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Makara Journal of Science
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 23391995     EISSN : 23560851     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/mss
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Makara Journal of Science publishes original research or theoretical papers, notes, and minireviews on new knowledge and research or research applications on current issues in basic sciences, namely: Material Sciences (including: physics, biology, and chemistry); Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology (including: microbiology, physiology, ecology, taxonomy and evolution); and Biotechnology.
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Articles 8 Documents
 1 
Search results for , issue "Vol. 25, No. 1" : 8 Documents clear
Synthesis of 1-(4-Ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium Bromide and Its Evaluation as Antiplasmodium through Heme Polymerization Inhibitory Activity (HPIA) Assay Fitriastuti, Dhina; Alfiyah, Viny; Mustofa, Mustofa; Jumina, Jumina; Mardjan, Muhammad Idham Darussalam
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 25, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This study describes the development of N-benzyl-1,10-phenantrolinium salt as an antiplasmodium agent. The salt, that is, 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium bromide, was prepared using vanillin as the starting material in four simple synthetic steps. First, the alkylation of vanillin using diethyl sulfate produced 4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde in 79% yield. Second, the reduction of the protected vanillin by NaBH4 through the grinding method allowed us to obtain 4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol in 96% yield. Next, the bromination of the benzyl alcohol under solvent-free condition led to the formation of the corresponding benzyl bromide, which in turn underwent bimolecular nucleophilic substitution with 1,10-phenanthroline to produce the desired product, that is, 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium bromide, in 58% yield. The evaluation of N-benzyl-1,10-phenantrolinium salt as an antiplasmodium agent was conducted through heme polymerization inhibitory activity (HPIA) assay. The results showed that the phenantroline salt and chloroquine displayed the HPIA half maximal inhibitory concentrations of 3.63 and 4.37 mM, respectively. Therefore, 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium bromide displays desirable HPIA and has a great potential to be further developed as an antiplasmodium.
Biological Activity and Solubility of 5-Methoxy-1,4-Benzoquinone Having Bromoheptyl and Bromodecyl Substituents in the n-Octanol/Water System Ulfa, Siti Mariyah; Dwisari, Fath; Pangesti, Laras; Rahman, Mohammad Farid
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 25, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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The biological activity and solubility of compounds are influenced by its chemical structure. These properties can be improved by substituting alkyl, alkoxy, and/or haloalkane in the parent skeleton. In this research, the synthesis of 3-(7-bromoheptyl)-2-methyl-5-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (3a) and 3-(10-bromodecyl)-2-methyl-5-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (3b) was achieved through the decarboxylation reaction. The solubility and biological activity of 3a and 3b were compared with that of thymoquinone (TQ), which acts as an anti-inflammatory agent. Compounds 3a and 3b were successfully synthesized and analyzed using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The FTIR spectrum showed the increasing intensity of C-H sp3 and the absorption of C-Br because of the presence of the bromoheptyl and bromodecyl substituents. 1H-NMR showed the prominent chemical shift of olefinic methylene at δ 1.29–3.40 ppm. The solubility test showed the differences in the partition coefficient (log P) of 3a and 3b in the n-octanol/water system. The log P values of 3a and 3b are higher than those of TQ, indicating that methoxy, bromoheptyl, and bromodecyl support the increase in solubility. Biological activity test using the in silico approach showed that 3a and 3b have a higher tendency to bind with the translocator protein (TSPO) macromolecule than the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) macromolecule. The binding interactions of TSPO-3a and TSPO-3b, similar to that of TSPO-TQ, showed that both synthesized compounds have comparable activity. The binding energy of TSPO-3a is lower than that of TSPO-3b, indicating that 3a has a higher activity for anti-inflammatory drug candidates than 3b.
