hubungan Internasional. Jakarta: Kencana Devi, K. S. (2014). Myanmar under the military rule 1962-1988. International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 3(10), 46-50. http://www.isca.in/IJSS/Archive/v3/i10/8.ISCA-IRJSS-2014-173.pdf Enos, O (2021). Scaling up the U.S. Response to the Coup in Burm (Report No. 3629). The Heritage Foundation. https://www.heritage.org/asia/report/scaling-the-us-response-the-coup-Myanmar Hidriyah, S. (2011). Proses Demokratisasi Myanmar Menuju Pemilu Presiden Tahun 2012. P3DI Sekretariat Jenderal DPR RI, Vol. III, No. 24 (December 2011):1-8. http://berkas.dpr.go.id/puslit/files/info_singkat/Info%20Singkat-III-24-II-P3DI-Desember-2011- 60.pdf. History | Myanmar | U.S. Agency for International Development. (n.d.). U.S. Agency for International Development. Retrieved August 6, 2021, from https://www.usaid.gov/Myanmar/history Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. (2010). Timeline: US-Myanmar/Myanmar Relations. Timeline: US Myanmar/Myanmar Relations, 32(3), 434–436. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25798870 International Crisis Group (2021). Responding to the Myanmar Coup. https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b166-responding-to-the-myanmar-coup.pdf . Jakarta, E. U. S. (2019, August 8). Lembar Fakta: Amerika Serikat dan ASEAN – Kemitraan Abadi. Kedutaan Besar dan Konsulat AS di Indonesia. https://id.usembassy.gov/id/lembar-fakta amerika-serikat-dan-asean-kemitraan-abadi/ . O.P.R. (2001, February 11). USAID Immediately Redirects $42 Million in Response to the Military. U.S. Agency for International Development. https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press releases/feb-11-2021-usaid-immediately-redirects-42-million-response-military-coup-Myanmar O.P.R. (2021, May 18). United States Announces Nearly $155 Million in New Funding for the. U.S. Agency for International Development. https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press releases/may-18-2021-us-announces-nearly-155-million-new-funding-Myanmar-bangladesh crisis Tarnoff, C. (2018). The Marshall plan: Design, accomplishments, and significance (Vol. 18). Congressional Research Service. https://www.ethiopianregistrar.com/files/sgp/crs/row/r45079.pdf . Toosi, N. (2018, July 31). Trump officials split over punishing Myanmar for atrocities. POLITICO. https://www.politico.com/story/2018/07/31/myanmar-rohingya-white-house-trump-officials 752730 U.S. Agency for International Development. (2021, July). U.S. Foreign Aid by Country|Myanmar. Foreign Aid Explorer. https://foreignassistance.gov/cd/MMR?implementing_agency_id=1&measure=Obligations&fisca l_year=2017 U.S. Agency for International Development. (2021a, June). U.S. Foreign Aid by Country|Myanmar. Foreign Aid Explorer. https://foreignassistance.gov/cd/MMR?fiscal_year=2020&implementing_agency_id=1&measure =Obligations U.S. Relations With Myanmar. (2021, June 3). United States Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-Myanmar/ Viotti, P. R dan Mark V. K. (2012)."International Relations Theory:Fifth Edition. (United States: Pearson Education Inc), 129-130. Who We Are | U.S. Agency for International Development. (n.d.). U.S. Agency for International Development. Retrieved August 6, 2021, from https://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are Yazid, N. M. (2015). The theory of hegemonic stability, hegemonic power and international political economic stability. Global Journal of Political Science and Administration, 3(6), 67- 79.https://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Theory-of-Hegemonic-Stability Hegemonic-Power-and-International-Political-Economic-Stability-1.pdf.

