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Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat

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Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISSN : 02151936 EISSN : 26148412 DOI : https://doi.org/10.22146/bkm.v37i2.2320

Core Subject : Health,

Nursing Public Health

Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM Public Health and Community Medicine) is a peer-reviewed and open access journal that deals with the fields of public health and public medicine. The topics of the article will be grouped according to the main message of the author. This focus covers areas and scope related to aspects of: - Epidemiology - Infectious diseases control - Clinical Epidemiology - Environmental Health - Occupational Health - Healthy City - Public Health and Primary Health Care - School of Health Promotion - Healthy lifestyles - Health promotion - Health and Social Behavior - Tobacco and smoking - Adolescent Health - Public Health Nutrition - Maternal and Child Health - Reproductive Health - Population Health - Health of Vulnerable People - Social Determinants of Health - Water, Sanitation and Hygiene - Human Resource Management

Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Kesehatan Masyarakat, Kesehatan Lingkungan dan Pekerjaan

Articles 1,532 Documents

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Differences in Body Composition of Children 12-15 Years Living at Highland and Lowland in Kulonprogo Yogyakarta Janatin Hastuti, Alwahyulhaq Jati Sasmito, Ari Kurniawat
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 23, No 4 (2007)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Background: Body composition changes during growth. From age of 12 to 15 years one of the important growth periods occurs indicated by adolescent growth spurt in the circum pubertal age. Measuring body composition of children necessary, since the different components of body composition vary with age, sex, and maturity status. Many studies showed that high altitude affects morphological and physiological characters of children which are reflected in a different growth pattern.Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate the differences of body composition of children at age of 12-15 years in Samigaluh highland and Galur lowland in Kulonprogo Regency Yogyakarta Province.Methods: The research was done on 502 children of 12-15 years old, boys and girls, consisted of 232 children living in Samigaluh highland and 270 children living in Galur lowland. The children were healthy and did not have physical and mental disorder. Some measurements were taken on the children, included weight, and stature, skin fold thickness of triceps, infrascapula, suprailiaca, abdominal, thigh, and calf. The components of body composition were then estimated from those measurements, i.e. Body Mass Index, lean body weight, total fat, and percentage of body fat. Statistical analysis by t-test and Pearson correlation were used in this research.Results: Body mass index, total fat and percentage of body fat of girls in highland and lowland populations were greater than the boys, but they were smaller on lean body mass. Girls of lowland population were greater on total fat, but they were slight smaller on body mass index except at age of 12 years. Lean body weight and percentage of body fat in girls of both populations were not different except at age of 12 years. Boys living in highland were smaller than their peers in lowland on most of body composition components except total fat.Conclusions: Estimated body composition of children of highland and lowland in Kulonprogo were different between boys and girls. In comparison to the girls, boys showed greater difference in body composition. However, by the increase of age, growth patterns of body composition components on both populations were similar, except total fat of highland boys.Keywords: body composition, children, highland, lowland

Perilaku Pengobatan Sendiri yang Rasional pada Masyarakat Susi Ari Kristina, Yayi Suryo Prabandari, Riswaka Sudjaswadi
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 23, No 4 (2007)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Background: Self-medication is defined as used of drugs in community to relieve symptoms of minor illnesses without doctor intervention. Self-medication have many advantages, including safe if properly used and relieve symptom of minor illnesses effectively. Self-medication prevalence in Indonesia in 2005 is 24.1% and in DIY province in 2004 is 87.73%. The behavior of rational self-medication is influenced by sex, age, education level, occupation, income level , knowledge, and positive attitude toward self-medication. The majority of community had low level of self-medication knowledge, therefore health promotion about self-medication is very important to be implemented in community.Method: This was an observational research with cross sectional design that used quantitative method. The number of respondent was 174, and the samples were chosen by multistage random sampling based on the villages number. Data was collected by using structured questionnaire and nonpartisipative observation. The data was analyzed by using independent sample t-test, Pearson correlation and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression.Result: The result of the research showed that the majority of respondent’s knowledge was low (52.9%), attitude was bad (57.5%), and self-medication behavior was irrational (67.8%). The result of bivariate analysis showed that there was significant relationship between sex, age, level of knowledge, occupation, income level, knowledge and attitude with rational self-medication behavior. Resident and the distance from health facility were no significant related to rational self-medication behavior. Multivariate analysis result showed that education level was the most influencing rational self-medication behavior at confidence level 95%.Conclusion: There was significant relationship between knowledge and attitude with rational self-medication behavior. Sociodemographic factors that have significant relationship with rational self-medication behavior were sex, age, level of knowledge, occupation and income level. Education level was the most influencing rational self-medication behavior.Keywords: self-medication behavior, knowledge, attitude, sociodemographic factors