Functional Properties of Purple Water Yam Flour Modified by Lactobacillus plantarum Ulyarti, Ulyarti; Yulia, Ade; Nazarudin, Nazarudin; Armando, Yunta Gombang; Erawaty, Lela
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 25, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Purple water yam flour modified by Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation may be used as an ingredient in flour-based functional food. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of fermentation time on the functional properties of purple water yam flour modified using L. plantarum. This research used a randomized block design with six treatments: without fermentation (control) and 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h of fermentation. Results showed that lactic acid bacteria initially grow well with increasing viability over 48 h of fermentation. Growth and viability rates began to decrease as the organisms entered the declining or dying phase. Statistical analysis showed that fermentation time affects the solubility at 75 °C, chromatic color values L* and b*, and antioxidant activity of flour. Fermentation for 36 h produced the best modified purple water yam flour with an antioxidant activity of 69.82%, bulk density of 0.817 g/mL, water absorption capacity of 3.31 g/g, oil absorption capacity of 1.20 g/g, solubility of 0.45%, L* of 80.33, a* of 16.33, and b* of −5.33. The results indicate that purple water yam flour modified by L. plantarum fermentation for 36 h could be developed as a functional food ingredient.
Effect of Chromium Metal Accumulation on the Magnesium Absorption and Chlorophyll Content in Vegetables Sulistiani, Widya Sartika; Widowati, Hening; Sari, Kartika; Sutanto, Agus
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 25, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This study analyzed the effect of chromium metal accumulation on magnesium absorption and chlorophyll content in vegetables. The effect of accumulation was determined by performing controlled experimental methods on planting media supplemented with chromium and by directly observing vegetables grown in chromium-polluted areas, such as mountain, rice field, street, and industrial areas. The controlled experiments were carried out by varying the chromium contamination (1 and 3 ppm) and magnesium nutrition (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g/L) in planting media. The controlled experiment was compared with the results of field observation in several chromium-polluted areas. The effect of the treatment was analyzed based on the chlorophyll and magnesium levels in the leaves in comparison with the chromium levels in the planting medium. The results of observation and controlled experiments showed that the accumulation of chromium in plants affected the absorption of magnesium, which also affected chlorophyll formation and thus disrupted plant growth. The high chromium level (3 ppm) and magnesium level in planting media can reduce the accumulation of chromium in kale stems and leaves by 19% and 33%, respectively, increase magnesium absorption on kale stems and leaves by 7% and 5%, respectively, and increase chlorophyll formation on kale stems and leaves by 12% and 11%, respectively. Field observation in several chromium-polluted areas showed that spinach has a better chromium accumulation tolerance than kale in terms of magnesium absorption. The type of planting media, plant species, and the presence of other metal contaminants also affect chromium accumulation, magnesium absorption, and chlorophyll level.
Cloning of pe11 (LipX, Rv1169c) gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain to pcDNA3.1 plasmid vector Supardi, Lulut Azmi; Rukmana, Andriansjah; Sjatha, Fithriyah
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 25, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a persistent global health problem with a high mortality rate. Currently, TB is controlled by administering the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, but the effectiveness of its protection varies among individuals in a population. The pe/ppe gene family comprises a typical group of genes that play a role in avoiding the host immune response and inducing persistent TB infection. Based on in silico analysis, the pe11 gene has estimated immunogenicity and potential as a TB seed vaccine candidate. The pe11 gene from an Indonesian isolate of an M. tuberculosis Beijing strain was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and inserted into the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1. The recombinant vector pcDNA3.1-pe11 was used to transform Top10 competent Escherichia coli. Clones from the transformation were subjected to colony PCR to confirm the direction of the insert. Sequencing was performed to confirm the correctness of the insert sequence. In this study, the pe11 gene was successfully cloned into the pcDNA3.1 vector in the correct direction to assure PE11 expression. No mutations were found in the pe11 gene insert, compared with the M. tuberculosis H37Rv sequence as the standard. A pcDNA3.1 vector containing the pe11 gene derived from an M. tuberculosis Beijing strain was successfully constructed.
