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Ahmad Izzuddin
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Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
ISSN : 27751236     EISSN : 27752119     DOI : https://doi.org/10.21580/al-hilal
Core Subject : Religion, Science, Social,
Religion Astronomy Earth & Planetary Sciences Physics Social Sciences
Al-Hilal Journal is a scientific journal published in April and October per year by the Islamic Astronomy at the Faculty of Sharia and Law, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Walisongo, Semarang colaboration with Asosisasi Dosen Falak Indonesia (ADFI). Articles published in this journal are the results of empirical research in Islamic Astronomy (such as qibla, salat times, Islamic Calendar, Eclipse and others), and its approaching on other area studies (mathematics, physics, astrophysics, social, politics, anthropology, ethnography and others). This journal has specifications as a medium of publication and communication of Islamic Astronomy ideas derived from theoretical and analytical studies, as well as research results in the field of both natural and social science. The editor hopes that writers, researchers and legal experts will contribute in this journal.
Arjuna Subject : Fisika dan Astronomi - Fisika dan Astronomi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 125 Documents
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UTILIZATION OF RADIO TELESCOPES IN DETERMINING THE BEGINNING OF THE ISLAMIC CALENDAR Anaam, Khairul
Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol 6, No 2, 2024
Publisher : Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/al-hilal.2024.6.2.23416

Abstract

This study analyzes the use of radio telescopes in rukyat al-hilāl observations from the perspective of science and fiqh. In modern astronomy, radio telescopes have become essential for observing celestial objects emitting radio signals, including planets, stars, and other cosmic phenomena. However, its use in observing the Hilāl as a marker of the beginning of the Islamic month is still debated, especially from the perspective of Islamic law (fiqh). This study uses a literature study method with a qualitative descriptive approach. The study's results indicate that this technology is not scientifically suitable for detecting the hilāl and determining the beginning of the Hijri month. Meanwhile, from a fiqh perspective, radio telescopes cannot be considered valid for observing the hilāl in determining the beginning of the Hijri month. Observing the hilāl in determining the beginning of the Hijri month requires a visual vision of the crescent moon object visible after sunset as a sign of the start of the new month in the Hijri calendar.
INTERPRETATION OF FAJR ṢĀDIQ AND FAJR KĀDHIB IN Al-SHĀFI’Ī SCHOOL’S TEXTS: A HADITH AND ASTRONOMICAL PERSPECTIVES Qulub, Siti Tatmainul; Nadhifah, Nurul Asiya; Ahmad Munif; Mokhamad Ali Ridlo
Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol 6, No 2, 2024
Publisher : Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/al-hilal.2024.6.2.23868

Abstract

This study explores the interpretation of false dawn (fajr kādhib) and true dawn (fajr ṣādiq) in al-Shāfi’ī fiqh texts through the lenses of hadith and astronomy. It compares classical definitions by al-Rāfi'ī and al-Nawawī with contemporary scientific and hadith-based perspectives. Using documentation and descriptive-critical analysis, the research finds that fajr kādhib is described as vertical light (mustathil) resembling a wolf's tail, appearing briefly and vanishing. In contrast, fajr ṣādiq is horizontal light (mustaṭīr) spreading across the horizon, gradually brightening. From a hadith perspective, this aligns with al-mu'taridh (true dawn) and al-mustathil (false dawn). Astronomically, fajr kādhib matches zodiacal light, which doesn’t disappear, and fajr ṣādiq corresponds to sunlight scattering. Thus, the disappearance of fajr kādhib, as described in classical texts, lacks modern scientific support.
Dynamics of the Neo-MABIMS Criteria in Determining the Beginning of the Hijri Month in Indonesia (1443–1446 H) Wahyuningsih, Yuniar; Firdiansyah, Ahmad Roihan
Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/al-hilal.2025.7.2.28379