Masa Depan Gas Alam dan Ekonomi Jerman dalam Konstelasi Perang Rusia-Ukraina Muhammad Andryan Juliardy
Jurnal Sentris Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Jurnal Sentris
Publisher : Kelompok Studi Mahasiswa Pengkaji Masalah Internasional Unpar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/sentris.v4i1.6339.34-45

This paper focuses on the implications of the Russia-Ukraine war on Germany's dependence on natural gas supplies imported from Russia, which affects the German economy. Through the theory of dependency, we will analyze whether energy-dependent relationships cause great losses when relations between countries run into problems and how Germany responds to this situation. Russia is currently trying to take control of Ukraine and has begun a military invasion. Meanwhile, Germany, which is a member of the European Union, is experiencing pressure from the European Union to sanction Russia in the form of a natural gas embargo. Losses can be experienced by Germany due to restrictions on the supply of natural gas energy from Russia which affect the productivity of its industry because the German industry is based on natural gas energy imported from Russia. This study shows that Germany is dependent on natural gas energy cooperation fromRussia. This dependence affects the economic stability of the German state and Germany's political relations with the European Union. So Germany is looking for ways to not depend on natural gas products and switch to renewable energy. Although at first, it was very difficult for Germany to decide to sanction a natural gas embargo against Russia, Germany decided that it was willing and ready to embargo Russia. This research uses qualitative methodology by means of a literature study to obtain data and information. It is interesting to discuss this topic because of the complexity between Germany towards Russia and the European Union in importing natural gas for the benefit of Germany's economic development. Keywords: Germany; Russia; economy; natural Gas; dependency REFERENCES Anderson, R. J. (2008). Europe's Dependence on Russian Natural Gas: Perspectives and Recommendations for a Long-term Strategy. GEORGE C MARSHALL CENTER APO AE 09053 EUROPEAN CENTER FOR SECURITY STUDIES. BDEW. 2019. “Energy Market Germany 2019.” BDEW Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschafte. Bhattarai, U., Maraseni, T., & Apan, A. (2022). Assay of renewable energy transition: A systematic literature review. Science of The Total Environment, 155159. Bros, A., Mitrova, T. and Westphal, K. (2017). German-Russian Gas Relations A Special Relationship in Troubled Water. https://www.swpberlin.org/publications/products/research_papers/2017RP13_wep_EtAl.pdf. Diakses pada 18 Oktober 2022. Bundesnetzagentur.de. “Bundesnetzagentur - Aktuelle Lage Gasversorgung - Gasimporte in GWh/Tag,” 2022. https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/DE/Gasversorgung/aktuelle_gasversorgung/_svg/Gasimport e/Gasimporte.html?nn=1077982. Egan, M. (2022, February 24). Why the Russian invasion will have huge economic consequences for American families. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/16/economy/russia-ukraineeconomy-inflation/index.html. Diakses pada 27 Oktober 2022. Eia.gov. (2022). International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/RUS . Diakses pada 28 Oktober 2022. Emmott, R. (2022). EU agrees another 500 million euros for Ukrainian arms. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-seeks-keep-up-support-ukraine-despite-economic damage-2022-07-18/. Diakses pada 23 Oktober 2022. Fouquet, R. Path dependence in energy systems and economic development. Nat Energy 1, 16098 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016 98 . Diakses pada 28 Oktober 2022. Gehrke, Laurenz, and Hans. “Scholz: Russian Energy Ban Would Mean European Recession.” POLITICO. POLITICO, March 23, 2022. https://www.politico.eu/article/olaf-scholz-warns against-russia-energy-embargo/. Diakses pada 29 April 2023. Graabak, I., Korpås, M., Jaehnert, S. and Belsnes, M. (2019). Balancing future variable wind and solar power production in Central-West Europe with Norwegian hydropower. Energy, 168, pp.870–882. