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Unit Redaksi IJPE, Gedung FOK, Jurusan Farmasi, Fakultas Olahraga dan Kesehatan Universitas Negeri Gorontalo. Jln. Jenderal Sudirman No. 06, Kota Tengah, Kota Gorontalo, 96128, Gorontalo, Indonesia. Surat Elektronik : redaksiijpe@ung.ac.id Telf/Fax : 0435-821698 / 0435-821698 Phone (Whatshaap) : +6281547458537
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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education
Published by Universitas Negeri Gorontalo
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27753670     DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.37311/ijpe
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology
ndonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education (IJPE) adalah junal resmi yang diterbitkan oleh Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo yang bekerja sama dengan IAI (Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia) Provinsi Gorontalo. Artikel pada jurnal ini dapat diakses dan unduh secara online oleh publik (open access journal). Jurnal ini adalah jurnal peer-review nasional, yang terbit tiga kali dalam setahun tentang topik-topik keunggulan hasil penelitian di bidang pelayanan dan praktek kefarmasian, pengobatan masyarakat, teknologi kefarmasian serta disiplin ilmu kesehatan yang terkait erat. Jurnal ini menerima naskah berbahasa Indonesia dan Inggris. Berikut merupakan area-area yang difokuskan oleh jurnal ini Farmasi Klinis Farmasi Komunitas Farmasetika Kimia Farmasi Farmakognosi Fitokimia Naskah yang terpilih untuk dipublikasikan di Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education akan dikirim ke reviewer yang pakar dibidangnya, yang tidak berafiliasi dengan lembaga yang sama dengan penulis dan dipilih berdasarkan pertimbangan tim editor. Naskah yang diterima untuk publikasi adalah salinan yang diedit untuk tata bahasa, tanda baca, gaya cetak, dan format. Seluruh proses pengajuan naskah hingga keputusan akhir untuk penerbitan dilakukan secara online.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Ilmu Farmasi
Articles 160 Documents
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Potential Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Outpatients in Palembang: a Retrospective Study Sonlimar Mangunsong; Fadly Akbar; Mona Rahmi Rulianti; Vera Astuti; Lilis Maryanti; Sarmalina Simamora; Abdul Gani
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 1 (2026): January–April 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i1.34468

Abstract

This study aimed to identify and describe potential drug–drug interactions (DDIs) among outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at Hospital X (Palembang, Indonesia) by analysing patient characteristics, patterns of antidiabetic drug use, comorbidities, concomitant medications, and the severity of potential interactions. A descriptive retrospective design was applied using secondary data from outpatient medical records during January–December 2024. From a total of 1,486 records, 316 eligible records were included based on predefined inclusion criteria, with the minimum sample size determined using Slovin’s formula. Potential DDI severity was categorised into major, moderate, and minor. Most patients were female (66.13%) and aged ≥60 years (51.58%). Metformin was the most frequently prescribed antidiabetic drug (25.38%), followed by insulin Apidra (15.45%), insulin Sansulin (14.12%), and glimepiride (12.78%). Potential DDIs were identified in 255 patients (80.69%); across 649 interaction events, most were moderate (93.52%), followed by minor (5.72%) and major (0.75%). The remaining 61 patients (19.31%) had no potential DDIs. Overall, the high utilisation of multi-drug regimens in outpatient T2DM care is associated with substantial exposure to potential DDIs, predominantly of moderate severity, underscoring the need for routine medication review and therapeutic monitoring to improve medication safety, with clinical pharmacists playing an important role in supporting prescribers.
Community Understanding of Household Emergency Medicines for Flood Preparedness in Lekobalo Urban Village, Gorontalo City, Indonesia Andi Makkulawu; Teti Sutriyati Tuloli; Mohamad Aprianto Paneo; Multiani S Latif; Larastiyas Pulukadang
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 1 (2026): January–April 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i1.34884

