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Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive
Published by Universitas Udayana
ISSN : 23031816     EISSN : 25032356     DOI : https://doi.org/10.53638/
Core Subject : Health,
Public Health
ublic Health and Preventive Medicine Archive (PHPMA) is an open access, peer reviewed journal published by Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University. Issues covered in the journal are as the following: Environmental and occupational health Field and Clinical Epidemiology Global health Health policy analysis Health promotion Health systems and health care management Maternal and child health Program monitoring and evaluation Public health nutrition Reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections and HIV related issues Travel health and health tourism Population and family planning Disaster management
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Kesehatan Masyarakat, Kesehatan Lingkungan dan Pekerjaan
Articles 12 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 7 No. 2 (2019)" : 12 Documents clear
Ethical violations and the publication of journal articles Anak Agung Sagung Sawitri
Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 7 No. 2 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2019.v7.i2.p01

Abstract

Since the academic world is the most related to ethical violations above, have all the stakeholders involved in it taken their respective roles? Does the student's supervisor understand ethics and provide guidance to publish student’s research following ethical principles? As a thesis examiner, have these ethical aspects been raised in the student proposal exam? Has the lecturer or researcher done the research and published it according to ethical principles? As a lecturer of research methods, have they provided enough ethical provisions to students? As an official, for example as the head of study programs, deans and chancellors, have they provided adequate space and systems for conducting ethical research? As a journal manager, have the information on the ethical boundaries been disseminated for prospective writers? Every person can take a role to reduce the occurrence of ethical violations and make small changes that will become cumulatively meaningful.
The role of information sources and characteristics of children in the acceptance of Japanese encephalitis (JE) mass immunization in Bali Province Nyoman Suardani; Dewa Nyoman Wirawan; Anak Agung Sagung Sawitri
Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 7 No. 2 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2019.v7.i2.p02

Abstract

Background and purpose: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a public health issue that can be prevented by immunization programs. Indonesia began the JE immunization campaign in Bali through simultaneous immunization for children aged 9 months to 15 years. Although information dissemination has been carried out, knowledge, perceptions and characteristics of mother and child can influence the acceptance and uptake of immunization for children. This study aims to determine the factors that influence acceptance of JE mass immunization in Bali Province. Methods: Secondary data analysis was performed on the results of the JE Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIA) Udayana University survey which consisted of 1,284 mothers and 2,107 children. The survey was conducted from June-August 2018 in nine districts/cities in Bali Province. The association between knowledge, perception and respondents’ characteristics with acceptance of JE mass immunization was analyzed with chi square test and multivariate analysis was conducted using logistic regression. Results: The proportion of children who received immunization was 93.9% (95%CI: 92.8-94.9). The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant association between acceptance of JE mass immunization with the child’s age, sex, educational status, complete basic immunization history, mother’s perception of severity, benefits, barriers, knowledge and sources of information (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis shows that the variables which significantly increase JE mass immunization acceptance are information from a combination of media and face to face education (AOR=3.95; 95%CI: 2.01-7.77), schooling children (AOR=2.43; 95%CI: 1.23-4.79), living outside of Denpasar City (AOR=2.32; 95%CI: 1.49-3.62), children who have received complete basic immunization (AOR=2.22; 95%CI: 1.42-3.49), face to face information only (AOR=2.11; 95%CI: 1.21-3.70) and girls (AOR=1.68; 95%CI: 1.15-2.46). Conclusion: Information disseminated via a combination of media and face to face is the strongest variable influencing JE mass immunization acceptance. Providing appropriate information through a combination of media and face to face education by health or non-health workers needs to be considered.
Determinants of unmet needs for family planning in Indonesia: Secondary data analysis of the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey Luh Nyoman Sumiati; Dewa Nyoman Wirawan; Luh Seri Ani
Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 7 No. 2 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2019.v7.i2.p03

