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INDONESIA
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat
ISSN : 02151936     EISSN : 26148412     DOI : https://doi.org/10.22146/bkm.v37i2.2320
Core Subject : Health,
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM Public Health and Community Medicine) is a peer-reviewed and open access journal that deals with the fields of public health and public medicine. The topics of the article will be grouped according to the main message of the author. This focus covers areas and scope related to aspects of: - Epidemiology - Infectious diseases control - Clinical Epidemiology - Environmental Health - Occupational Health - Healthy City - Public Health and Primary Health Care - School of Health Promotion - Healthy lifestyles - Health promotion - Health and Social Behavior - Tobacco and smoking - Adolescent Health - Public Health Nutrition - Maternal and Child Health - Reproductive Health - Population Health - Health of Vulnerable People - Social Determinants of Health - Water, Sanitation and Hygiene - Human Resource Management
Articles 1,542 Documents
Kontribusi Testimoni dalam Meningkatkan Efektivitas Pendidikan Kesehatan tentang Napza di Kabupaten Sleman Ririn Puspandari, IM Sunarsih, Rendra Widyatama
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 24, No 3 (2008)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (224.729 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/bkm.3590

Abstract

Background: Drugs  abuse  including  narcotic,  alcohol,  psychotropic  and  other  addictive  elements  (Napza) keep  increased. Teenager  is  a  high  risky  group  toward  external  bad  influence  including Napza. The  increasing tendency  of  the  number  of  drugs  abuse  and  the  age  of  drug  user which  tend  to  be  younger,  demanded prevention  effort  and  appropriate  control. School  as  education  institution  is  an  appropriate  place  to  prevent drugs  abuse  by  giving  right  information  through  health  education. The  appropriate method  that  needs  to  be selected  should be  suitable with  situation and  condition  in  the  school  in order  to  create  an  optimum  result.Objective: Health  education  for  drugs abuse  through  speech with audiovisual,  speech  by  presenting  former  of user  (testimony) and  group discussion was expected  could  influenced  on  the  level of  knowledge and  changed student’s attitude  toward drugs  abuse prevention.  This  research was aimed  to  find  out  the  influence of  health education  through  speech with  audiovisual  as well  as  through  speech with  testimony  and group  discussion toward  knowledge and  attitude  of  students  in  the  prevention  of  drugs  abuse.Method: This was  a quasi  experimental  research  that used Solomon  four  group designs. The  research  subject was  consisted  of  two  treatment  groups  and  two  control  groups. The  data was  collected with  questioner regarding  knowledge  and  attitude. Data  processing  and  analysis was  used  student  t-test and  anova.Result:  There was  a knowledge  improvement on  the  first  treatment group  that used  interactive speech  and audiovisual as well as  in  the  second  treatment  group  that  used  interactive  speech method,  testimony and  group discussion  (p<0,05). There was  a  significant  improvement on  attitude  toward  drugs  abuse  prevention  in  the group with  interactive speech,  testimony, and  group discussion. There was  a difference  on  knowledge  between both  of  the methods  toward  improvement  on  attitude  and  yet  there was  a  difference  on  knowledge  toward knowledge  improvement.Keywords: health  education,  testimony,  knowledge,  attitude  and drugs  abuse
Estimasi Pengaruh Vaksin DPT pada Kematian Anak: Analisis Diskritif Data Surveilan Demografi dan Kesehatan di Kabupaten Purworejo Siswanto Agus Wilopo
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 24, No 3 (2008)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (539.826 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/bkm.3591