Abstract

Flood events in Gorontalo City repeatedly generate acute health risks and disrupt access to routine healthcare, making household-level preparedness particularly the availability and appropriate use of emergency medicines an essential component of disaster risk reduction. This study assessed community understanding of household emergency medicines for flood preparedness in Lekobalo Urban Village, Gorontalo City, Indonesia, using a cross-sectional design. A total of 95 residents were recruited by purposive sampling and completed a 24-item questionnaire covering four domains: knowledge of emergency medicines, medication procurement behaviour, medication use, and information sources; the instrument demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.958). Overall, community understanding was predominantly moderate (55.8%), followed by low (27.4%) and high (16.8%) categories, indicating that preparedness knowledge and practical medication readiness remain suboptimal in a substantial proportion of households. Descriptive comparisons suggested variability across sociodemographic characteristics, implying that targeted health education and community-based pharmaceutical counselling may be required to strengthen household readiness before, during, and after flood events. These findings support the integration of structured risk communication on essential emergency medicines into local disaster preparedness programmes, aligned with primary healthcare and community pharmacy engagement. 
Microbiological Evaluation of Garlic Extract and SwissADME Profiling of Allicin as an Antimicrobial Candidate Errol Rakhmad Noordam; Kusno Haryanto; Iin Hardiyati Iin Hardiyati; Anjas Wilapangga; Dian Yudianto; Dede Komarudin; Pristiyantoro Pristiyantoro
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 2 (2026): May–August 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.37287

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of garlic extract using a rapid ready-to-use plate system (Easy Plate) and to assess the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of allicin through in silico analysis using SwissADME. Microbiological testing was performed on garlic extract samples targeting coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacteriaceae. The in silico analysis evaluated physicochemical characteristics, solubility, pharmacokinetic properties, and drug-likeness parameters of allicin. The microbiological results showed no detectable bacterial growth in the tested garlic extract samples under the applied conditions. SwissADME analysis indicated that allicin has favorable properties, including compliance with Lipinski’s Rule of Five, balanced lipophilicity, good predicted water solubility, and high gastrointestinal absorption. These findings suggest that garlic extract exhibited acceptable microbiological quality under the present test conditions, while allicin demonstrated promising drug-like characteristics as a bioactive organosulfur compound. However, the microbiological findings should be interpreted cautiously because the intrinsic antimicrobial activity of garlic extract may affect microbial recovery, and the in silico results remain predictive and require further experimental validation.
In Vitro Antibacterial and In Vivo Antidiarrhoeal Activities of a 96% Ethanol Extract of Eriobotrya japonica Stem Bark Friska Dewi Sari Hutauruk; Yesiska Kristina Hartanti; Meilani Roma Ito Sihaloho; Anastasia Setyopuspito Pramitaningastuti
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 2 (2026): May–August 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.37762

Abstract

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (loquat) has been reported to possess various health benefits. Phytochemical studies have identified flavonoids and triterpene acids in its stem bark; however, its biological potential remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and in vivo antidiarrhoeal activities of the 96% ethanol extract of Eriobotrya japonica stem bark as a candidate natural antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal agent. The extract was prepared by maceration using 96% ethanol and subjected to phytochemical screening. Acute oral toxicity was assessed in Wistar rats according to OECD Guideline 423 using three animals per step. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at concentrations ranging from 25 to 500 mg/mL (n = 3). Antidiarrhoeal activity was assessed in male BALB/c mice at doses of 200–600 mg/kg BW (n = 4) using a castor oil-induced diarrhoea model. The extract was found to be practically non-toxic at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg BW. Concentration-dependent antibacterial activity was observed against both bacterial strains, with the highest concentration producing the largest inhibition zone against E. coli (12.17 ± 0.61 mm; p 0.05). In the antidiarrhoeal assay, the extract at 200 mg/kg BW showed the most pronounced inhibitory effect on wet faeces and total faecal output, with an inhibition percentage of 83.14%, exceeding that of loperamide. Higher extract doses did not enhance the antidiarrhoeal effect. These findings suggest that Eriobotrya japonica stem bark extract has potential antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal activities with a favourable acute safety profile, although further phytochemical standardisation and mechanistic studies are required.
Flipchart-Based Education Improves Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Resistance Knowledge Among Rural Elementary Students: A Pre-Experimental Study I Gusti Ayu Rai Widowati; Ida Ayu Manik Partha Sutema; Ni Komang Semara Yanti; I Wayan Agus Gede Manik Saputra; Ni Nyoman Sri Budayanti
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 1 (2026): January–April 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i1.37454