Abstract

Background and purpose: Globally, the unmet need for family planning remains high. The proportion of unmet needs for family planning in Indonesia was found to have declined but was still higher than the set target. In the last 5 years there have been significant development in Indonesia including infrastructure, the national health insurance program and the increasing allocation of funds to all villages throughout Indonesia with a possible impact in decreasing the unmet need for family planning. This study aims to determine the factors associated with unmet needs for family planning in Indonesia. Methods: This study uses secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) that was carried out in 34 provinces in Indonesia. The number of the analyzed samples was 26,479 of the total 2017 IDHS sample of 35,681 married women/living together with their partner aged between 15-49 years. The dependent variable is the unmet need for family planning, while the independent variables consist of four core variables namely individual, household, community and programmatic variables. Data analysis was performed with a binary logistic regression to obtain the adjusted odd ratio of each factor. Results: The proportion of unmet needs in this analysis was 14.3% (95%CI: 13.9-14.7%). Factors associated with unmet needs are maternal age 25-34 years (AOR=1.17; 95%CI: 1.01-1.36), 35-44 years (AOR=1.47; 95%CI: 1.24-1.74), ≥45 years (AOR=2.20; 95%CI: 1.81-2.68), age of last child ≥10 years (AOR=1.30; 95%CI: 1.16-1.45), number of living children <2 (AOR=1.66; 95%CI: 1.49-1.85), ideal number of children >2 (AOR=1.34; 95%CI: 1.24-1.44), have >1 son (AOR=1.12; 95% CI: 1.00-1.25), husband not working (AOR=1.89; 95%CI: 1.44-2.48), lack of knowledge about family planning methods (AOR=1.42; 95%CI: 1.24-1.63), not discussing family planning with partners (AOR=1.12; 95%CI: 1.03-1.21), living in urban area (AOR=1.24; 95%CI: 1.14-1.34) and regions with TFR >2.4 (AOR=1.59; 95%CI: 1.43-1.78). Conclusion: The proportion of unmet needs in Indonesia is still high and the dominant associated factor is the age of the mother ≥45 years. In order to decrease the family planning unmet needs, the intervention programs should be targeted to groups of women who are at risk of experiencing such unmet needs.
Sociodemographic factors and current contraceptive use among ever-married women of reproductive age: Analysis of the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey data Ni Kadek Ayu Dwi Utami Ds; Dewa Nyoman Wirawan; Luh Seri Ani
Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 7 No. 2 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2019.v7.i2.p04

Abstract

Background and purpose: Globally, the number of new contraceptive users in mid-2017 was only around half of the target. According to the results of the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS), the use of all methods of contraception in Indonesia has increased but is still lower than the target. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the use of contraception in Indonesia. Methods: This study uses secondary data from the 2017 IDHS that was carried out in 34 provinces in Indonesia. The total sample was 35,681 of 49,627 women aged 15-49 years. The dependent variable was current contraceptive use. The independent variables consisted of socio-demographic and socio-economic factors, knowledge, discussion with husband, and access to health services. Data analysis was performed through a binary logistic regression test to obtain the adjusted odd ratio of each factor. Results: The proportion of current contraceptive use was found to be 63.6% (95%CI: 63.2-64.0%). Factors related to current contraceptive use were family planning information from health workers (AOR=1.67; 95%CI: 1.59-1.77), maternal age of 35-44 years (AOR=1.54; 95%CI: 1.42-1.66), maternal age of 25-34 years (AOR=1.37; 95%CI: 1.27-1.48), maternal age ≥45 years (AOR=0.75; 95%CI: 0.68-0.82), living in the Java-Bali region (AOR=1.28; 95%CI: 1.22-1.35), living in rural areas (AOR=1.07; 95%CI: 1.01-1.12), having more than two living children (AOR=1.52; 95%CI: 1.44-1.60), level of education not attending school until not graduating from high school (AOR=1,46; 95%CI: 1.35-1.59), high school graduation level (AOR=1.25; 95%CI: 1.16-1.35), not working status (AOR=1.08; 95%CI: 1.03-1.13), medium wealth index (AOR=1.07; 95%CI: 1.00-1.14) and good knowledge (AOR=1.17; 95%CI: 1.11-1.23). Conclusion: The proportion of current contraceptive use in couples of childbearing age in Indonesia has not reached the government target. Factors that were more likely to increase current contraceptive use were family planning information from health workers, age, region, number of living children, mothers’ education, and knowledge. The family planning program in Indonesia should therefore consider those factors to increase the current contraceptive use.
Perceived importance of structural factors are associated with the selection of primary care by national health insurance participants Putu Nitya Nirmala; Pande Putu Januraga; Putu Ayu Indrayathi
Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 7 No. 2 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2019.v7.i2.p05