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.068. Diakses pada 15 November 2022. IMF. (2022). The Economic Impacts on Germany of a Potential Russian Gas Shutoff. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2022/07/18/The-Economic-Impacts-on Germany-of-a-Potential-Russian-Gas-Shutoff-520931 . Diakses pada 29 Oktober 2022. Korovkin, V., & Makarin, A. (2019, June 18). Conflict and Inter-Group Trade: Evidence from the 2014 RussiaUkraine crisis. SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3397276. Diakses pada 25 Oktober 2022. Krastev, I., & Leonard, M. (2022, February 9). The crisis of European security: What Europeans think about the war in Ukraine. ECFR. https://ecfr.eu/publication/the-crisis-of-european securitywhat-europeans-think-about-the-war-in-ukraine/. Diakses pada 24 Oktober 2022. Lan, T., Sher, G., & Zhou, J. (2022). The economic impacts on Germany of a potential Russian gas shutoff. IMF Working Papers, 2022(144). Lanktree, G. (2022, February 26). Businesses in Britain, EU brace for impact of Ukraine conflict. POLITICO. https://www.politico.eu/article/businesses-in-britain-and-europe-brace-forimpact of-ukraine-conflict/. Diakses pada 28 Oktober 2022. Oecd.org. (2022). Germany Economic Snapshot - OECD. https://www.oecd.org/economy/germany economic-snapshot/ . Diakses pada 29 Oktober 2022. Reuters. “Factbox: What Happens If Russia Turns off Gas to Germany?” Reuters. Reuters, April 2022. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/what-happens-if-russia-turns-off-gas-flows germany-2022-03-29/#:~:text=REUTERS%2FMaxim%20Shemetov.&text=Russia%20accounted%20for%2055 %25%20of,Russian%20supplies%20before%20mid%2D2024. Diakses pada 4 May 2023. Spänhoff, B. (2014). Current status and future prospects of hydropower in Saxony (Germany) compared to trends in Germany, the European Union and the World. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30, pp.518–525. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.035. Diakses pada 15 November 2022. The New York Times. “The End of the (Pipe)Line? Germany Scrambles to Wean Itself off Russian Gas (Published 2022),” 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/06/world/europe/germany gas-russia-ukraine.html. Diakses pada 29 April 2023. Thomas, L., & Strupczewski, J. (2022, February 25). Ukraine crisis will hit economy but EU is ready, officials say. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/eu-ready-take-economicpain imposing-sanctions-russia-2022-02-25/. Diakses pada 24 Oktober 2022. Welle, Deutsche. “German Energy Crisis: Surviving Winter without Russia.” dw.com. Deutsche Welle, September 22, 2021. Https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-energy-crisis-surviving winter-without-russia/a-59258986. Diakses pada 29 April 2022. Welle, Deutsche. “Uni Eropa Sepakat Jatuhkan Sanksi Baru Kepada Rusia.” dw.com. Deutsche Welle, June 2022. https://www.dw.com/id/eu-sepakati-sanksi-baru-zelenskyy berterimakasih/a-61994105. Diakses pada 24 Oktober 2022. Wiseman, P. (2022, March 2). Economic dangers from Russia's invasion ripple across Globe. AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-vladimir-putin-coronavirus pandemicbusiness-health-9478a9825c9abfde5f6505bd34b2998c. Diakses pada 21 Oktober 2022. Worldbank.org. (2015). Energy imports, net (% of energy use) - Germany | Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.IMP.CONS.ZS?locations=DE. Diakses pada 18 Oktober 2022. Zukunft Gas. (2022)."Natural Gas in Germany: Facts and Figures for the Year 2021.". Berlin: Zukunft Gas. Diakses pada 16 Oktober 2022.

