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Makara Journal of Science
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 23391995     EISSN : 23560851     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/mss
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Makara Journal of Science publishes original research or theoretical papers, notes, and minireviews on new knowledge and research or research applications on current issues in basic sciences, namely: Material Sciences (including: physics, biology, and chemistry); Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology (including: microbiology, physiology, ecology, taxonomy and evolution); and Biotechnology.
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Articles 8 Documents
 1 
Search results for , issue "Vol. 26, No. 1" : 8 Documents clear
Application of Gellan Gum Biopolymer in Biomedical Applications: A Review Hishamuddin, Norsyakirah Izzati; Razali, Mohd Hasmizam; Mat Amin, Khairul Anuar
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Gellan gum (GG) has gained considerable attention in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries due to its functional characteristics. It has versatile properties, such as water solubility, easy bio-fabrication, good film/hydrogel-formation, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. These properties render GG a promising material in biomedical applications, specifically in the development of wound dressing materials. In this review, the use of GG biopolymer as a wound dressing material was discussed. Various fillers, such as titanium dioxides, clay, drug, and honey, have been incorporated in GG to produce film, hydrogel, or scaffold materials. The effects of filler on the mechanical performance, physical properties, antibacterial activities, and healing activities of GG biocomposites were explained. Overall, this review summarizes the effect of fillers on GG biocomposites for various biomedical uses.
An in Silico Study of the Cathepsin L Inhibitory Activity of Bioactive Compounds in Stachytarpheta jamaicensis as a Covid-19 Drug Therapy Utami, Juliyatin Putri; Kurnianingsih, Nia; Faisal, Mohammad Reza
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 1
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Inhibition of cathepsin L (Cat L) can be considered a target for COVID-19 treatment. Starchytapheta jamaicensis is a plant from the Verbenaceae family that is commonly used for medicinal purposes. This study aims to analyze the inhibitory activities of compounds of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis toward Cat L by computational docking analysis. Ten compounds contained in the extracts (i.e., α-spinasterol, apigenin, luteolol-7-glucuronide, friedelin, hispidulin, chlorogenic acid, ipolamiide, geraniol, hentriacontane, and γ-aminobutyric acid) were selected as ligands; decanoyl-arg-val-lys-arg-chloromethylketone and oxocarbazate were used as the reference. Computational docking analysis was performed using Autodock Vina integrated into PyRx 8.0 and visualized using the Discovery Studio Visualizer v19.1.0.18287 (2019 version) based on the scoring functions. Seven bioactive compounds were bound more strongly than decanoyl-arg-val-lys-arg-chloromethylketone: α-spinasterol, apigenin, luteolol-7-glucuronide, friedelin, hispidulin, chlorogenic acid, and ipolamiide. However, all bioactive compounds were bound with less strength than oxocarbazate. Apigenin showed the best affinity, with much hydrogen bonding, and had the same ASN18 residue as Cat L inhibitor 1. PreADMET showed that all compounds of S. jamaicensis did not have hepatotoxicity, mutagenic, and carcinogenic criteria. The current research indicates that S. jamaicensis compounds can be used as an inhibitor for Cat L and as a COVID-19 drug candidate.
Analysis of Pelvic Bone of Ovariectomized Rats using Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies Fitriyawardhani, Nurwentari Dyah; Juwono, Ariadne Lakshmidevi; Mulyaningsih, Neng Nenden
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 1
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Abstract

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that generally occurs in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis can be studied using an animal model such as rats because rat bone structure is similar to human bone structure. This research aimed to analyze pelvic bones of ovariectomized rats that showed osteoporosis signs for the first time. In this study, 20 Rattus norvegicus were given ovariectomy at 12 weeks of age and were used as an animal model for menopausal women. The rats were euthanized every 2 weeks from 13 to 21 weeks of age. In addition, the pelvic bones of ovariectomized rats will be analyzed using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy to show the first osteoporosis signs periodically. Results of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy indicated that the pelvic bones of the ovariectomized rats showed the first osteoporosis signs at 17 weeks of age with changes in phosphate and carbonate contents, increased hydroxyl functional groups, reduction of mineral maturity about 7.47%, and reduction of crystallinity about 29.26%. In addition, morphological changes from fine fibers to coarser fibers and reduction of the crystal size and crystallinity index at the angle of 2θ ≅ 25° about 9.29% and 25.18%, respectively, were observed using SEM-EDS and XRD.
Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metal Pollutants in Soil Around Semi Urban Petrol Stations and Automobile Mechanic Workshops Sikakwe, Gregory Udie; Tyopine, Andrew Aondoaver; Eyong, God'swill Abam
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 1
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Abstract