Abstract

Background: Recent  controversial  reports  suggest  that  recipients  of  one  dose  of DTP  vaccine  have  higher mortality  than  children who  have  received  no DTP  vaccine. Those  reports were mainly  derived  from African countries where mortality and malnutrion were  higher  than  Indonesia.Objectives: To  describe  specific  and  non-specific  effects  of DTP  vaccination  on  child mortality  age  1-24 months under  routine vaccination  program  in  Indonesia.Methods: During  period of  January 1  1995  to August 31,  2001  our  longitudinal  surveillance  data at  Purworejo district provided  information on 5647 children below 24 months of age who  received DTP and other vaccinations. The main  outcome measure was  all-cause mortality. Vaccination  status  on DTP, BCG,  and measles were collected  every  90 days  and  recorded  its  time  at  vaccination. Confounding  factors  associated with mortality were  also collected. This  first  report used  descriptive analysis  and a  survival curve  (Kaplan-Meier)  to  examine the  differential of mortality according  to sex  of  the  children and  among vaccinated  and  non-vaccinated  children with DTP, BCG,  and measles vaccines. The second  report will  use  survival  analysis  to  estimate specific  and non-sprecific  effects  of DTP  by  considering  time at  vaccination and  other counfounding  factors.Results: There  is no  sex differential  of mortality among  children  in Purworejo.  A  probability of  dying was  lower in  the  children vaccinated with DTP  vaccine compared with  those  not vaccinated DTP. Simmilarly,  vaccinated children with  BCG  and measles  have  lower mortality  compared  to  unvaccinated  children.  There  is  strong indication  that BCG and measles  have  stronger protected  effects  to  risk of  dying  than DTP.Conclusion:   The study showed  lower mortality among children who  received DTP, BCG, and measles vaccines compared  those unvaccinated.  There were  not enough  evidences  to  change current  vaccination policy  because DTP was not  associated with  any harmful  effect  among  girls.Keywords: non-specific  effects, DTP  vaccine–child  survival-  Kaplan Meier’s Curve
Komunikasi dan Hubungan Terapeutik Perawat-Klien terhadap Kecemasan Pra Bedah Mayor Sri Mulyani, Ira Paramastri, Much. Agus Priyanto
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 24, No 3 (2008)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (196.474 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/bkm.3592

Abstract

Background: A patient who will  carry  a  surgical  operation  has  uncertainty  feeling,  fear,  doubt and  anxiety. Anxiety can  laid  to  psychological disruption or  functional body  disruption of  a patient  that  can affect  the surgical operation  and  anesthesia achievement. Based on  pre-research study  that has  been  carried  by  researcher  on June 2007 of 40 patients on  in-room at surgery and non-surgery  room,  it  is  found  that 52,5% at  the medium  rate of  anxiety. By  so, we need  effective way  to  decrease  anxiety  rate  of patient. This  research  is aimed  to  find  the effect  of  communication  and nurse-patient  therapeutic  relation  in decreasing  anxiety  rate  of pre-major  surgery patient.Method: Type  of  the  research  is  experimental quasi with pre-test  and post-test  group design. The samples  of the  research  consist  of  30,  that we are  given  communication  treatment and  nurse-patient  therapeutic  relation, and of 30,  that we  are not given  the  treatment. The sample  is  chosen used purposive  technique. The  technique of  collecting  data  is  questionnaire. The  data  analyzing  to  know  the difference  of  anxiety with paired  samples test, whereas  to  examine  the  effect of  communication and  nurse-patient  therapeutic  relation with  independent samples  test with  significance  rate  p=0,05.Result and Discussion: The  result of  research showed  that  there  is no  difference at  age characteristics,  sex, education,  ill  period,  and marriage  status  of  both  group  (p>0,05).  There  is  significantly  difference  anxiety (p<0,05) between  the groups.  Patients of  pre-major surgical  operation,  that were given  therapeutic  relation  and communication  treatment  by nurse,  have  anxiety  rate much more  lowly why were  not  given. Test  result  showed therapeutic  relation  and communication  treatment  is  carried between  nurse and  patient can  decrease anxiety  of pre-major  surgical operation with  p=0,00  (p<0,05).Conclusion:  Therapeutic  relation  and communication  of  nurse  and  patient  can decrease  anxiety  of  pre-major surgical  operation.Keywords: Therapeutic  relation and  communication, nurse  and  client, anxiety,  premajor  surgical  operation
Pengaruh Kontrasepsi Hormonal Planibu® Versus Depo Progestin® terhadap Fungsi Hepar dan Profil Lipid Djaswadi Dasuki, Olga Sanger, Flourisa J Sudradjat 3, Enny S Pamuji
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 24, No 3 (2008)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (275.07 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/bkm.3593