Small Governing Coalition in Hong Kong and its Impact on Political Freedom Trystanto Trystanto
Jurnal Sentris Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Jurnal Sentris
Publisher : Kelompok Studi Mahasiswa Pengkaji Masalah Internasional Unpar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/sentris.v4i1.6346.46-60

Hong Kong has seen an upheaval in recent years. From the protests over the extradition law to the protests over the National Security Law, these protests are a response to the ever-encroaching hand of Beijing on political rights in Hong Kong. After the National Security Law was implemented, Hong Kong’s freedom was almost gone. One by one, pro-democracy protesters, opposition parliament members, and opposition media are being targeted and repressed. Despite the numerous protests and riots, the Hong Kong SAR government perseveres with little concession to the protesters. Why does the government of Hong Kong decided not to respect Hong Kong’s unique democratic system in China, arguably the system that has brought Hong Kong to one of the most prominent cities in the world for global interactions, and instead wish to turn it into another normal Chinese city? Why does the Hong Kong SAR government almost completely ignore the voice of the Hong Kong people? Using the framework developed by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith in The Dictator’s Handbook, I argue that the small size of Hong Kong’s governing coalition (i.e., the minimum amount of support required for the leader to stay in power) and the ease in which the Chief Executive of Hong Kong rewards her allies play a significant role in this democratic backsliding. Furthermore, while the Western World reacted in outrage over this undemocratic encroachment of Beijing on Hong Kong, I argue that their sanctions on Hong Kong leaders will not play a significant role as the Chief Executive of Hong Kong does not need their support. Keywords: Hong Kong; democracy; protests; governing coalition;sanctions REFERENCES Allison, Graham. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape the Thucydides’s Trap? New York: Houghton Miflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2017. Associated Press. “Only Hand-Picked Pro-Beijing ‘Patriots’ Get to Vote for Committee That Will Choose Hong Kong’s next Government.” The Globe and Mail, September 19, 2021. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-hong-kong-voters-to-choose-new-election committee-under-pro-beijing/. BBC News. “North Koreans Vote in ‘No-Choice’ Parliamentary Elections.” BBC News, March 10, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47492747. Bloomberg News. “Xi Finalizes Hong Kong Election Changes, Cementing China Control.” Bloomberg, March 30, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03- 30/china-to-form-small-group-to-vet-hong-kong-elections-scmp-says. Candice Chau. “Hong Kong Democratic Party May Breach Security Law If It Tells Members Not to Run in Election, Warns Pro-Beijing Figure.” Hong Kong Free Press, September 6, 2021. https://hongkongfp.com/2021/09/06/hong-kong-democratic-party-may-breach-security-law if-it-tells-members-not-to-run-in-election-warns-pro-beijing-figure/. CBS News. “Hong Kong Protesters Arrested as Trump Vows to Act ‘Powerfully’ against China.” www.cbsnews.com, May 27, 2020. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hong-kong-protesters arrested-riot-police-china-2020-05-27/. Chen, Jiawen. “Why Economic Sanctions on North Korea Fail to Work?” China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 03, no. 04 (January 2017): 513–34. https://doi.org/10.1142/s2377740017500300. Cox, Gary. Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World’s Electoral Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Drezner, Daniel W. “The United States of Sanctions: The Use and Abuse of Economic Coercion.” Foreign Affairs 100, no. 5 (2021): 142–54. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2021-08-24/united-states-sanctions. Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office, and Export Control Joint Unit. “UK Arms Embargo on Mainland China and Hong Kong.” GOV.UK, December 31, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/uk-arms-embargo-on-mainland-china-and-hong kong. Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. “Government Structure.” GovHK, September 2021. https://www.gov.hk/en/about/govdirectory/govstructure.htm. Grant, Charles. “Russia, China, and Global Governance.” London: Centre for European Reform, 2012. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Grant_CER_Eng.pdf. Grundy, Tom. “‘Highly Necessary’: Beijing to Discuss Enacting National Security Law in Hong Kong Following Months of Protest.” Hong Kong Free Press, May 21, 2020. https://hongkongfp.com/2020/05/21/breaking-beijing-to-discuss-enacting-national-security law-in-hong-kong-following-months-of-protest/. Hathaway, Oona A, and Scott J Shapiro. The Internationalists: How a Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2017. Kirby, Jen. “Pro-Democracy Candidates Dominate Hong Kong’s Local Elections in a Rebuke to China.” Vox, November 25, 2019. https://www.vox.com/2019/11/25/20981691/hong-kong district-council-elections-pro-democracy. Kuo, Lily, and Verna Yu. “Hong Kong Protests: Carrie Lam Denies Offering to Resign.” The Guardian, September 3, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/03/hong-kong protests-carrie-lam-denies-she-considered-resigning. Leung, Christy. “Extradition Bill Not Made to Measure for Mainland China and Won’t Be Abandoned, Hong Kong Leader Carrie Lam Says.” South China Morning Post, April 2019. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3004067/extradition-bill-not-made measure-mainland-china-and-wont. Lo, Chloe. “Hong Kong Leader’s Approval Rating Falls to Lowest since Sept.” Bloomberg, February 17, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-17/hong-kong-leader-s approval-rating-falls-to-lowest-since-sept. Low, Zoe. “What Sparked Hong Kong’s Biggest Mass Arrests under National Security Law?” South China Morning Post, January 6, 2021. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong kong/politics/article/3116586/hong-kong-national-security-law-35-plus-ambition-colour. Mahbubani, Kishore, and Jeffery Sng. The ASEAN Miracle: A Catalyst for Peace. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2017. Mahbubani, Kishore. Has China Won? The Chinese Challenge to American Primacy. New York: PublicAffairs, 2020. Mahtani, Shibani, Tiffany Liang, Anna Kam, and Simon Denyer. “Hong Kong’s Pro-Democracy Parties Sweeping Pro-Beijing Establishment aside in Local Elections.” The Washington Post, March 30,2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200330160031/https://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Record-turnout-in-Hong-Kong-election-seen-as-a-14858897.php. Mesquita, Bruce Bueno de, and Alastair Smith. The Dictator’s Handbook : Why Bad Behavior Is Almost Always Good Politics. New York: Public Affairs, 2012. Olorunnipa, Toluse. “As Trump Puts Partisan Spin on Federal Aid for States, Republicans and Democrats Warn of Coming Financial Calamity.” Washington Post, April 27, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/as-trump-puts-partisan-spin-on-federal-aid-for states-republicans-and-democrats-warn-of-coming-financial-calamity/2020/04/27/a542f19e 889a-11ea-8ac1-bfb250876b7a_story.html. Registration and Electoral Office of the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. “REO : Who May Register / How to Register - Functional Constituencies.” Reo.gov.hk. Accessed October 19, 2021. https://www.reo.gov.hk/en/voter/FC.htm. Reuters. “U.S. Condemns ‘Unjustified Use of Force’ in Hong Kong: Senior Official.” Reuters, November 18, 2019, sec. Emerging Markets. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong protests-usa-idUSKBN1XS06A. ———. “U.S. Condemns China’s New Security Law for Hong Kong, Threatens Further Actions.” Reuters, June 30, 2020, sec. APAC. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china hongkong-security-usa-idUSKBN2412N9. Roantree, Anne Marie, Greg Torode, and James Pomfret. “Special Report: Hong Kong Leader Says She Would ‘Quit’ If She Could, Fears Her Ability to Resolve Crisis Now ‘Very Limited.’” Reuters, September 3, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong protests-carrielam-specialre-idUSKCN1VN1DU. Sanjaya, Trystanto. “Analyzing the ‘Democracy vs. Autocracy’ Advocacy of the Biden Administration in the Upcoming US-China Great Power Competition from the Perspective of National Interest .” Tamkang Journal of International Affairs 26, no. 4 (2023): 47–98. Subcommittee on Decision of the National People's Congress on Improving the Electoral System of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The Amended Annex I and Annex II to Basic Law, LC Paper No. CB(4)703/20-21(01) § (2021). https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr20- 21/english/hc/sub_com/hs102/papers/hs10220210331cb4-703-1-e.pdf. Tong, Kurt. “Hong Kong and the Limits of Decoupling.” Foreign Affairs, July 26, 2021. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2021-07-14/hong-kong-and-limits-decoupling. United Nations Treaty Collection, Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong, Vol. 1399, (New York, 1994), 62 United States Department of the Treasury. “Treasury Sanctions Individuals for Undermining Hong Kong’s Autonomy | U.S. Department of the Treasury.” home.treasury.gov, August 7, 2020. https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm1088. Weeks, Jessica L.P. Dictators at War and Peace. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2014. Xinhua. “Hong Kong Must Be Governed by Patriots.” Global TImes, November 12, 2020. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1206580.shtml. 香港中联办. “中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法附件二香港特别行政区立法会的产生办法和表决程序.” Hong Kong Liaison Office, March 30, 2021. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/h6q6yzNwNXuJZ55bx98lFQ.