This study assessed the heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollutant in soil around petrol filling stations and automobile mechanic workshops. Samples of soil were acquired from the depth range of 0–15 cm. Toxic heavy metals were analyzed with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The PAHs were analyzed using phytochemical chromatographic analysis by the Soxhlet extraction method. The soil tested was weakly acidic (6.12–6.81). The trend of the heavy metals’ mean levels in soil followed the order: lead (Pb) > nickel (Ni) > vanadium (V) > cadmium (Cd). The mean levels of PAHs were in the order: 1,2-benzanthracene pyrene > anthracene > fluorene > benzo(b)fluoranthene > 1,1,2-benzopyrelene (BghiP) > naphthalene (Naph) > Dibenz(a, h)anthracene > 1, 2 benzanthracene > benzo(k)fluoranthene > phenanthrene > pyrene > xylene > acenapthylene. Pearson correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the heavy metals were generated from automobile exhaust and parent rocks. Soil pollution index and Numerov composite pollution index revealed that the soil is safe, clean, and unpolluted with heavy metals. The mean levels of heavy metals were below the European Union (2006) permissible values for uncontaminated soil. The PAH mean values were within permissible standards for unpolluted agricultural, forest, and residential soils. The diagnostic ratios of PAHs, supported by PCA, showed that PAHs in soil were produced by pyrogenic and internal combustion of gasoline and kerosene. This method of soil contamination assessment by heavy metals and PAHs is invaluable for pollution assessors in Nigeria and another area in the world.
Application of a Photoacoustic Tomography System: A Case Study on the Monitoring of Pig Tissue Decomposition Oey, Lusiana Sandra; Mitrayana, Mitrayana; Wasono, Moh. Ali Joko
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 1
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Pig carcasses have been used in forensic research because they share several similarities to human cadaver, including decomposition. In several studies, the decomposition of pig’s cadaver for a certain time can be used as a model to determine the time of death of a human. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the days of spoilage of pig tissue and the level of average sound intensity produced by the sample. Then, in this study, pig skeletal muscles were allowed to decay with a variation of 1–5 days. Afterward, these muscles were imaged using diode laser-based photoacoustic tomography. Results of the experiment show that the average acoustic intensity level from the first day until the fourth day has increased (78–92 a.u for young pig and 76–86 a.u for old pig) but decreased on the fifth day (88 a.u for young and 84 a.u for old pig). These results can improve forensic imaging because such results can be applied to determine the time of death of human by plotting the ratio of the average sound intensity level of the sample to the number of days of decomposition.
Efficacy of Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate pcDNA3.1-rpfB in Inhibiting the Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis In Vitro with Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition Assay Pujilestari, Ratih; Rukmana, Andriansjah; Karuniawati, Anis
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 1
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Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only licensed vaccine against TB, and it is effective in children but not in adults. The Vaccine Research Team, Department of Microbiology FKUI has developed a DNA-based TB vaccine candidate pcDNA3.1-rpfB. This candidate induces immune responses in mice, but its potency is unknown. The gold standard for potency testing of TB vaccine is the challenge method. The BSL3 animal laboratory for the challenge method is currently unavailable at FKUI. Therefore, mycobacterial growth inhibition assay (MGIA) was used as a preliminary test before the in vivo challenge test was conducted. The principle of MGIA is to reculture Mtb in a Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGITTM) from co-cultured Mtb with mammalian cells that have been previously treated with pcDNA3.1-rpfB, pcDNA3.1 (negative control), and BCG (positive control). MGITTM shows the time to positivity, which is the time that has lapsed until a positive growth of Mtb is detected. In addition, measurements of interferon (IFN)γ levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were carried out. This study concluded that pcDNA3.1-rpfB can inhibit the growth of Mtb in vitro and showed no statistical difference from BCG. The IFNγ levels from co-culturing did not correlate with the level of inhibition of the growth of Mtb in vitro.
Evaluation of Nitrite Concentration in Edible Bird’s Nest (White, Yellow, Orange, and Red Blood) Ningrum, Siti Gusti; Palgunad, Bagus Uda; Sasmita, Rochiman
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 1
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The color of edible bird’s nest is associated with its nitrite concentration, but this relationship remains inconclusive. This investigation aimed to evaluate the nitrite content in edible bird’s nest of four different colors: white, yellow, orange, and red blood. Fifty-eight edible bird’s nest samples were obtained from five swiftlet farmhouses in Borneo Island, Indonesia and analyzed for nitrite content using Genesys 30 visible spectrophotometer. Results showed that the dark-colored edible bird’s nests (yellow, orange, and red blood) had higher nitrite concentrations of 304, 317, and 309 ppm, respectively, compared with the white-colored one (15 ppm). Therefore, the color of edible bird’s nest was associated with its nitrite concentration. This study provided updated information about the nitrite concentration in edible bird’s nest of various colors.
Antibacterial, Hemagglutination, and Insecticidal Activity Studies on the Solvent Extracts of the Roots of Olea ferruginea Yaseen, Muhammad; Kamran, Muhammad; Farid, Arshad; Ismail, Salmah; Muzammal, Muhammad; Amir, Kamal Abdul; Khan, Muhammad Hashim; Ahmad, Sohail; Rashid, Sheikh Abdur
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 1
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Olea ferruginea has been used to treat skin ailments, as well as kidney and ocular problems for a long time. The current study was designed with the aim of investigating and scientifically validating its widespread use. Chloroform, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate were used to assess the antibacterial, hemagglutination, and insecticidal properties of O. ferruginea roots. Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were among the bacterial strains selected for assessing antibacterial activity. The results showed that ethyl-acetate (EtOAc) extract (56%) and chloroform (CHCl3) extract (56%) showed the widest zone of inhibition against K. pneumonia, while n-hexane extract (13.4%) had the lowest zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa. All three extracts remained inactive against M. luteus. During hemagglutination activity, the CHCl3 and EtOAc extracts, when used at different concentrations, only agglutinated the AB−ve and O+ve blood groups, respectively, while the n-hexane extract strongly agglutinated the A−ve and B−ve blood groups at different concentrations. The plant extracts were also checked for insecticidal activity against Rhizopertha dominica. The results also revealed the high mortality rate of CHCl3 extract (70%) against R. dominica as compared to other extracts. The aforesaid activities suggest that the roots of O. ferruginea have excellent medicinal viability and contain a wide variety of agglutinins and lectins, as shown in this study.

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