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Makara Journal of Science
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 23391995     EISSN : 23560851     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/mss
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Makara Journal of Science publishes original research or theoretical papers, notes, and minireviews on new knowledge and research or research applications on current issues in basic sciences, namely: Material Sciences (including: physics, biology, and chemistry); Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology (including: microbiology, physiology, ecology, taxonomy and evolution); and Biotechnology.
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Articles 8 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 26, No. 4" : 8 Documents clear
Application of Accuracy and Precision Evaluations Based on the Current United States and Indonesian Pharmacopoeias: A Critical Review Indrayanto, Gunawan
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

New methods for the evaluation of accuracy and precision are mentioned in the latest edition of the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), whereas other validation parameters, that is, selectivity, linearity, range, and robustness, remained relatively unchanged. In obtaining reliable data from any chemical/pharmaceutical analysis, the analytical procedure must be validated or verified in accordance with the latest edition of the pharmacopoeia. Some review articles on the general validation methods have been published by the author. This present review will focus on the implementation and discussion of the accuracy and precision evaluation based on the current USP and Indonesian pharmacopoeia. Some examples of the calculation of several accuracy and precision method of determinations are also discussed.
Chitosan Oligosaccharides as a Nanomaterial Platform: Biological Properties and Applications in the Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Fields Razi, Muhamad Alif
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have been introduced as marine-derived biomaterials with potential health benefits and good water solubility properties. This study presents an overview of the promising nanomaterial platform for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of COS. The health benefits of COS, primarily their antioxidant and protective effects, anti-inflammatory activity, antidiabetic properties, and cholesterol-lowering effects are discussed. Furthermore, the promising recent articles on specific topics such as drug delivery systems and nanobiomaterials, are highlighted
Determination of Total Ammonia Nitrogen by Gas-Diffusion Flow Injection Analysis (GD-FIA)-Spectrophotometry using Minnieroot Flower (Ruellia tuberosa) as Natural Reagent Putri, Lani Artana; Mufidah Sari, Puspita; Sulistyarti, Hermin; Sabarudin, Akhmad; Sulistyo, Erwin
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) is a pollutant agent found in water and generated from the metabolisms of living organisms and the decomposition of organic matter. This research aims to develop an efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly TAN analysis method. The principle of this method is based on the reaction of TAN injected in the donor stream with NaOH to form alkaline gaseous ammonia. The gaseous ammonia diffuses through a hydrophobic membrane into an acceptor stream containing Ruellia tuberosa extract. The presence of NH3 gas in the acceptor stream changes the extract color from pinkish to green, which is monitored by spectrophotometer at 620 nm. This method was also validated based on linearity, selectivity, and accuracy. Under the obtained optimum conditions of 1 M NaOH, 5% extract, a 120 cm mixing coil, and a 200 µL sample volume, the proposed method showed excellent linearity at 10–1000 ppm (R2 = 0.993). The selectivity test result shows that this method was selective against sulfite and nitrite compounds up to 600 ppm with a % error value <10%. This method was applied to measure the total ammonia concentration in agricultural water, and satisfying results were shown by high recoveries of 95.03%–98.84%.
Temperature Influence on the Optical Properties, Attenuation Coefficient, and Total Molecular Cross Section of Dhunge Dhara Drinking Water Dhobi, Saddam Husain; Koirala, Bibek; Yadav, Kishori; Nakarmi, Jeevan Jyoti; Gupta, Suresh Prasad; Das, Santosh Kumar; Shah, Arun Kumar; Paudel, Kuldip; Dahal, Kushal; Sah, Ram Lal
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This work aims to measure the different parameters of Dhunge Dhara water (DDW) such as absorbance, transmittance, mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), and molecular cross section (MCS) and experimentally compare the obtained values with those of pure water (PW) at various temperatures (5 °C to 90 °C) using a theremino spectrometer. Observation shows that the parameters vary with temperature and wavelength. The transmittance of DDW ranges from 18% to 85% and absorbance of the same ranges from 0.09 Au to 0.7 Au. Meanwhile, the transmittance of PW ranges from 40% to 98% and the absorbance of the same ranges from 0.09 Au to 0.39 Au. The MAC of PW ranges from 0.02 cm2g−1 to 0.6 cm2g−1, and that for DDW ranges from 0.2 cm2g−1 to 1.1 cm2g−1 at 30 °C. The MCS of PW ranges from to , and that of DDW ranges from to at 30 °C. In conclusion, DDW has an extremely high amount of impurities and total dissolved solids and is recommended to be filtered prior to use (drinking and cooking)
Density Functional Theory (DFT) Study of a Binary Mixture of MBBA and PAA Liquid Crystal for THz Application Mishra, Mirtunjai; Kumar, Narinder; Singh, Pawan; Rawat, B. S.; Dhyani, Reena; Singh, Devendra; Kumar, Devesh
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