Yeasts Isolated from Traditional Brem Bali Show Stress Tolerance Phenotype against Fermentation-Related Stresses Lenka, Audria Bayu; Astuti, Rika Indri; Listiyowati, Sri
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 25, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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The search for microbes, primarily yeasts with unique characters such as the tolerance against fermentation-related-stresses, is gaining significant interest nowadays. Traditionally made alcoholic beverages can be used as sources for such yeasts, given that during fermentation and storage, microbes may develop stress tolerance responses leading to naturally stress-tolerant yeast strains. In this study, we used an alcoholic beverage, that is, Brem Bali, as the source of potential yeast isolates. We isolated nine yeast isolates from two traditional Brem Bali products. All isolates showed tolerance against high glucose stress (40–50%) and sensitivity against high-temperature stress (37–50 °C). Notably, isolate BT5 showed tolerance phenotype against ethanol stress (up to 12.5%). Notably, the ethanol stress tolerance phenotype shown by isolate BT5 was unlikely correlated to the ability of the isolates in combating other stresses. Based on the internal transcribed spacer sequence, isolates BT2, BT5, and BT6 shared high similarity with Wickerhamomyces anomalus (98%). Further approaches may be needed to clarify the identity of these isolates. Based on our study, isolate BT5 bears potential as a fermentation agent based on its ability to combat high glucose and ethanol stresses.
Modeling of Aqueous Root Extract Compounds of Ruellia tuberosa L. for Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition Through in Silico Study Safitri, Anna; Sari, Dewi Ratih Tirto; Fatchiyah, Fatchiyah; Roosdiana, Anna
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 25, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This study aims to analyze the inhibitory activities of aqueous root extract compounds of Ruellia tuberosa L. toward alpha-glucosidase protein by computational docking analysis. Three major compounds contained in the extracts (i.e., betaine, daidzein, and hispidulin) were selected as ligands; quercetin and acarbose were used as the reference. Computational docking analysis was performed using the HEX 8.0.0 program and visualized using the Discovery Studio Visualizer v19.1.0.18287 (2019 version) on the basis of the scoring functions. The interactions between ligands and alpha-glucosidase protein showed different binding patterns. The types of bonds involved in the interaction between the enzyme and these ligands were hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds. Energy generated from docking of betaine, daidzein, hispidulin, quercetin, and acarbose to alpha-glucosidase protein were −167.6, −249.5, −251.2, −241.5, and −322.1 cal/mol, respectively. Acarbose had the lowest energy, indicating that it has the strongest interaction with alpha-glucosidase, followed by hispidulin, daidzein, quercetin, and betaine. Amino acid residues that interacted with the ligands were His717, Met363, Arg608, Pro361, Phe362, Leu865, Glu869, Arg594, andAsp356. The current research shows that R. tuberosa L. aqueous root extracts have the potential to be used as an inhibitor for the alpha-glucosidase protein and as an antidiabetic agent. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to support this modeling study.
Cluster Analysis of Lithology Grouping Trends using Principal Component Spectral Analysis and Complex Seismic Attributes Isfan, Isfan; Harsono, Agustinus; Haris, Abdul
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 25, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Cluster analysis is used to determine possible lithology groupings on the basis of information from seismic data. Specifically, k-means is used in the cluster analysis of different lithologies. The data center is determined randomly and updated through an iterative process (unsupervised). The cluster analysis process involves combinations of complex seismic attributes and spectral decomposition as inputs. The complex seismic attributes are reflection strength and cosine phase. Reflection strength clearly describes the lithology boundary while the cosine phase describes the lithologies. Spectral decomposition is used to detect the presence of channels. The resolution of seismic data generally reaches 90 Hz. Spectral decomposition can produce outputs with up to 1 Hz intervals. The spectral components are correlated and repeated. To reduce the repetition of spectral data and increase the trend within the data, we use principal component spectral analysis. We apply and validate the workflow using the seismic data volume acquired over Boonsville, Texas, USA. The results of the cluster analysis method show good consistency with existing lithological maps interpreted from well data correlations.

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