Abstract

This study explores the ongoing variations in determining the beginning of the Hijri month in Indonesia, despite the official adoption of the Neo-MABIMS criteria by the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, the research outlines and deductively analyzes data related to formulating and implementing these criteria. The findings reveal two key points: first, discrepancies persist in determining the beginning of the Hijri month. Since implementing the Neo-MABIMS criteria up to Jumada al-Awwal 1446 H, two months, Jumada al-Akhirah 1445 H, and Muharram 1446 H, have produced different outcomes. Second, even when identical criteria are applied, differences in methodological approaches may lead to either divergent or convergent results. This study recommends future research involving expert interviews to strengthen analytical depth and include updated observational data on Hijri month determination to enhance the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the findings.
Critical Analysis and Reformulation of the Qibla Deviation Formula in the Book of Mekanika Benda Langit Luthfi, Muhammad; Fajri, M. Nur Iskandar; Reza, Izam Bahtiar; Aziz, M Abdul
Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/al-hilal.2025.7.2.28219

Abstract

The calculation of Qibla deviation using the formula presented in the Mekanika Benda Langit book has become widely adopted and frequently cited in academic studies. However, this method still produces noticeable inaccuracies. This research aims to identify the causes of error in the Qibla deviation formula described in the Mekanika Benda Langit book and to reformulate a more accurate method for determining the Qibla direction. The study employed a literature-based qualitative design, with data obtained through documentation and interviews. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistical methods within a multidisciplinary approach. The findings reveal that the inaccuracy arises from the formula's reliance on the ratio between an arc and a flat circle, making it valid only for short distances (up to 2,000 km). A reformulation using spherical trigonometry provides higher precision and consistency across all distances and longitudinal variations. This new formulation significantly improves the accuracy of Qibla deviation calculations compared to the original method in Mekanika Benda Langit book.
Verification of Hilāl Image Using AI-Based Web Tool in Aceh Jaya Walhidayah, Ravik; Ismail, Ismail
Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/al-hilal.2025.7.2.28809

Abstract

The determination of Hijri month beginnings is frequently disputed, particularly due to the subjective nature of the ru’yah (visual sighting) method, which is affected by observer bias and atmospheric variability. This study addresses a contested hilāl sighting in Aceh Jaya for Zulhijjah 1, 1446, where a photograph led to uncertainty in official determination. To mitigate misinterpretation, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based public website utilizing Google’s Teachable Machine was developed and tested. Descriptive analysis was conducted on two disputed photographic samples from the event. The AI model, trained for crescent (hilāl) image classification, consistently identified both samples as non-hilāl with a confidence exceeding 97%. The findings indicate the images were likely artifacts or noise rather than genuine crescent sightings. The research demonstrates that AI platforms provide reliable, objective support in hilāl verification, enhancing the standardization and credibility of Hijri calendar determinations for religious and scientific authorities.
Revitalizing Traditional Astronomical Instruments: Developing a Local Dial Model for Accurate Prayer Time Determination Sartika, Sartika; Salam, Hisbullah; Mansyur, Fakhruddin; M, Nurhidaya
Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/al-hilal.2025.7.2.28952

Abstract

This study addresses the limitations of contemporary prayer time instruments, which often require complex calculations, electricity, internet connectivity, or direct exposure to sunlight, by developing a practical, local dial–based tool for community use. Employing a Research and Development (R&D) approach, data were collected through observation and documentation and analyzed using descriptive and comparative methods. The device integrates calculations from the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs, including altitude corrections for Maghrib, Isha, and Fajr, processed through VBA in Microsoft Excel using astronomical formulas from Jean Meeus’s Astronomical Algorithms. The instrument comprises a dial field, support field, tripod, thread, spirit level, minute-scale ruler, and stick, with the dial incorporating an analog prayer-time circle, an ‘Asr curve, and a Zuhr line. Comparative testing against the official prayer schedule demonstrates high accuracy with only a one-minute deviation. Designed for long-term use, the device remains valid for 50 years from 2023 and is applicable within a 27.5 km radius of Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar.
Global Qibla Direction Using Stellar Transit at Kaaba Latitude Fathurrahman, Fathurrahman; Fuscha, Fika Afhamul
Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/al-hilal.2025.7.2.29012