Abstract

Background and purpose: Primary care are the entry point for health services in an insurance-based health financing system, including the National Health Insurance Program or Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) in Indonesia. This study aims to understand the association between structural factors in health service management with primary care selection among JKN participants. Methods: The study used a cross sectional analytic design, conducted with 273 self-paid JKN participants in Denpasar as respondents. The samples were selected using multistage random sampling. Data was collected from April to May 2018 with interviews using a questionnaire covering the characteristics of respondents and perceptions on the importance of health care facilities, the capabilities of health providers, service distance, operational time, availability of drugs and medical equipment. Data analysis was carried out with multinomial logistic regression to determine the structural factors of health service management associated with the selection of primary care. Results: Most respondents (65.9%) chose private clinics, 21.3% chose public health centres (PHCs) and 12.8% chose individual practicing physicians. Multivariate analysis showed that the variables which significantly associated with the selection of primary care among JKN participants were the perceived importance of the health care facilities at PHCs and private clinics, each with AOR=7.83 (95%CI: 2.72–22.54) and AOR=7.18 (95%CI: 2.76–18.68), the perceived importance of the capability of health workers in private clinics with AOR=0.29 (95%CI: 0.12–0.77), the perceived importance of health service time in private clinics with AOR=2.67 (95%CI: 1.05–6.74) and history of health services utilization at private clinics with AOR=4.51 (95%CI: 1.86–10.96). Conclusion: Structural factors are associated with the selection of primary care among JKN participants. Attention to the quality and quantity of structural factors in the management of health services is important to improve the equitable distribution of JKN membership in the registered primary care.
Incidence of dispensing errors before and after root cause analysis at Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar Ni Kadek Erna Erawati; I Made Ady Wirawan; Cokorda Bagus Jaya Lesmana
Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 7 No. 2 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2019.v7.i2.p06

Abstract

Background and purpose: Drug dispensing errors have a major impact on the incidence of medication errors, and can be very dangerous to patients and affect the quality of care. Root cause analysis (RCA) is an approach to prevent dispensing errors by identifying the root of the problem, make efforts to improve comprehensively across departments so that incidence of dispensing errors are not repeated. The purpose of this study is to determine the differences in the incidence of dispensing errors before and after the RCA. Methods: This is a descriptive study by calculating the incidence of dispensing errors before and after the RCA, conducted in four inpatient wards at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar. Dispensing errors were categorized into ten types namely errors in drug’s identity, name, dosage, number of drugs, absence of high alert labels, incorrect drug preparations, incorrect strength, expired drugs, incorrect place of delivery and incorrect instructions. In February and April 2018 there were 80 and 40 dispensing errors which met the study criteria, respectively. Results: Crude incidence of dispensing errors before and after RCA were 2.54 per 1000 (95%CI: 1.98-3.10) and 1.26 per 1000 (95%CI: 0.87-1.65), respectively. The decrease in dispensing error after RCA was 50.39%. The ratio of dispensing error incidence rates after and before the RCA is 0.49. Significant decrease in the incidence of dispensing errors was only found in drug identity errors of 1.27 per 1000 (95%CI: 0.88-1.66) before an RCA and 0.06 per 1000 (95%CI: -0.03-0.15) after RCA, or decreased by 95.27% and there was no significant decrease in other dispensing errors. Conclusion: The decrease of dispensing errors after the RCA was only found in the medication identity error and not found in the other dispensing errors. Direct observation and intensive supervision are needed in order to accurately calculate and reduce the incidence of dispensing errors.
Pilot project on Global Youth Reproductive Health Program: Implementation in Denpasar City I Gusti Ayu Agung Putri Krismayanthi; Pande Putu Januraga; Desak Putu Yuli Kurniati
Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 7 No. 2 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2019.v7.i2.p07

Abstract

Background and purpose: Premarital sexual relations in adolescents and early marriage tends to increase in Indonesia. One of the programs implemented in Indonesia to reduce these problems is the reproductive health program for adolescents in schools. The Youth World Spirit Module or called SEmangaT duniA RemajA (SETARA) is used as a tool for teaching and learning activities in pilot projects in several cities in Indonesia, including Denpasar. This study aims to determine the implementation of the program in Denpasar. Methods: This study employed a qualitative approach conducted at junior high schools in Denpasar City. Data collection was carried out with six focus group discussions (FGDs) consisting of three FGDs with 20 students aged 13-15 years and three FGDs with 15 teachers who were appointed as a facilitator of the program. In addition, indepth interviews were also conducted with three junior high school principals. FGDs and in-depth interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically using the Miles and Huberman Technique. Results: The study showed that the provision of the SETARA module was able to change the impression of taboo and broaden adolescent insights on reproductive health material. The implementation of this module is slightly different between schools due to differences in time allocation, number of activities in schools and the absence of standardised implementation guidelines. However, teachers and schools continue to support the implementation of this module. Conclusion: This module is quite effective in providing information so as to eliminate the taboo impression from reproductive health material.
Risks factors for diarrhea among travellers visiting Bali Ni Wayan Mega Sri Wahyuni; I Made Ady Wirawan; Made Agus Hendrayana
Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 7 No. 2 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2019.v7.i2.p08

