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Muammar Fawwaz
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Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Jl. Urip Sumohardjo KM 5 Kampus II, Makassar 90231, Indonesia
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INDONESIA
Pharmaceutical Reports
Published by Universitas Muslim Indonesia
ISSN : 28286030     EISSN : 28288734     DOI : https://doi.org/10.33096/pharm%20rep.v1i2
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmaceutical Reports is a peer-reviewed journal published by the Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, which was first published in 2022. We published two times a year in January-June and July-December. Our mission is to advance the science and practice of pharmaceutical research by working to develop and maintain competence, ethics, and integrity, and the highest professional standards in the specialty for the benefit of the public. Pharmaceutical Reports publishes studies that contribute to an understanding of some specific areas in pharmaceutical sciences including the following: - Analytical chemistry of organic and natural product compounds using instrumental analysis in pharmaceutical sciences including spectroscopy and chromatography method. - Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of biologically active compounds, diagnostic agents, or labeled ligands employed as pharmacological tools. - Molecular modifications of reported series that lead to a significantly improved understanding of their structure-activity relationships (SAR). - Structural biological studies (X-ray, NMR, etc.) of relevant ligands and targets with the aim of investigating molecular recognition processes in the action of biologically active compounds. - Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics - Novel & Targeted Drug Delivery - Pharmacology & Toxicology - Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Microbiology - Pharmacy Practice & Hospital Pharmacy - Drug Regulatory Affairs
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Ilmu Farmasi
Articles 60 Documents
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The Role of Iron (Fe) in Health and Medicine: Scientific Interpretation of Surah Al-Hadid Verse 25 Fawwaz, Muammar; Sampurno, Bambang
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.381

Abstract

Iron is a vital element for life, playing essential roles in oxygen transport, metabolism, enzymatic activity, and cognitive development. Surah Al-Hadid [57]:25 of the Qur’an references iron, which aligns with its biological, medical, and cosmic significance. This review examines the intersection of Qur’anic references, astrophysical evidence, and biomedical research related to iron, highlighting the numerical correlations between the surah number (57) and Fe-57, and verse 25 with iron’s atomic number (26). Modern astrophysics confirms that iron is synthesized in stars and delivered to Earth via supernovae, echoing the Qur’anic expression “We sent down iron”. Biologically, iron deficiency causes anemia, impaired immunity, and cognitive deficits, while iron-based therapeutics—including oral supplements, parenteral formulations, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems—demonstrate its crucial role in human health. Surah Al-Hadid [57]:25 exemplifies the convergence of divine revelation and scientific knowledge, encouraging ethical and informed utilization of natural elements in medicine and technology, reflecting harmony between spiritual guidance and scientific inquiry.
Revealing the Antioxidant Content in Banana Plants: A Nutritional Perspective and Health Benefits Ummum, Andi; Fawwaz, Muammar; Yuliana, Dewi
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.380

Abstract

The banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) is a fruit widely consumed across tropical regions and recognized for its rich nutritional value and diverse bioactive compounds that contribute to human health. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant content of banana plants from both nutritional and pharmacological perspectives through a comprehensive literature review. The review was conducted using scientific articles and official guidelines published between 2015 and 2025. The findings indicate that the banana pulp contains essential nutrients such as carbohydrates (27%), proteins (1%), and a variety of vitamins and minerals including calcium, potassium, and iron. In contrast, the banana peel, often considered agricultural waste, is abundant in bioactive phytochemicals such as flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids, which contribute to its antioxidant potential. Antioxidant activity in banana extracts has been reported using various analytical methods, including DPPH (IC₅₀ = 439.12 µg/mL), FRAP (26.5828 mg QE/g extract), ABTS (IC₅₀ = 60.50–95.85 ppm), CUPRAC (EC₅₀ = 101–150 µg/mL), and CAA (397 ± 5 µmol TE/100 g) assays. Moreover, fruit maturity influences antioxidant capacity, with unripe banana peels generally exhibiting higher antioxidant activity than ripe ones. These results highlight that banana plants, particularly their peels, possess considerable potential as natural antioxidant sources for use in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, the valorization of banana peel aligns with the circular economy concept, promoting sustainable agricultural waste management and environmental conservation.
Chemical Profile of Red Dragon Fruit Peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry Anwar, Adillani Nur Mugfirah; Pratama, Mamat; Rahmawati, Rahmawati
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.375