Abstract

Background:  Injectable  contraception was  used  by  about   15% of  contraceptive  users  in  Indonesia. Safety  of injectable  contraceptive was  necessary  to  study  before  Planibu® was marketed  in  Indonesia. Safety was measured  through  liver  function and  lipid profile  parameters.Objectives: To  compare  safety of Planibu® versus Depo Progestin®  that was measured with  liver  function  and lipid profile  parameters Design of  Study: “Double  Blind Randomized Controlled Trial  (Double  Blind RCT)”  Planibu®  versus Depo Progestin®”  nested  on  longitudinal  surveillance  and  community  based  study  in  Purworejo  district  (LPKGM centre)  and Manado municipality  (Manado  centre)Methods: Study  population was  childbearing age women, married  and wanted  to delay  or  space  pregnancy with  injectable  contraceptive  in Purworejo district  and Manado  municipality. Clinical,  gynecological and  laboratory examination was done  before  injectable  contraceptive was  administered. Laboratory  examination  included  liver function SGOT, SGPT and  lipid profile HDL, LDL  and  total  cholesterol. Eligible Subjects who met  inclusion  and exclusion  criteria were  70 women.   As many as  35 women  received Planibu®  injection and  35 women  received Depo Progestin®  injection every  3 months  for 12 months  in  the same  time. Before  injection was  administered, venous  blood sampling was  taken  from each  subject.Results: Before  using  contraception,  there was  no  statistical  difference  of  liver  function  and  lipid  profile parameters between group Planibu® and Depo Progestin® (p>0,05). There was a statistically significant difference in the level of  cholesterol, HDL, and SGOT  during the 12 month of use Depo Progestin®  (p=0,000, p=0,009 and p=0,000), although  clinically  it wasn’t significantly  different. There was a  statistically significant  difference  in  the level of   cholesterol, SGOT and SGPT during  the 12 month of use   Planibu®  (p =0,038, p=0,000 dan p=0,018), although  clinically  it wasn’t significantly  different. There was  a  statistically significant  difference  in  the  level  of cholesterol  and LDL  during  the  12 month  of use Planibu® versus Depo Progestin®  (p<0,05)Conclusion: There was a  statistically significant  difference  in  the  level of  cholesterol, HDL, and SGOT    during the 12 month of use Depo Progestin®, although clinically  it wasn’t significantly different. There was a statistically significant difference in the level of  cholesterol, SGOT and SGPT during the 12 month of use Planibu®, although clinically  it wasn’t  significantly different. There was  a statistically significant difference  in  the  level of   cholesterol and LDL during  the 12 month of use Planibu® versus Depo Progestin®, although clinically  it wasn’t significantly different. There was no  difference clinically  in  the  safety  level of Planibu®  versus Depo  Progestin® shown  by measurement  result  of  liver  function and  lipid  profile  parameters.Keywords:  planibu, depo  progestin,  liver,  lipid
Hubungan Pola Perdarahan Uterus dengan Kadar Estradiol pada Akseptor Kontrasepsi Injeksi DMPA Enny S Pamuji, Djaswadi Dasuki, M. Hakimi
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 24, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (169.85 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/bkm.3594

Abstract

Background: Bleeding disturbances are the main complaint that cause most DMPA users discontinuing contraceptive use. Mechanism underlying the bleeding disturbances is not clear. It is presumed that the condition is related to fluctuation of estradiol level or to low persistent estradiol level Objective: 1. To evaluate an association between bleeding pattern and estradiol level of DMPA users after 3, 6, 9, 12 months use. 2. To evaluate an association between estradiol level and length of use. 3. To evaluate an association between bleeding pattern and estradiol level, body mass index (BMI), age, parity, total cholesterol level of DMPA users.Design: Observational study, secondary analysis nested on “Randomized Controlled Trial Planibu® and Depo Progestin®”Material and Method:  Seventy DMPA users received injection every 3 months for 12 months. Before injection was administered, venous blood was taken and examination of estradiol level was done using Enzyme Imuno Absorbent Assay (ELISA). In addition, in-depth interview was also done on bleeding pattern for the last reference period (90 days). Subject was classified according to their bleeding pattern into groups of amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, spotting, and bleeding,Results: All research subjects indicated low estradiol concentration with an average concentration less than 150 pg/ml. There was a correlation between length of usage and estradiol level; estradiol level after 12 months of usage was less than 100 pg/ml. There was no different between bleeding pattern and estradiol in month 3, 6, 9,12  using bivariate analysis with t-test with amenorrhea group as reference and p > 0,05. T-test and Chi Square analyses using amenorrhea group as reference stated that there was no association between bleeding pattern and age, BMI, and parity. Using multivariate analysis with Multinomial Logistic Regression, it was stated that correlation between estradiol concentration and bleeding  pattern was not affected by age, body mass index, or total cholesterol level. There was an association between bleeding pattern and cholesterol level using bivariate and multivariate analyses.Conclusion:  1. Estradiol level in various bleeding pattern after 3,6,9,12 month of usage was not different. 2. There was correlation between low estradiol level and length of usage. 3. Association between bleeding pattern and estradiol level was not influenced by age, parity and body mass index, and total cholesterol level.Keywords: bleeding pattern, estradiol, DMPA, injectable contraception
Analisis Pelaksanaan Universal Precaution pada Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi Oktarina Dwi Ratna Soeryandari
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 24, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (162.319 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/bkm.3595