Perilaku Ibu Memanfaatkan Pelayanan Kesehatan Selama Hamil dan Penggunaan Kontrasepsi Selama Menyusui Indarwati Siswanto Agus Wilopo, Djauhar Ismail
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 23, No 4 (2007)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Background: The 2002-2003 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) data indicated an increase up to 41% in the number of children not breastfed until two years old. Previously, according to 1997 IDHS data, there were only 34% babies who were weaning before they had reached two years. This increase was in line with the increasing number of pregnant mothers utilizing health care and hormonal contraceptives.Objective: to explore the correlation between the length of breastfeeding and the behaviors of Indonesian pregnant mothers utilizing health care and hormonal contraceptives.Methodology: Using the cohort retrospective approach, the research was conducted upon 5940 mothers, who were 15 years to 49 years old. Each had at least one under-five-years-old child. The proportional Odds Model was employed to analyze the ordinal out come of the study. The life table served to show the continuity of breastfeeding. The variables taken were the length of breastfeeding. ANC visits, contraceptive usage, ownership assets, educational level, working status, parity, residence, prelactal liquid and milk from bottles.Findings; The probability of breastfeeding up two years old between mothers with ANC visits and without ANC visits were notdifferent. The probability of breastfeeding until two years old between mothers using non-hormonal contraception was higher compared to hormonal ones. The risk of weaning before two years in mothers using hormonal contraception was higher (1.5 times) compared to those using non-hormonal contraception.Conclusion: Factors significantly correlated with breastfeeding period were women's behaviors and characteristic as well as the family's economic status, the declining median of breastfeeding period of Indonesian mothers had strong correlation with hormonal contraceptive usage and bottles milk.Keywords: breastfeeding, antenatal care, contraceptives, demography

Gaya Hidup, Status Gizi dan Stamina Atlet pada Sebuah Klub Sepakbola Mirza Hapsari Sakti Titis Penggalih, Emy Huriyat
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 23, No 4 (2007)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Background: Indonesian Sport’s achievement is decline in ASEAN level. It has been being our consideration for professional athletes in Indonesia. Nutrition is one of major factor that contribute a lot of sports performance in athletes. Carbohydrates, protein, fat, fibber, fluid and others micro nutrient intakes are important to maintain health, training adaptation, and improve performance athlete weather neither in training session nor in match day.Objective: The aim of this research was to know about lifestyle, nutritional status and athlete’s endurance in a soccer club.Method: This research was an observational research with cross-sectional design. This research was held in Gelora Remaja Persatuan Sepakbola Kabupaten Pasuruan (PerseKabPas). Research subject were athletes who train under this club and follow the research. Data collected through interview (nutritional intake and lifestyle); anthropometry measurements (weight, height, and skin fold); and VO2max measurement. Data was displayed descriptively and analysed with regression and chi-square technique.Result: Sixteenth respondents involved in this research. Athletes were never drinks alcohol (0 glass/ d), coffee (0, 4 glass/d), smoke (1 cigarette/d); tea consumption (1, 75 glass/d) and three time eating pattern. Daily activities were sleep (7, 63 h/d); training (3, 5 h/d); Work (3, 06 h/d) and study (1, 69 h/d). Nutritional intake for calories (daily, pre and post match day) respectively were 1559,85 cal; 1417,89 cal and 1708,07 cal. Protein intakes were 57,41 gr; 44,18 gr; 51,32 gr. Fat intakes were 31,12 gr; 30,86 gr; 33,48 gr. Carbohydrate intakes were 229,43 gr; 215,69 gr; 274,73 gr. Body Mass Index and body fat were 20,93 kg/m2 and 11, 05%. VO2Max measurement was 38, 13. The regression and chi-square technique shown that age, BMI, body fat independently didn’t give any positive and significant relation to athlete’s endurance (P>0,05), but BMI and body fat together; calories intake; lifestyle and physical activities gave a positive and significance relation to athletes endurance (P<0,05).Conclusion: Nutritional intake in this research was fa0r below the recommended nutritional needs for adult and national athletes. Athlete’s lifestyle has been applying the recommendation from International Olympic Committee; Nutritional status was normal (BMI and body fat). Athlete’s endurance was far below national athletes of endurance standard. There were a positive and significance relation between calories intake, lifestyle, physical activities and nutritional status to athlete’s endurance.Keywords: lifestyle, nutritional status, endurance, soccer