Apa yang Melatarbelakangi Keinginan Negara untuk Memiliki Senjata Nuklir? Studi Kasus Iran dan Korea Utara Muhammad Erza Pradana
Jurnal Sentris Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Jurnal Sentris
Publisher : Kelompok Studi Mahasiswa Pengkaji Masalah Internasional Unpar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/sentris.v4i1.6425.61-72

Why do states want to acquire nuclear weapons? In other words, what drives nuclear-aspiring states? This is the basic question that the author seeks to address in this research. To do so, this research will focus on two standout cases: Iran and North Korea. By employing structural realism as a tool of analysis, the author argues that it is the structure of the international system that drives both Iran and North Korea to acquire nuclear weapons of their own. Specifically, it is the highly unequal distribution of power both regionally and globally that encourages both states to go nuclear. At the global level, both Iran and North Korea found themselves in hostilities with a much more powerful state, the United States. The hostilities and the fact that the United States is way more powerful increase the fear of being attacked in both countries. Similarly, at the regional level, both states face neighbors that are relatively more powerful and have alliances with the United States. Thus, this imbalance of power and the fear it created in both Iran and North Korea give them great incentive to go nuclear, as nuclear weapons would act as a deterrent against any possible aggression. This research is qualitative and based on the literature study data collection method. Keywords: Nuclear proliferation; national security; distribution of capabilities; structural realism REFERENCES Abulof, Uriel. 2014. "Revisiting Iran’s nuclear rationales." International Politics 51(3), 404-415. Albright, David, and Andrea Stricker. 2010. "Iran’s Nuclear Program." In The Iran Primer: Power, Politics, and US Policy, edited by Robin Wright, 77-81. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Pres. Bowen, W.Q., and J. Brewer. 2011. "Iran’s nuclear challenge: Nine years and counting." International Affairs 87(4): 923–943. Chubin, S. 2007. "Iran: Domestic politics and nuclear choices." In Strategic Asia 2007–08: Domestic Political Change and Grand Strategy, edited by A.J. Tellis, M. Wills and N. Bisley, 301–340. Washington DC: National Bureau of Asian Research. Cronin, Patrick M. 2008. "The Trouble with North Korea." In Double Trouble: Iran and North Korea as Challenges to International Security, edited by Patrick M. Cronin, 79-89. Wesport: Praeger Security International Buszynski, Leszek. 2021. "North Korea's Nuclear Diplomacy." In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary North Korea, edited by Adrian Buzo, -170. Oxon: Routledge. Donnelly, Jack. 2005. "Realism." In Theories of International Relations, edited by Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Christian Reus-Smit Matthew Paterson and Jacqui True, 29-54. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Greitens, Sheena Chestnut. 2020. "Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction." In The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, by John Baylis, Steve Smith and Patricia Owens, 465-480. Oxford: Oxford University. Hobbs, Christopher, and Matthew Moran. 2014. 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"Introduction." In Nuclear Proliferation and International Security, edited by Morten Bremer Mærli and Sverre Lodgaard, 1-5. Oxon: Routledge. Mearsheimer, John J. 2018. The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. New Haven: Yale University Press. —. 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: WW Norton & Company. Mearsheimer, John J., and Stephen M. Walt. 2007. The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Pollack, Jonathan D. 2011. No Exit: North Korea, Nuclear Weapons and International Security. New York: Routledge. Popoola, Michael Akin, Deborah Ebunoluwa Oluwadara, and Abiodun A. Adesegun. 2019. "North Korea Nucler Proliferation in the Context of the Realist Theory: A Review." European Journal of Social Sciences 58(1), 75-82. Porter, Patrick. 2015. The Global Village Myth: Distance, War and the Limits of Power. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. Sharma, Anu. 2022. 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Perhubungan Terorisme dengan Kejahatan Transnasional: Crime-Terrorism oleh Kelompok Abu Sayyaf di Filipina Maulidita, Salismi Zulfi; Novita, Fauziah; Hikmah, Indah Putri
Jurnal Sentris Vol. 4 No. 2 (2023): Jurnal Sentris
Publisher : Kelompok Studi Mahasiswa Pengkaji Masalah Internasional Unpar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/sentris.v4i2.6489.135-145