Abstract

Background: At Health Centers diseases could be directly or indirectly transmitted because the clinical procedures are not followed or carelessness of health workers. The universal precautions are done to protect patients and health workers from communicable diseases in health facilities, including dental services.Method:  This was an observational study with explanatory methods. Data were collected by interview, questionnaires, observation, focus group discussion, and data secondary. The study was conducted in 30 Health Centers in Surabaya City. Subjects were 30 dentists from 30 health centers. The dental services with the universal precaution procedures given by the dentists were observed. Data were analyzed descriptively.Result: Results of the study showed the knowledge of 50% respondents was not good and 80% of the dentists skillfully conducted the universal precaution indicators. Based on organization factors, the majority of the respondents had received training on the universal precaution but supervision had not been done routinely. Eighty three point three percents (83.3%) dentists used gloves every time give service, 80% of the instruments were in sterilized condition, 30% of the centers had medical waste baskets or for needles. Based on work load, it was increasing if the patients increased because of the  limited instruments, especially sterilization instruments had not provided in all health centers. The Standard Operational Procedures were hanged just in some Health Centers.Conclusion: The universal precaution in the dental clinics had not been 100% conducted in the Health Centers because of the lack of knowledge and training or continued education and also supervision and evaluation by the District Health Office. Besides there were a higher work load of the dentists in conducting their works and lack of dental instruments so that these risk of infections in the Health Centers and their environments.Keywords: universal precaution, dental personnel
Vitamin E dan Malondialdehid Darah Wanita Hamil di Daerah Endemik Gondok di Jawa Tengah Prasetyastuti Sunarti
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 24, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (188.456 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/bkm.3596

Abstract

Background: Usually, people who live in goiter areas have iodine deficiency. Iodine deficiency increases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in blood that can promote product of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide can produce free radicals that can promote lipid peroxidation. One of the lipid peroxidation products is MDA (malondialdehyde). Vitamin E is an antioxidant that can trap free radical in cell membrane and plasma lipoprotein so it can protects lipid peroxidation by free radical.Objectives: The aim of this study was to find out whether there is some possibility of differences between vitamin E and MDA concentrations in the blood of pregnant women living in goiter and those of women non goiter areas.Method: A Cross Sectional study was conducted, in which 60 women from goiter endemic and 60 women from non goiter endemic were randomly selected to serve as subjects. The blood sample was taken from venous cubiti. Vitamin E was measured by spectrofluorometer and MDA was measured by spectrophotometer. T test was employed to analyze the data.Results: The vitamin E level of the women living in goiter and non goiter endemic areas, 33.17 +  9.13 ìg/ml versus 32.39 + 11.13 ìg/ml respectively, were not significantly different (p=0.677; CI:-4.455; 2.905), but the MDA level of those, 12.07 + 2.75 nmol/ml versus  8.73 + 3.04 nmol./ml respectively, were significantly different (p=0.000; CI:- 4.386; -2.287). The correlation between vitamin E and MDA levels was not significant (p=0.403; CI:-0.034; 0.085).Conclusion: There is significantly difference of MDA level of the women living in goiter and non goiter endemic areas but the MDA was not correlated with the vitamin E level.Keywords : vitamin E, malondialdehyde, pregnant, goiter
Upaya Penanggulangan Gizi Buruk pada Balita melalui Penjaringan dan Pelacakan Kasus Rahma Edy Pakaya, Istiti Kandarina, Akhmadi
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 24, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (125.489 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/bkm.3597