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a major public health challenge, driven in part by inappropriate antibiotic use and limited public understanding of antibiotics and AMR. Early educational interventions for school-aged children may offer a sustainable approach to strengthening antibiotic literacy and promoting responsible health behaviors. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a flipchart-based educational intervention in improving elementary school students’ knowledge of antibiotics and understanding of AMR in a rural area of Bali, Indonesia. A pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design was conducted among 76 students using a validated questionnaire covering basic antibiotic concepts, AMR mechanisms, and prevention strategies. The proportion of students categorized as having high knowledge increased from 19.7% (95% CI: 11.8–27.8) before the intervention to 63.8% (95% CI: 53.9–75.3) after the intervention, while the proportion with low knowledge decreased from 21.1% to 10.5%. Mean knowledge scores increased significantly from 58.82 ± 16.57 to 75.13 ± 18.00, with a mean difference of +16.32 (95% CI: 12.55–20.08; p 0.001). The intervention also demonstrated a large practical effect (Cohen’s d = 0.99). These findings indicate that flipchart-based education can effectively improve antibiotic knowledge and AMR understanding among rural elementary school students and may serve as a promising school-based health education approach to support early antibiotic literacy.
Antibacterial Activity of Averrhoa bilimbi and Cananga odorata Infusions Against Cutibacterium acnes Rahmawati Rahmawati; Zulfa Zakiah; Anggi Ghina Aulandari
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 1 (2026): January–April 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i1.37617

Abstract

Acne is a common skin disorder often associated with infection by Cutibacterium acnes. The long-term use of synthetic antibiotics such as clindamycin may cause adverse effects and contribute to bacterial resistance, highlighting the need for alternative natural treatments. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of infusions of belimbing wuluh leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.) and kenanga flowers (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. Thomson), administered individually and in combination, against the growth of C. acnes. The study was conducted experimentally using seven treatments: positive control (clindamycin), negative control (sterile distilled water), single infusions of belimbing wuluh leaves and kenanga flowers, and combination infusions at ratios of 2:1, 1:2, and 1:1. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method. All infusion treatments showed antibacterial activity in the moderate category, with mean inhibition zones of approximately 6-7 mm. Under the present disc diffusion conditions, the combination infusions did not demonstrate greater antibacterial activity than the corresponding single infusions. Inhibition zones of the infusion treatments tended to decrease after 48 hours of incubation, which may reflect reduced persistence of activity, regrowth, compound instability, or other diffusion-related factors. These findings indicate that belimbing wuluh leaf and kenanga flower infusions possess antibacterial activity against C. acnes and may serve as potential natural anti-acne agents, although further studies using MIC/MBC, checkerboard, time-kill, and stability testing are required to clarify their interaction and antibacterial characteristics.
Antioxidant Activity and Blood Glucose-Lowering Effect of Sweet Potato Leaf Biscuits in Alloxan-Induced Rats Ni Nyoman Wahyu Udayani; Ni Kadek Ganis Wulandari; Ni Komang Ary Agustina Berliana Putri; Ni Putu Trisna Meika; I Putu Aldy Mahendra
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 1 (2026): January–April 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i1.37311

Abstract

Sweet potato leaves are a potential source of natural antioxidants because they contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and anthocyanins. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of sweet potato leaf biscuits and their effect on blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced male rats. Biscuits were formulated using sweet potato leaf simplicia at three concentrations, namely 30 g (F1), 40 g (F2), and 50 g (F3). A total of 30 experimental rats were divided into six groups: normal control, negative control, positive control, and three treatment groups receiving F1, F2, or F3 biscuits. The test preparations were administered orally once daily for 21 days. Organoleptic evaluation, proximate analysis, antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, and blood glucose measurements were performed. Blood glucose data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the LSD post hoc test. The results showed that all biscuit formulations met the proximate quality requirements according to SNI 01-2973-1992. Antioxidant testing demonstrated that F3 had the strongest antioxidant activity, as indicated by the lowest IC₅₀ value among the tested formulations. F3 also produced the greatest reduction in blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced rats. These findings suggest that biscuits containing a higher proportion of sweet potato leaf simplicia may provide greater antioxidant activity and better glucose-lowering potential.
Natural ACE-Inhibitor Candidates for Hypertension: A Narrative Literature Review with In Silico Highlights Rd Ajeng Tedjaningrum; Regitha Ardhia Cahyani; Riska Amelia Putri; Salsabila Salsabila; Sasqia Fitriyanti; Muhamad Iqbal Rhamadianto
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 1 (2026): January–April 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i1.33420