Abstract

The global rashd al-qiblah is currently considered the most accurate and easily applicable method for measuring the qibla direction, as it utilizes the sun’s shadow during its transit above the Kaaba. Unfortunately, this event occurs only twice a year, and the sun's disk diameter of 0.5° reduces the accuracy of the method. The global rashd al-qiblah method, which utilizes stars with declinations equal to the latitude of the Kaaba, with its higher annual frequency and point-sized stellar disks, is more effective to use. This study employs a library research method with a qualitative and multidisciplinary approach, integrating both religious science and natural science. This study aims to develop an alternative method for determining the global qibla direction using stellar transit. Thirty-two stars can be utilized for the worldwide star rashd al-qiblah method, each usable for measurements over approximately 177.41 days. This means the global rashd al-qiblah method can be applied approximately 2,838 times across multiple countries within one year.
Astronomical Verification of the Prophet Muhammad’s Birth Date: Revisiting the Surakarta Palace Senin Pon Tradition Purwanto Purwanto; Sayful Mujab
Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/al-hilal.2026.8.1.30028

Abstract

The Surakarta Palace preserves a long-standing tradition that associates the birth of Prophet Muhammad with Monday Pon (Senin Pon) in the Dal year cycle, forming the basis of the Grebeg Mulud commemoration. Despite its cultural significance, the historical and astronomical foundations of this tradition have received limited scholarly attention. This study examines the relationship between the Surakarta Palace Senin Pon tradition, classical Islamic historiography, and astronomical chronology. Employing a qualitative library research design, the study integrates historiographical analysis, cultural-textual analysis of Javanese calendrical manuscripts, and astronomical reconstruction based on contemporary ephemeris calculations. The findings indicate that while the Monday birth of the Prophet is widely supported by classical sources, the reconstructed chronology of Rabīʿ al-Awwal in the Year of the Elephant suggests that Monday corresponded more plausibly to the 10th rather than the 12th of Rabīʿ al-Awwal. Nevertheless, the persistence of the Senin Pon tradition reflects the role of the Javanese calendar in preserving sacred historical memory through ritual continuity and cultural transmission. This study contributes to Islamic astronomy by integrating historical astronomy, Islamic historiography, and Javanese calendrical traditions within a single analytical framework.
Ḥadīd al-Baṣar in the Thought of Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī and Its Implications for Ru’yat al-Hilāl Testimony in Indonesia Khairul Anaam; M. Basthoni; Maruf Maruf; Ahmad Syifaul Anam; Rupi'i Rupi'i
Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/al-hilal.2026.8.1.26975

Abstract

The determination of the Islamic lunar month through ru’yat al-hilāl remains contested in Indonesia, particularly when individual testimony conflicts with established visibility criteria (imkān al-ru’yah). This study examines the concept of ḥadīd al-baṣar in the thought of Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī and its implications for moon sighting testimony in Indonesia. Using qualitative library research and Fazlur Rahman’s double movement theory, this study reconstructs the historical background of Ibn Ḥajar’s view and contextualizes it within contemporary practice. The findings show that his concept was shaped by Shāfi’ī legal methodology, early astronomical knowledge, and the absence of optical instruments. Testimony based on ḥadīd al-baṣar cannot serve as a general legal basis but may be personally binding. In Indonesia, such testimony is not institutionally accepted when it contradicts official visibility criteria.
Religious Moderation in Addressing Qibla Direction Deviation: A Case Study of Al-Munawwar Grand Mosque in Tulungagung, Indonesia Ahmad Musonnif; Muhammad Mufti al Anam; Muhammad Rizki Syaifudin Irsyad; Mohammad Amirudin
Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/al-hilal.2026.8.1.28690

Abstract

The qibla direction is a fundamental requirement in Islamic prayer, yet its misalignment often generates debate at the community level. The Al-Munawwar Grand Mosque in Tulungagung, Indonesia, exhibits a deviation of approximately 30°, leading to differing responses among religious leaders, Islamic organizations, and government institutions. Previous studies have largely focused on technical-astronomical accuracy or social conflict, while limited attention has been given to the role of religious moderation in managing such disputes. This study aims to analyze stakeholders’ responses to qibla deviation and to formulate resolution strategies grounded in religious moderation. Employing a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis. Thematic analysis reveals three dominant orientations: rigid groups demanding absolute precision, moderate groups advocating gradual adjustment through deliberation, and tolerant groups emphasizing the sufficiency of jihat al-ka’bah. The findings suggest that integrating religious moderation with modern astronomical technology provides an effective framework for resolving qibla disputes, preserving worship validity, and sustaining congregational harmony.

Page 12 of 13 | Total Record : 125

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