Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive
ublic Health and Preventive Medicine Archive (PHPMA) is an open access, peer reviewed journal published by Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University. Issues covered in the journal are as the following: Environmental and occupational health Field and Clinical Epidemiology Global health Health policy analysis Health promotion Health systems and health care management Maternal and child health Program monitoring and evaluation Public health nutrition Reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections and HIV related issues Travel health and health tourism Population and family planning Disaster management
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<![CDATA[Masalah Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) dan Ketersediaan Vaksin ]]>
<![CDATA[Dewa Nyoman Wirawan]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 4 No. 2 (2016) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2016.v4.i2.p01
<![CDATA[Untuk menurunkan morbiditas DBD sebanyak 25% dan mortalitas sebanyak 50%, WHO merekomendasikan perlunya kombinasi berbagai upaya terutama penanggulangan vektor dan program vaksinasi.1,2 Program vaksinasi direkomendasikan pada daerah-daerah endemis terutama daerah dengan persentase penduduk yang sero-positif dengue di atas 50%.2 Mengingat tingginya kasus DBD di Indonesia, untuk mengetahui efektivitas vaksin di masyarakat diperlukan uji coba pada daerah-daerah dengan tingkat endemisitas yang tinggi dan sekalian untuk mengetahui besaran biaya yang diperlukan untuk mencegah kasus DBD dalam kawasan yang lebih luas atau secara nasional.]]>
<![CDATA[Maternal and Infant Risk Factors on The Incidence of Neonatal Asphyxia in Bali: Case Control Study ]]>
<![CDATA[Ni Nyoman Ayuk Widiani]]>;
<![CDATA[Desak Putu Yuli Kurniati]]>;
<![CDATA[I Gusti Ayu Trisna Windiani]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 4 No. 2 (2016) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2016.v4.i2.p02
<![CDATA[Background and purpose: Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) in 2012 showed neonatal mortality rate (AKN) in Indonesia amounted to 19/1000 live births. The causes were respiratory distress or asphyxia (35.9%), premature delivery, low birth weight (32.4%) and sepsis (12%). Neonatal asphyxia in the last 5 years at Sanglah Hospital in Denpasar relatively stagnant namely: 2010 (8.6%), 2011 (9.3%), 2012 (11.6%), 2013 (8.3%), and 2014 (11.3%). This study aims to identify risk factors of mothers and infants to neonatal asphyxia. Methods: The study design was a case control with a sample of 172 infants of 86 cases and 86 controls were selected randomly from the birth register at Sanglah Hospital in 2015 and matched by age of gestation. Cases were neonatal (0-28 days) born with asphyxia, while control were neonatal without asphyxia. Data analysis was performed using univariate, bivariate (chi square test) and multivariate using logistic regression. Results: The study finding showed that significant risk factors which increased the incidence of neonatal asphyxia were nuchal cord with adjusted OR (AOR)=6.55 (95% CI: 2.34 to 18.33); anemia during pregnancy with AOR=6.49 (95% CI: 2.21 to 19.03); prolonged labor with AOR=6.27 (95% CI: 1.37 to 28.70), low birth weight with AOR=3.85 (95% CI: 1.61 to 9.18); maternal age <20 years and >35 years with AOR=3.57 (95% CI: 1.48 to 8.61) and hypertension during pregnancy with AOR=2.40 (95% CI: 1.06 to 5.44). Conclusion: Mathernal and infant factors that increased risk of neonatal asphyxia were nuchal cord, anemia during pregnancy, prolonged labor, low birth weight, maternal age <20 years and >35 years and hypertension during pregnancy.]]>
<![CDATA[Predictors of Loss To Follow Up and Mortality Among Children ≤12 Years Receiving Anti Retroviral Therapy during the First Year at a Referral Hospital in Bali ]]>
<![CDATA[Stefanie Juergens]]>;
<![CDATA[Anak Agung Sagung Sawitri]]>;
<![CDATA[Ketut Dewi Kumara Wati]]>;
<![CDATA[I Wayan Gede Artawan Eka Putra]]>;
<![CDATA[Tuti Parwati Merati]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 4 No. 2 (2016) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2016.v4.i2.p03