Hubungan antara Kesadahan Air Minum, Kadar Kalsium dan Sedimen Kalsium Oksalat Urin pada Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar M. Dody Izhar, Haripurnomo K, Suhardi Darmoatmodjo
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 23, No 4 (2007)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Background: Water hardness containing calcium mineral (Ca2+) is supposed to increase absorption in intestinal lumen and calcium excretion (hyper-calciuria) of urine. Alkalic conditioned urine can cause changes of saturation concentration to become calcium supersaturation leading to the crystalization of calcium oxalate.Objective: To identify the relationship between drinking water hardness, drinking and eating habit to calcium level and urine calcium oxalate sediment.Method: The study was observational with cross sectional design. Examination analysis of drinking water hardness (mg/l), level of urine calcium (mg/dl) and calcium oxalate sediment of first/morning urine samples of 128 elementary school students (6-12 years old) was carried out using one-stage cluster random sampling technique at Sidowangi Subdistrict of Kajoran, District of Magelang, Central Java. Data of drinking and eating habit for bestial protein, vegetable protein, calcium and phospor, uric acid, oxalic acid and citric acid of the subject of the study were obtained from interview using questionnaires and food frequency forms. Data analysis used Stata version 8.0 program for windows at significance level. p<0.05.Result: Ave0rage value and main deviation of drinking water hardness was 66.75 + 8.36, level of urine was 10.43 + 6.40 and there were 52 subjects (40.63%) with calcium oxalate crystal. The result of statistical analysis showed that drinking water hardness did not affect level of urine calcium (rs =0.004; p=0.967; POR=1,017; 95% CI=0.476-2.172) and calcium oxalate sediment (rs=-0.007; p=0.937; POR=0.972; 95% CI= 0.480-1,969). Drinkinghabit (p=0.007; POR=3.509; 95% CI=1.339-8.802) and eating habit of citric acid sources (adequate p=0.066; POR=3.037; 95%CI=0.931-9,903, less p=0.000; POR=10,996; 95% CI=3.533-34.218) were 2 predisposition variables of calcium oxalate sediment status.Conclusion: Drinking water hardness had no effect to level of urine calcium and calcium oxalate sediment. Drinking habit and eating habit for citric acid sources were 2 most determining factors, i.e. as protection or inhibitor of calcium oxalate crystalization formation.Keywords: water hardness, calcium level, calcium oxalate sediment

Histopathological Features of Early Onset Indonesian Breast Cancer Pointing to Brca1/2 Germline Mutations Purnomosari Van Der Groep P, Wahyono A, Aryandono T, Pals G, Van Diest PJ
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 23, No 3 (2007)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Background: Breast cancer under 40 years concerns a relatively small subgroup of cases that tend to display a more aggressive phenotype. Compatible with this, early age of onset has been known as one of clinical characteristic of hereditary breast cancers associated with germline BRCA1 or BRCA1 mutations. As early onset breast cancer is frequent in Indonesia, we investigated the histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of early onset (< 40 years) Indonesian breast cancer patients, as such features can be used to distinguish between BRCA and non-BRCA germline mutation carriers among these young women.Method: Thirty-five formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections of young women (mean 36 years, range 22-40 years) who underwent surgical resection at the Department of Surgery of the Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta were examined for pathological features, estrogen and progesterone receptor status, proliferation as determined by Ki67 labeling, EGFR and CK5/6 and the presence of HER-2/neu and p53 protein. Additionally, mutation analysis for BRCA1 and BRCA2 was performed in 30 young women. The control group consisted ofcarcinomas from women above 50 years (mean 59.02, range 50-80 years).Result: Carcinomas occurring in women aged below 40 years were more often advanced stage and higher proliferating (p=0.006). Among the early onset breast cancer patients, ductal type, grade 3, ER and HER-2/neu negativity, high Ki67 index and CK5/6 and EGFR positivity were typical for BRCA1 patients. Unfortunately, there were no typical phenotypical features for BRCA2 carriers. However, grade I and lobular cases were never BRCA1/2 germline mutated.Conclusion: Early onset Indonesian breast cancer shows increased proliferation compared to late onset patients. Within the early onset group, the strongest features pointing to a sporadic cancer seem to be grade I and lobular differentiation. Features increasing the chance of a germline BRCA1/2 mutation are CK5/6 and EGFR expression, p53 accumulation and high proliferation as measured by Ki67 labeling. This is potentially useful to optimize selection of early onset breast cancer patients for BRCA1/2 mutation testing.Keywords: breast cancer, early onset, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, BRCA1, BRCA2