The present scenario expresses the electro-optical effect of abinary mixture of MBBA and PAA liquid crystal studied under the impact of the electric field in THz frequency. The binary mixture has a negative order parameter, negative birefringence, and a nematic phase stability under such an electric field. The refractive index remains constant at high THz frequency. The director angle is sensitive to THz frequency, contributing to the maximum fluctuation. The atomic contribution of a binary mixture is approximately equal to the molecular contribution. The binary mixture has a remarkably high bandgap. The C-H, O-C, C-N atom stretching, and wagging of alkyl chain contribute to the dipolar strength of the binary mixture.
Prevalence and Plasmid Profiles of Enterobacteriaceae Isolates Obtained from Individuals with Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Okada, Edo State, Nigeria Otote, Osarumwense Precious; Okwu, Maureen Uchechukwu; Izevbuwa, Osazee Ekundayo; Oferiofe, Happy Ovuerhi
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is the presence of bacteria in apparently healthy individuals. Although, the prevalence varies widely with age, gender, and the presence or absence of genitourinary abnormalities, the detection of pathogenic bacteria in urine constitutes firm evidence of infection. The objectives of this study were to isolate members of the family Enterobacteriaceae from urine samples of research participants, and to determine the antibacterial susceptibility and plasmid profiles of the isolates. A total of 122 mid-stream urine samples consisting of 72 male and 50 female participants from selected primary and secondary schools were collected. The age of the participants used in this study ranged between 4 years to 19 years old. Isolates were cultured on MacConkey agar and Cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient agar and then incubated for 24 hr at 37 °C. The overnight culture was then subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion test as described by Kirby-Bauer. Thereafter, plasmid analysis was carried out. The statistical package used to analyze the samples was IBM SPSS v23 to cover the calculations for the chi-square, student t-test, and analysis of variance. The frequency of bacterial isolates with respect to age were obtained, as follows: 4–8 (9.0%), 9–13 (16.4%), 14–18 (2.5%) and >19 (1.6%). The prevalence of the four (23; 63.9%) Enterobacteriaceae isolate groups were: Escherichia coli (36.1%), Citrobacter species (11.1%), Klebsiella species (8.3%) and Enterobacter species (8.3%) while non Enterobacteriaceae (13) was 36.1%. A prevalence of 25.9% of ASB was reported in this study where the percentage occurrence of bacteria isolates showed high prevalence in the male participants, at 17.2% compared to the 12.3% reported for the female participants. The antibiogram showed that all isolates were susceptible to Cefprozil except isolates belonging Klebsiella species that showed resistance to the antibiotic. Citrobacter species and Klebsiella species isolates were susceptible to Ofloxacin while Enterobacter species isolates was only susceptible to Cefixime. The percentage figures from resistant plasmid profile analysis indicated that Cefuroxime, Cefprozil and Ofloxacin showed relatively good susceptibility profile against the nine bacterial isolates that were subjected to the analysis. Resistance After plasmid curing was majorly chromosomally-borne. From this research, the prevalence of ASB was found yo be high in Okada, with the infection being higher in males having Escherichia coli as the commonest bacterial isolate. Hence, there is need for early routine evaluation as well as detection of this silent infection for prompt referral and intervention.
Parton Distribution Functions for Pseudoscalar Mesons in the Confining Effective Chiral Quark Theory Hutauruk, Parada Tobel Paraduan; Nam, Seung-il
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This review paper presents the gluon, sea, and valence quark distributions of the pseudoscalar (PS) mesons. The calculations of the parton structure of PS mesons are performed using the Bethe-Salpeter equation—Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (BSE-NJL) model, which offers a clear description of the dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (D SB) of the low-energy non-perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD), with the help of the Schwinger proper-time regularization scheme that simulates the color QCD confinement. Our results for the dynamical quark mass—which emerged from the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking (S SB)—are generated via the chiral condensate in the chiral limit and beyond. Results for the valence parton distribution functions for the PS meson at the factorization scale are in excellent agreement with experimental data and the gluon distributions for the pion fitted well with the lattice QCD and Jefferson Lab Angular Momentum (JAM) QCD global fit analysis.
Feasibility Studies for Use of Copper Slag in Clinker Manufacture Vanguri, Suresh; Palla, Suresh; Prasad, Gonthi; Chaturvedi, Sanjeev Kumar; Mohapatra, Bibekananda
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 4
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Abstract

This study investigated the feasibility of using copper slag (CS-C) as a raw material in the production of Portland cement (PC). The effect of addition of 0%-3.5% CS-C on the clinkerization process, mineralogy, microstructure, and compressive strength development was studied. The Presence of CS-C in the raw mix resulted in the reduced temperature of clinkerization by about 50 °C. The quality of clinker prepared from the raw mix containing 3% CS-C and burned at 1400 °C was comparable to that of clinker prepared from the raw mix containing no CS-C and burned at 1450 °C. Gradual polymorphic modification of alite phase from rhombohedral to monoclinic upon the addition of CS-C was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. XRD and optical microscopy studies revealed the formation of more alite in the clinker prepared, at 1400 °C, from the raw mix containing 3% CS-C compared with the clinker prepared, at 1450 °C, from the raw mix containing no CS-C. This finding indicated the mineralizing effect of CS-C on clinkerization. Well-developed and large-sized alite grains were observed in the clinker samples prepared using CS-C. Portland clinker, prepared using CS-C as a raw mix component showed better mechanical performance characteristics than the control clinker. These results clearly establish the beneficial role of CS-C as a raw mix component in clinkerization and can replace conventional sources of iron such as laterite.

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