<![CDATA[Background and purpose: Many HIV-infected children in Bali have started antiretroviral therapy (ART), but loss to follow up (LTFU) is a continuing concern, and the issue of childhood adherence is more complex compared to adults. Methods: This was a retrospective study among cohort of 138 HIV+ children on ART in Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali from January 2010 to December 2015. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to describe incidence and median time to LTFU/mortality and Cox Proportional Hazard Model was used to identify predictors. Variables which were analysed were socio-demographic characteristics, birth history, care giver and clinical condition of the children. Results: Mean age when starting ARV therapy was 3.21 years. About 25% experienced LTFU/death by 9.1 month resulting in an incidence rate of 3.28 per 100 child month. The higher the WHO stage, the higher the risk for LTFU/mortality along with low body weight (AHR=0.90; 95%CI: 0.82-0.99). Conclusion: Clinical characteristics were found as predictors for LTFU/ mortality among children on ART.]]>
<![CDATA[The Consumption of Tuak Increases Risk of Central Obesity among Adult Males at Karangasem, Bali ]]>
<![CDATA[I Ketut Sudiana]]>;
<![CDATA[I Wayan Gede Artawan Eka Putra]]>;
<![CDATA[Pande Putu Januraga]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 4 No. 2 (2016) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2016.v4.i2.p04
<![CDATA[Background and purpose: Traditional alcohol beverage known as risk factor of central obesity. The prevalence of central obesity in adult males in Karangasem is high and 40% of the population have drink habits of traditional palm wine (locally called tuak) with high sucrose and glucose. This study aims to determine the relationship between the consumption of tuak with the prevalence of central obesity among adult males. Methods: The study is cross-sectional with samples consisted of 220 men aged 18-65 years selected by probability proportional to size. The data were collected by the researcher using structured interview and direct measurement. Data were analyzed using STATA 12.1 by univariate, bivariate (chi-square test) and multivariate using logistic regression. Results: The study found that the prevalence of central obesity among adult males in Karangasem was 8.18% and respondents who consumed tuak was 53.18%, consumed alkohol of non tuak was 4.09% and 42.73% did not consume any alcohol. Multivariate analysis showed that variables associated with the prevalence of central obesity were heavy drinker of tuak (AOR=6.55; 95%CI: 1.45- 29.65), the quantity of tuak consumption (AOR=1.14; 95%CI: 1.03- 1.25), duration of tuak consumption (AOR=1.12; 95%CI: 1.04-1.20), consumption of other local wine (called arak) (AOR=3.86; 95%CI: 1.36-10.95. Education was found to reduce risk of obesity (AOR=0.32; 95%CI: 0.11-0.96). Conclusion: The consumption of tuak increases risk of central obesity among adult males in Karangasem Bali.]]>
<![CDATA[Consumption and Distribution of Iodized Salt in Subamia Village Tabanan District 2014 ]]>
<![CDATA[Manik Ulan Dewi]]>;
<![CDATA[Kadek Tresna Adhi]]>;
<![CDATA[Dyah Pradnyaparamita Duarsa]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 4 No. 2 (2016) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2016.v4.i2.p05
<![CDATA[Background and purpose: Consumption of iodized salt is essential to prevent iodine deficiency disorders. One of the key success of iodized salt program is the distribution. This study explored the consumption and logistical distribution patterns of iodized salt among housewives in Subamia Village Tabanan District. Methods: The study was a qualitative with data collection using two focus group discussions (FGD) of 6 active and 6 inactive cadres. Indepth interviews were conducted with two health staffs, two community leaders, one staff of Trade/Industrial Office at Tabanan District and one salt seller. Data was analysed using thematic method. Results: Respondents preferred uniodized salt because of several reasons including less bitter, tastier and cheaper than iodized salt. Moreover, the distribution of iodized salt regulated by the government was reported to be impeded the salt distribution, this resulted in the difficulty of villagers to access the iodized salt Conclusion: Appetizing flavor, access and no local regulations on distribution of iodized salt is the cause of low consumption of iodized salt in Subamia Village Tabanan District.]]>
<![CDATA[Factors Associated with Rabies Dog Vaccination Practices in Bebandem ]]>
<![CDATA[I Nyoman Sudiatmika]]>;
<![CDATA[Dewa Nyoman Wirawan]]>;
<![CDATA[Made Pasek Kardiwinata]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 4 No. 2 (2016) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2016.v4.i2.p06