Jaringan Seksual dan Perilaku Berisiko Pengguna Napza Suntik: Episode Lain Penyebaran HIV di Indonesia Ignatius Praptoraharjo, Wayne W. Wiebel, Octavery Kamil, Alfred Pach III
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 23, No 3 (2007)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Background: Although a relative late comer to the epidemic, HIV has struck Indonesia hard. Surveillance at the Ministry of Health’s drug dependence hospital showed an escalation from 0% injecting drug users (IDUs) infected in 1997 to almost 50% infected by 2001. As more injectors become infected, the potential for sexual transmission of HIV by IDUs increases. Yet, little was known about IDU sexual networks, sexual partnering patterns, the nature of sexual relationships and sex risk practices.Methods: IDUs are concentrated in major metropolitan areas across the Indonesian archipelago. The country’s five largest cities (Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan, Bandung and Denpasar) were selected for inclusion here because they include various concentrations of IDU, potentially different, patterns of sexual networking and risk. Participants were recruited with the assistance of local, non-governmental organizations working on HIV/AIDS interventions targeting IDUs. A purposive sampling design sought to include subjects representing the range in known IDU characteristics at each locale. Selection criteria included active injectors who were sexually active and 18 years of age or older. Following informed consent, 52 willing respondents were interviewed using a semi- structured and open-ended interview guide. Interviews were divided into narrative passages and coded as to topical content upon entry in EZText qualitative database software.Results: Indonesian IDUs were found to commonly have regular, casual and commercial sex partners. Almost 90% were involved in a serious relationship with a spouse or girl/boy friend. Serious relationships included emotional ties and mutual expectations and obligations. The most common expectation was faithfulness, yet 75% of those with a regular sex partner had concurrent relations with casual and/or commercial partners. Most male IDUs actively pursued casual and commercial relations. Male IDUs also reported sex with transgenders and other males. Condoms were rarely used irrespective of partner category.Conclusion: The frequency of unprotected relations with a variety in types of partners suggests a high potential for the bridging of HIV to non-IDU populations in Indonesia. Information learned about types of partnerships and relations suggest different strategies will be needed for different types of partners if a generalized epidemic is to be averted.Keywords: injecting drug users, HIV, sexual partner, risk network, intervention

Hubungan Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga dengan Tingkat Kecemasan pada Wanita Carla Marchira, Yosie Amylia, Mariyono Sedyo Winarso
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 23, No 3 (2007)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Background: Incidence of domestic violence in DIY and Central Jawa increases every year. The women as a victim of violence have a big risk to suffered from some serious health problem, mental illness at the most. A poor marital relationship caused by domestic violence could be a social stressor and current vulnerability factors in anxiety.Objectives: The study aims at identifying the types of domestic violence, the degree of anxiety, and also the correlation between domestic violence and anxiety among women who have consultation in Rifka Annisa Women’s Crisis Center Yogyakarta.Methods: This study was a descriptive analytic correlation study using cross sectional design. The subject of this study were 30 women who have consultation in Rifka Annisa Women’s Crisis Center Yogyakarta and taken by purposive sampling technique. The data was collected by means of TMAS questionnaires. Data analysis on the correlation between domestic violence and anxiety was done by using Chi Square statistic test.Results: Findings from this study showed that 43,3% subject being physically and emotionally assaulted. Most subject were experiencing moderate level of anxiety (53,3%). Chi Square test showed that there was significant difference between domestic violence and anxiety among women who have consultation in Rifka Annisa Women’s Crisis Center Yogyakarta (X2=18.307, df=10, P<0.05).Conclusion: Most of the women who have consultation in Rifka Annisa Women’s Crisis Center Yogyakarta had experienced more than two types of violence (80%) and 53,3% respondents report moderate level of anxiety. There are significant difference between domestic violence and anxiety among women who have consultation in Rifka Annisa Women’s Crisis Center Yogyakarta.Keywords: domestic violence, anxiety, women