Terrorism, like other forms of criminal activities, undergoes continual adaptation in response to societal changes and the passage of time. Recent studies have begun to explore the evolving nature of criminal activities conducted by terrorist groups that concurrently function as multinational crime syndicates, often referred to as ‘crime-terrorism.’ In this particular study applied the crime-terrorism framework by Rollins and Wyler, with a specific focus on the Abu Sayyaf Group as the subject of analysis. This paper delves into the Abu Sayyaf Group's motivation for transitioning into a crime-terrorist organization and examines the tactics employed by the group in carrying out their operations. Utilizing a qualitative research methodology aligned with the principles established by John W. Creswell, this study elucidates two significant findings: (1) the Abu Sayyaf Group's motivation for engaging in organized crime is primarily driven by the need to sustain its operations and support its members' livelihoods since the external funding sources is disrupted; and (2) the tactics practiced by the Abu Sayyaf Group include bomb attacks, kidnappings, extortion, and the provision of security for illicit activities such as the cultivation and trade of illegal cannabis. Keywords: Abu Sayyaf Group; Terrorism; Transnational Crime; Crime-Terrorism

Pengaruh Atribut Nasional terhadap Kebijakan Cina Bersengketa dengan Jepang di Kepulauan Diaoyu/Senkaku Karang, Christoforus; Abil , Adam; Sharon, Maria; Pratama , Ananda; Gracia, Rafaela
Jurnal Sentris Vol. 4 No. 2 (2023): Jurnal Sentris
Publisher : Kelompok Studi Mahasiswa Pengkaji Masalah Internasional Unpar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/sentris.v4i2.6502.177-192

The dispute between China and Japan over administrative control of Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands raises a question about the intention of China with its confrontative foreign policy. China's foreign policy is often difficult to understand clearly largely because of its ambiguity in determining the appropriate instruments to fight for its interests. China's foreign policy in regards to its dispute with Japan over Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands should not have been implemented because of China's membership and ratification of UNCLOS back in 1996. By using the qualitative method along with the National Attribute theory by Valerie Hudson, it was found that China's confrontative foreign policy was based of the fact that China has an advantage on the aspects of its national attribute, mainly on its natural resources, economic and military capabilities. Keywords: Diaoyu; Senkaku; Cina; Jepang; Atribut Nasional

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Fritz Humphrey Silalahi

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Jl. Ciumbuleuit No.94, Hegarmanah, Kec. Cidadap, Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat 40141

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Jawa barat

INDONESIA

Abstract

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Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name Fritz Humphrey Silalahi

Contact Email fritz.humphrey11@gmail.com

Phone +628111897169

Journal Mail Official ksmpmisentris@gmail.com

Editorial Address Jl. Ciumbuleuit No.94, Hegarmanah, Kec. Cidadap, Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat 40141

Location Kota bandung, Jawa barat INDONESIA

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Contact Name
Fritz Humphrey Silalahi

Contact Email
fritz.humphrey11@gmail.com

Phone
+628111897169

Journal Mail Official
ksmpmisentris@gmail.com

Editorial Address
Jl. Ciumbuleuit No.94, Hegarmanah, Kec. Cidadap, Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat 40141

Location
Kota bandung,

Jawa barat

INDONESIA