<![CDATA[Background and purpose: The first reported case of rabies in Bali was in November 2008, wherein previously in Bali was declared rabies free. The epidemic spread rapidly to all district, including Karangasem regency. By December 2015 there were 163 reported rabies cases and all of them were infected through dog bites. It was estimated that there were 411,153 domestic canines in Bali. From 2009-2015 the immunization coverage in dog was reported 55.0-76.9%. This study aims to determine the proportion of households in the district of Bebandem that have vaccinated their dogs and the factors that influence the decision to vaccinate. Methods: The study was cross sectional and carried out in two villages in the district Bebandem with a sample of 110 families randomly selected. Data was collected through interviews regarding socio-demographic variables, knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, types of vaccination facilities, distance from vaccination facility and information received from the Departement of Agriculture/head of village. Multivariate analysis was done using poisson regression to determine the relationship between these variables with their dog vaccination for rabies. Results: Results indicated that 88% of households vaccinated their canine pets. Multivariate analysis showed that factors associated with the administration of the rabies vaccines were: having attended education session (APR=2.37; 95%CI: 1.34-4.18); family income (APR=1.16; 95%CI: 1.03-1.31); and perception (APR=3.09; 95%CI: 1.20-7.97). There was no significant relationship between education, knowledge and attitudes towards rabies vaccination in dog. Conclusion: Factors associated with dog rabies vaccination practice were having attended education session, family income and perception.]]>
<![CDATA[The Association between Social Functions and Quality of Life among Elderly in Denpasar ]]>
<![CDATA[Nandini Parahita Supraba]]>;
<![CDATA[Ni Putu Widarini]]>;
<![CDATA[Luh Seri Ani]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 4 No. 2 (2016) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2016.v4.i2.p07
<![CDATA[Background and purpose: Good quality of life among elderly will reduce social and economic burden among the productive age people. This study aims to determine association between social function and quality of life among elderly in Denpasar. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 144 elderly in Denpasar who were selected by cluster sampling and data were collected by a structured interview. Data were analyzed using logistic regression to determine the relationship between quality of life of the elderly with social activities, social interactions and family functions. Results: The study showed that the proportion of lower quality of life of the elderly in Denpasar was 64.58%. Proportion of elderly with lower quality of life was found among elderly of older age, female, low education, not working, low-income and widow/widower. Multivariate analysed showed that there was an association between quality of life of elderly with gender (AOR=6.42; 95%CI: 1.79-23.0), employment (AOR=9.81; 95%CI: 2.45-39.1), health status (AOR=8.65; 95%CI: 2.57-29.02), social activities (AOR=3.85; 95%CI: 1.22-12.1), social interactions (AOR=5.59; 95%CI: 2.01-15.5) and family functions (AOR=21.7; 95%CI: 6.09-77.7) Conclusion: Good quality of life of elderly was found associated with gender, employment, health status, social activities, social interactions and family functions.]]>
<![CDATA[Predictors to Achieve Normal Nutrition Status: Longitudinal Study among HIV Children on Antiretroviral Treatment in Bali ]]>
<![CDATA[Haryadi]]>;
<![CDATA[Anak Agung Sagung Sawitri]]>;
<![CDATA[Ketut Dewi Kumara Wati]]>;
<![CDATA[I Wayan Gede Artawan Eka Putra]]>;
<![CDATA[Ketut Tuti Parwati Merati]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 4 No. 2 (2016) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2016.v4.i2.p08
<![CDATA[Background and purpose: Malnutrition is common in children with HIV/AIDS. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves the nutritional status; however, information about predictors affecting the changes of nutritional status is limited and inconsistent. Methods: The retrospective survival study analyzed secondary data of 84 undernourished children receiving ART in Sanglah Central Hospital in 2010 to 2015. Demographic, clinical and socio-economic characteristics at ART initiation were linked to the achievement of normal nutritional status (z-score ≥ -2 SD). Kaplan Meier analysis was used to obtain the incidence rate and median time and cox proportional hazards models to identify its predictors. Results: Of the 73.81% of children achieved a normal nutrition status with the incidence of children achieving normal nutritional was 19 per 100 child months, and a median time of 4 months 10 days. Children with birth weight ≥2500 gr (AHR=5.41; 95%CI: 1.76-16.61), without candidiasis (AHR=3.72; 95%CI: 1.27-10.93), Clinical WHO Stage III (AHR=1.6; 95%CI: 1.08-4.24), Clinical WHO Stage II (AHR=4.49; 95%CI: 1.95-10.79) and early ART intiation (AHR=0.91; 95%CI: 0.83-0.98) were predictors to achieve normal nutritional status. Conclusion: Clinical characteristics of children are predictors of achieving a normal nutritional status.]]>