Abstract

Background and purpose: The number of foreign travellers visiting Bali continues to increase and diarrhea often occur among them. The purpose of this study is to determine the risk factors for the incidence of diarrhea in foreign travellers. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in foreign travellers visiting the international clinic at the Port Health Office at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar during the period from May to October 2018. Cases were foreign travellers visiting the clinic with diarrhea symptoms. Controls were non-diarrhea foreign travellers visiting the clinic for other purposes. The number of cases and controls was 87 people each and were matched by gender and citizenship. Data collected were age, travel plans, type of food and beverage consumption, hand washing habits and type of food providers (roadside food sellers, restaurants, hotel restaurants and food stalls). Multivariat analysis was performed using logistic regression to determine the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of each risk factor. Results: Characteristics of cases and controls do not differ in terms of gender and citizenship. Multivariate analysis shows that significant risk factors associated with diarrhea in foreign travellers are a history of consuming street food with AOR=3.94 (95%CI: 1.19-12.97) and a history of traditional barbequed pork consumption (called babi guling) with AOR=6.24 (95%CI: 2.09-18.64). Other risk factors, namely consumptions of Indonesian food, traditional mixed chopped meat and vegetables (called lawar), mixed rice and drinks with ice cubes, are not found to be associated with the incidence of diarrhea in foreign travellers. Conclusion: Consumptions of street food and traditional barbequed pork were found to be associated with the incidence of diarrhea in foreign travellers during a visit to Bali. Street food hygiene, education for food vendors and information provision to foreign travellers on choosing food types need to be improved
Exclusive breastfeeding: The role of midwives at pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum Ni Kadek Neza Dwiyanti; Komang Ayu Kartika Sari; Dyah Pradnyaparamitha Duarsa
Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 7 No. 2 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2019.v7.i2.p09

Abstract

Background and purpose: The coverage of exclusive breastfeeding is reported to be low. The aim of this study was to explore the extent of the roles of midwives during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum to increase exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: This study applied a qualitative approach by in-depth interviews based on interview guidelines to explore the role of midwives in increasing exclusive breastfeeding during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum. This study was conducted in the area of Kuta I Public Health Center (PHC), Badung District, Bali Province from October 2017 to July 2018. Interviews were conducted with 12 informants chosen purposively, namely three PHC midwives, two private practice midwives, one nutrition program manager, four mothers who managed to provide exclusive breastfeeding and two who did not. Data were analyzed with a thematic approach. Results: This study shows that the roles of midwives are not optimal. The role that has been carried out during pregnancy is to provide information about breast care but not to practice breast care. During labor, the midwife facilitated the initiation of early breastfeeding except for mothers who experienced childbirth complications. During the postpartum period the midwife provides information about breastfeeding to working mothers and monitors exclusive breastfeeding at the integrated health services centers or in Indonesia called pos pelayanan terpadu (posyandu) until the infant reach the age of six months. Midwives provide information about breast care and how to overcome problems in breastfeeding, but do not facilitate the practice of both. All midwives do not conduct home visits for several reasons, such as distance to residents’ homes, high burden of tasks and lack of human resources. Midwives also provide counselling at posyandu on maternal and child nutrition but do not focus on exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: The roles of midwives in facilitating exclusive breastfeeding during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum are still superficial and not in accordance with the guidelines for obstetric care. The roles of midwives need to be enhanced to increase exclusive breastfeeding.
Smoking as a health problem: A priority-setting study in a tobacco industry dependent village Nuzulul Kusuma Putri; Riris Diana Rachmayanti
Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 7 No. 2 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2019.v7.i2.p10

Abstract

Background and purpose: Indonesia is one of the most cigarettefriendly countries. The tobacco industry has gained economic dependence both nationally and domestically. Baureno Village in Indonesia has more than half of its population relied their life on the tobacco industry for long time. This study analysed how this high tobacco dependent community considered the smoking behaviour as one of prioritized health problems. Methods: This priority-setting study was conducted in quantitative and qualitative phases sequently. The quantitative data on smoking behaviour were collected on 251 households as the samples. This study captured the twelve healthy family indicators issued by The Indonesia Ministry of Health. Further, this data were brought into two different focus group discussions with community leaders and primary healthcare workers to understand how this community considered smoking as a health problem. Their prespective on prioritized health problem was revealed by performing a prioritysetting analysis. Results: Smoking behaviour in cigarette producing areas is the impact of the economic dependence created by the tobacco industry. Ease of access and weak supervision of cigarette distribution in producing cigarette region caused smoking behaviour to be common place in this community group. Community considered smoking as a bottom priority of health problems, while health workers considered smoking as the second priority out of four identified health problems. Conclusion: Community and health workers have a different prioritized health problems. Education to community should be enhanced to increase their awareness on the health impacts of tobacco smoking.

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