Abstract

Hypertension remains a major global health burden and is one of the leading risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, particularly angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), plays a central role in blood pressure regulation by catalysing the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Therefore, ACE inhibition represents an important therapeutic strategy in hypertension management. This narrative literature review aimed to summarise and critically discuss the potential of natural bioactive compounds as ACE inhibitor candidates, with particular emphasis on evidence derived from in silico and molecular docking studies. Relevant peer-reviewed articles were reviewed by focusing on natural compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, bioactive peptides, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, luteolin derivatives, fucoidan, scopoletin, and folate. Several natural compounds demonstrated favourable binding affinity and interaction patterns with ACE active sites in computational studies. Chlorogenic acid, quercetin, luteolin derivatives, scopoletin, fucoidan, phenolic compounds, and selected bioactive peptides showed potential molecular interactions comparable to standard ACE inhibitors in several docking analyses. However, most available evidence remains predictive and should be interpreted as binding propensity rather than confirmed enzymatic inhibition or clinical antihypertensive efficacy. Natural bioactive compounds represent promising molecular scaffolds for the development of ACE inhibitor candidates in hypertension therapy. Nevertheless, further validation through in vitro enzymatic assays, kinetic inhibition studies, toxicity evaluation, and in vivo pharmacological assessment is required to confirm their biological relevance and therapeutic applicability.
Micrometer-Sized Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. Peel Extract Emulsion: Hemoglobin and Lung Histopathology Assessment in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Wistar Rats Esa Indah Ayudia; Hafizah Hafizah; Miftahurrahmah Miftahurrahmah; Lipinwati Lipinwati; Hasna Dewi; Denok Tri Hardiningsih
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 2 (2026): May–August 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.37699

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a cempedak fruit peel extract (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.) emulsion and evaluate its effect on hemoglobin levels and lung histopathology in cigarette smoke-exposed Wistar rats. This experimental study used a pre–post control group design involving 36 male Wistar rats divided into six groups: negative control, cigarette smoke-exposed positive control, non-emulsified extract, and emulsion groups at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight. Among the 36 rats, 26 survived until the end of the study and were included in the final analysis. Cigarette smoke exposure was performed for 14 days using a smoking chamber. Particle size was characterized by laser diffraction, hemoglobin levels were measured before and after treatment, and lung histopathology was assessed semiquantitatively. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests, Pearson correlation, and two-way mixed-effects models. The emulsion showed a micrometer-sized particle profile with a median diameter (D50) of 16.17 µm. Hemoglobin levels decreased at the threshold of statistical significance in the pooled pre–post analysis (p=0.05), but no significant treatment-related effect was found. Lung histopathology showed moderate inflammation in the positive control group, while severe inflammation with alveolar–interstitial hemorrhage was observed in the higher-dose emulsion groups. Overall, the current micrometer-sized emulsion did not demonstrate protective effects on hemoglobin levels or lung histopathology. Further nanoemulsion optimization and safety evaluation are required before continued biological testing.
Virgin Coconut Oil and Folic Acid Effects on mTOR and Growth in Rotenone-Induced Stunted Zebrafish Larvae Farica Emiliana; Hanida Aisyah Ardiana; Syahana Aini; Nurdiana Nurdiana; Ni Luh Putu Herli Mastuti; Ariani Ariani
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 6, No 2 (2026): May–August 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.37769

Abstract

Stunting is characterized by impaired linear growth and is associated with dysregulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction suppresses mTOR signaling through oxidative stress and ATP depletion. This study evaluated the effects of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), folic acid, and their combination on mTOR expression and body length in rotenone-induced stunted zebrafish larvae. Zebrafish were divided into five groups (n = 3 biological replicates per group, 30 larvae per replicate): negative control, positive control (rotenone 12.5 ppb), VCO (6.25%), folic acid (70 µM), and combination treatment. mTOR expression at 9 days post-fertilization was analyzed using RT-qPCR (ΔCt for statistical analysis; 2⁻ΔΔCt for fold change presentation), and body length was measured at 3, 6, and 9 dpf. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test. Rotenone significantly reduced mTOR expression and body length (p 0.001). VCO and folic acid alone significantly increased mTOR expression and improved linear growth, particularly at 6–9 dpf, whereas the combination did not produce a superior effect, suggesting a dose-ratio dependent response. In conclusion, VCO and folic acid individually increase mTOR expression and support growth in rotenone-induced stunted zebrafish, while their combination at the tested doses does not provide additional benefit beyond single treatment.

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