<![CDATA[Agreement Analysis of Energy and Protein Contents during Medical Nutrition Therapy at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar ]]>
<![CDATA[Putu Ayu Laksmini]]>;
<![CDATA[Ni Made Sri Nopiyani]]>;
<![CDATA[I Wayan Weta]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 4 No. 2 (2016) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2016.v4.i2.p09
<![CDATA[Background and purpose: Medical nutrition therapy at Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar consists of diet prescription, food labelling, food portion, and food serving. Nutrition assessment has been carried out based on the minimum service standards of Sanglah Hospital Denpasar in 2013, but agreement assessment of energy and protein contents has never been performed in the provision of medical nutrition therapy. The study was conducted to determine the compatibility of energy and protein contents of the diet prescription until the food is served in hospitalized patients who received medical nutrition therapy at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 50 samples of food served with prescribed diet by clinical nutrition specialists at Sanglah Hospital selected by consecutive sampling. Data were collected using observation sheets filled by surveyors and analyzed using Bland Altman Test. Results: There was compatibility of the contents of energy and protein in the provision of medical nutrition therapy of diet prescription with food labelling (energy r=0.43; p=0.04, protein r=0.48; p=0.02), food labelling with food portion (energy and protein r=1.00; p=0.00), food portion with the food serving (energy r=0.48; p=0.03, protein r=0.50; p=0.01), and from diet prescription until the food is served (energy r=0.52; p=0.04, protein r=0.57; p=0.02). Although there is a strong agreement, there is mean value difference which is clinically acceptable. Conclusion: Energy and protein content in the prescribed diet until the food is served at Sanglah Hospital were compatible. The medical nutrition therapy is appropriate and should be evaluated continuously to improve the quality of services at the tertiary level.]]>
<![CDATA[Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding among Mothers who Work at Home at Tabanan Regency ]]>
<![CDATA[Hesteria Friska Armynia Subratha]]>;
<![CDATA[I Wayan Gede Artawan Eka Putra]]>;
<![CDATA[Dyah Pradnyaparamita Duarsa]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 4 No. 2 (2016) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2016.v4.i2.p10
<![CDATA[Background and purpose: Working mothers and mothers who leave their babies in their home for more than 8 hours a day almost do not exclusively breastfeed their babies. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers who work at home and factors associated with it. Methods: Cross-sectional survey was conducted by convenience sampling of 132 mothers with 6-12 months babies at Puskesmas Marga I Tabanan Regency from March-April 2016. The data was collected by interview about social-demographic characteristic,knowledge, perception, pregnancy and maternity counseling, early breastfeeding initiation, families support, medical assistant and exclusive breastfeeding. The data analyzed by univariate, bivariate, multivariate using STATA 12.1. Chi square applied in bivariate analysis and poison regression applied in multivariate analysis. Results: Proportion of respondents who exclusively breastfeed their babies for 6 months was 66.67%. Reasons for not exclusively breastfeed were not enough breastmilk (32.58%), no breastmilk (13.64%), families suggestion (8.33%), babies refused breastmilk (6.06%), health provider suggestion (2.27%) and to avoid the shape change of the breast (1.52%). Multivariate analysis found that variables associated with the exclusive breastfeeding were parity (APR=1.50; 95%CI: 1.01-2.15), early breasfeeding initiation (APR=1.80; 95%CI: 1.13-2.90) and families support (APR=1.4; 95%CI: 1.10-1.76). Conclusion: Factors significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding were parities less than 3, early breasfeeding initiation and families support.]]>