Abstract

Background: A total of 1.506 children in Yogyakarta Special District Province suffered from malnutrition. They resided in Gunung Kidul (531 children), Sleman (287 children), Kotamadya Yogyakarta (225 children) and Kulon Progo (190 children). (Wirobrajan was 6th from 18 sub-districts of most frequent incident of malnutrition in Yogyakarta.)Objective: To assess the implementation of case screening and case finding of the children malnutrition through both of Posyandu (Integreted Care Venue) and Polyclinic at Wirobrajan Community Health Center, Yogyakarta.Methods: A descriptive non-analytic, cross-sectional study was carried out. Data were collected from in-depth interview. As respondents were member of team of poor nutrition prevention program. Research was conducted from December 24th 2007 to January 9th 2008 at Wirobrajan Community Health Center, Yogyakarta.Results: Case screening was conducted trough both of active and passive. Active case screening was conducted every two or three months by all of Posyandu in Wirobrajan area. Pasive case screening was conducted by daily health service setting in Community Health Center and based on health cader report. case screening was performed by collect data of children include name and age, measurement of body weight and height, head circumference, rough and smooth motoric ability. After that, documentation and reporting to goverment was made. WHO-NCHS standard was used as standard of malnutrition measurement. After case screening or case reporting, case finding was performed by home visit. Data collected by using of questioner or direct interview to parent. Anthropometric re-measurement can be performed as needed refer to community health center or to the hospital if there is enclosing desease and make dokumentation. This activity is convenience with Guideline of Malnutrition Management in and Community Health Center Setting.Keywords: case screening, case finding, children, malnutrition.
Perilaku Kesehatan Reproduksi Anak Perempuan Korban Trafficking di Manado Sesca Diana Solang, Ira Paramastri, Budi Wahyuni
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 24, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (151.079 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/bkm.3598

Abstract

Background: There were 23 girls who escaped from bar “F” in Timika Province of Papua. In 29 August 2002 during medical examination, it was found that one of the girls suffered from  HIV/AIDS, others had sexual diseases, and there were some of  them who were pregnant. The government paid attention to  them and hence, they were invited to a skill course and will be  given an asset; nevertheless, only five girls who attended.Objective: This research was aimed to find out knowledge of girls who were being prostitute regarding the threat of reproductive health disease, role of customer, procuress, health care provider, friend and family in giving support on the unwanted pregnancy, sexual transmitted disease (STD) and HIV/AIDS as well as how is the reproductive health behavior toward prevention of unwanted pregnancy, STD and HIV/AIDS during trafficking in Timika.Method: This research was an explorative qualitative one and it was conducted with focus group discussion toward research subject of girls who were being prostitute in Timika and in-depth interview toward research subject and program manager in the provincial level as informant key. The subjects were chosen with purposive sampling that used selected criteria. Qualitative data analysis was used from data collection until forming an explanation of data validity by using source and method triangulation.Result: In general, AYLA did not experience unwanted pregnancy because they used contraception. Condom can be obtained from health care provider or bought to be offered to their guest when having sexual relationship although most of the guests refused to use it. This condition showed the low bargaining position of girls who were being prostitute in the transaction process. People surrounding girls who were being prostitute has reminded each other to have self protection toward prevention of unwanted pregnancy, STD and HIV/AIDS with contraception. They know the risk if they did not use condom in having sexual relationship. The low bargaining position caused girls who were being prostitute had high risk  toward reproductive health disease and could not have safe sex in order to be avoided from the transmission of STD even HIV/AIDS.Conclusion: Most girls who were being prostitute already know unwanted pregnancy, STD and HIV/AIDS, but they still have bad attitude and behavior on the risk of sexual disease when their guests were not using condom because of girls who were being prostitute low bargaining position and behavior on washing reproductive organ with toothpaste after having sexual relationship caused irritation and reproductive system disorder.Keywords: reproductive health behavior, girl, sacrifice trafficking
Area Industri Gamping sebagai Faktor Risiko Gangguan Fungsi Paru A A Subijanto
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 24, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (109.52 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/bkm.3599

Abstract

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is one the major public health problems in Indonesia. National data in 1992 described that bronchitis and asma was situated at the seventh rank among 10 leading fatal diseases. One of their risk factors is exposure of dust which is produced by industry including chalkpowder industry. In Indonesian country, there were some active chalkpowder industy in the area.Objective: This research was aimed to investigate whether distance between home and chalk powder industry is a risk factor for poor lung function.Material and Method: The study population was men who stayed in nearby the chalk powder industry during at least last 5 years, smoke, and were not employee in the chalkpowder industry. The study design was cross- sectional survey. Sampling method was quota sampling. Lung function was examined by respirometer to measure Vital Capacity (VC) and Forced Expiratory Volume One Second (FEV-1).Results: The findings of this study reveals that distance of home to chalk powder industry is a risk factor to prevalence of obstructive and restrictive lung. The risk of residents living in the radius of less than 500 meter from the industry is 9.75 higher to obstructive lung than residents living within the radius of 500 to 100 meter from the industry. In addition, the risk to suffer restrictive lung is 1.38 higher in residents living within the radius of less than 500 meters from the industry.Keywords: chalkpowder, risk factor, COPD

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