Hubungan Hipertiroid dengan Aktivitas Kerja pada Wanita Usia Subur Sri Supadmi, Ova Emilia, Hari Kusnanto
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 23, No 3 (2007)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Background: Based on disorder mapping due to Iodine deficiency in 1998 and 2003, elimination of Iodine deficiency in household by consuming minimally 90 percent Iodine salt and giving Iodine oil capsule to fertile women in endemic Iodine deficiency, medium to severe, had been carried out. Evaluation of Iodine in urine appeared related to hyperthyroid cases, and a number of people were in critical Iodine status. Hyperthyroid especially for fertile women may cause fatigue and led to low working activity.Objective: To find out correlation between thyroid and working activity of fertile women in endemic Iodine deficiency.Method: The study was a cross-sectional design using two samples in Magelang District. The samples were 100 fertile women who were divided into two groups, namely hyperthyroid (50 persons) and norm thyroid group (50 persons) taken by using systematic sampling.Result: Bivariate analysis showed significant relationship between hyperthyroid and working activity (RP=4.10; 95%Cl; 2.32 - 7.24). Using stratification analysis it was found that hyperthyroid were higher among women with hormonal contraceptive (RP=6.45; 95%Cl; 2.55 - 16.34) and consumed Iodine capsule (RP=4.73; 95%Cl; 2.37 - 9.43).Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between hyperthyroid and working activity of fertile women. Hyperthyroid women tend to have lower working activity (four times lower) than norm thyroid women. The modified effects were hormonal contraceptive and Iodine capsule factors. The factors not affecting the correlation between hyperthyroid and working activity of fertile women were age, Body Mass Index (BMI) and Iodine salt consumption.Keywords: Iodine deficiency, hyperthyroid, working activity

Faktor Risiko terjadinya Cedera pada Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar Susy Kuschithawati, Rahadyan Magetsari, Nawi Ng
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 23, No 3 (2007)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Background: Every year many children all over the world become disabled or die because of injury. It is estimated that 98% of child mortality is caused by injury, and this mostly happens in low and middle income countries. Injury may happen accidentally or intentionally and internally (from the children themselves) or externally (from environmental factors).Objective: The objective of the study was to identify the seriousness and types of injury and risk factors of injury occurrence among elementary school children at Yogyakarta Municipality.Methods: The study used school-based cross sectional design and was conducted at 28 elementary schools of Yogyakarta municipality with as many as 4690 children of grade I – VI as subject of the study. Samples were taken using multistage cluster sampling technique. Dependent variables consisted of injury that took place at schools, home and the surrounding and absence from school, whereas independent variables consisted of age and sex of children, age of mothers, social and economic status, home environment and time. Research instruments used were questionnaires to get data of injury risk factors and impact of injury and observation sheets to assessschool environment.Results: Injury prevalence was as much as 42.56% (mild injury 36,89% and severe injury 5,7%) . Factors related to injury occurrence among elementary school children were sex (OR=1.31; 95% CI 1.16 – 1.47) and home environment (OR=2.76; 95% CI 1.36 – 6.62). Types of injury that often happened to elementary school children were scratches, bruises, sprains, bites, flesh wounds burns, road accidents, broken bone and small particles infiltration.Conclusion: Home environment was an important factor of injury occurrence among elementary school children. Therefore preventive action had to be taken by improving home and environment security, and alerts of parents in order that occurrence of injury could be avoided. Sex of children was also an important factor of cause for injury occurrence among elementary school children.Keywords: injury among children, risk factors, prevalence

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Home Page

OAI Link

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Contact

Reviewer

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Contact Name Ika Kusumaningtyas

Contact Email tyas.kusuma@ugm.ac.id

Phone +628988833412

Journal Mail Official bkm.fk@ugm.ac.id

Editorial Address Sekretariat Bersama Jurnal, Lt. 2 Atas Kantin IKM, FK-KMK UGM Jl. Farmako, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281

Location Kab. sleman, Daerah istimewa yogyakarta INDONESIA

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Contact Name
Ika Kusumaningtyas

Contact Email
tyas.kusuma@ugm.ac.id

Phone
+628988833412

Journal Mail Official
bkm.fk@ugm.ac.id

Editorial Address
Sekretariat Bersama Jurnal, Lt. 2 Atas Kantin IKM, FK-KMK UGM Jl. Farmako, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281

Location
Kab. sleman,

Daerah istimewa yogyakarta

INDONESIA