Abstract

Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus), a tropical species native to Asia, has gained attention for its potential as a source of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to characterize the chemical constituents present in the peel of H. polyrhizus using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The extraction process was performed through maceration with 96% ethanol for four days, followed by filtration and concentration using a rotary vacuum evaporator. The resulting ethanolic extract was analyzed using GC–MS under the following parameters: injector temperature of 250 °C and a programmed column temperature ranging from 70 °C (held for 2 min) to 200 °C at a heating rate of 100 °C/min. The chromatographic analysis identified a total of 82 distinct compounds, indicating the chemical diversity of the extract. Among these, the most abundant peak was detected at a retention time (RT) of 22.806 min, corresponding to pentadecanoic acid (C₁₅H₃₀O₂). The presence of fatty acids, esters, and phenolic derivatives suggests that H. polyrhizus peel may serve as a valuable natural source of antioxidants and other pharmacologically active constituents. Overall, the findings provide fundamental insights into the phytochemical composition of red dragon fruit peel, supporting its potential application in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations.
Green Extraction of Cherry Flowers (Muntingia calabura L.) and Antioxidant Activity by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Method Maryam, St; Baits, Muzakkir; Najla, Nabilah
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 5, No 1 (2026): (March) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v5i1.394

Abstract

The cherry plant (Muntingia calabura L.) is known as a versatile medicinal plant, with its leaves, fruits, and flowerstraditionally used for various therapeutic purposes. This plant contains several bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes, saponins, and polyphenols, which play a crucial role in its antioxidant activity. The present study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity level of Muntingia calabura L. using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method. The ethanol extract of cherry plant material was obtained using the Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) technique, which had been previously optimized to achieve the highest flavonoid yield through variations in temperature and extraction time, employing a green solvent system. The antioxidant activity was measured by the FRAP method, and the absorbance was recorded using a UV– Visible spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 715 nm. The results were expressed as milligrams of quercetin equivalent per gram of extract (mg QE/g) based on the absorbance data. The antioxidant activity values of the ethanol extract from three replications were 908.56 mg QE/g, 910.6 mg QE/g, and 955.5 mg QE/g, respectively, with an average value of 924.88 mg QE/g extract. These findings indicate that Muntingia calabura L. exhibits strong antioxidant potential, likely attributed to its high flavonoid and polyphenol content, and therefore has promising applications as a natural antioxidant source in traditional and modern medicine.
Formulation of Mineral Salt and Milk Fish Bone (Chanos chanos) Waste to Prevent Preeclamsia Handayani, Selpida; Aminah, Aminah; Effendi, Nurmaya; Elis, Andi; Razak, Rais; Wiyuwarmi, Wiyuwarmi; Khaira, Miftahul; Wahyudi, Dedy Putra; Umar, Fitriani
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 5, No 1 (2026): (March) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v5i1.400

Abstract

The high rate of maternal mortality remains a significant public health concern, highlighting the urgent need to improve maternal health, particularly during pregnancy. One of the major complications contributing to maternal morbidity and mortality is preeclampsia, a pregnancy-related disorder characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, and edema. Nutritional deficiencies, especially in essential minerals such as potassium, magnesium, and calcium, have been identified as contributing factors in the development of preeclampsia. Therefore, ensuring adequate intake of these micronutrients is crucial for prevention and maternal well-being. This study aimed to analyze the mineral content of a formulated mineral salt derived from milkfish (Chanos chanos) bone waste as a potential alternative source of essential nutrients. The research employed an experimental laboratory method, with mineral analysis conducted using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The formulation was evaluated for its potassium, magnesium, and calcium content to determine its potential contribution to daily nutritional requirements. The results showed that a daily intake of 5 grams of the formulated product could provide approximately 1.49% of potassium, 45% of magnesium, and 65.26% of calcium requirements. These findings indicate that the mineral salt formulation derived from milkfish bone waste is particularly rich in calcium and magnesium, both of which play important roles in maintaining vascular function and reducing the risk of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. In conclusion, the developed mineral salt formulation has promising potential as a non-pharmacological preventive strategy to support micronutrient intake in pregnant women. Its utilization may contribute to reducing the risk of preeclampsia and improving maternal health outcomes. Further studies are recommended to evaluate its safety, bioavailability, and clinical effectiveness.
Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanol Extract of Porang Tuber (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) on White Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Amaliah, Annisa; Rahman, Safriani; Wati, Aulia
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 5, No 1 (2026): (March) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v5i1.395

Abstract

Inflammation is a protective response to tissue injury aimed at neutralizing or eliminating invasive organisms triggered by physical trauma. One of the plants known for its anti-inflammatory properties is the porang tuber, which contains flavonoids. This study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect and effective dosage of ethanol extract of porang tuber (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) in male rats (Rattus norvegicus). An experimental design was employed, utilizing 20 white rats divided into five treatment groups: a negative control (1% NaCMC), a positive control (sodium diclofenac), and porang tuber ethanol extract at doses of 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, and 400 mg/kgBW. Test preparations were administered one hour before the induction of 1% carrageenan (0.1 mL, intraplantar). Paw edema volume was measured plethysmographically every 60 minutes for 6 hours. Statistical analysis, performed via one-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test, revealed no significant difference between the positive control group and the porang tuber ethanol extract groups. In conclusion, the porang tuber ethanol extract exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, with a dose of 400 mg/kgBW identified as the most effective.
In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Buton Forest Honey through Nitric Oxide Inhibition in RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells Hariana, Hariana; Wahyuni, Wahyuni; Suryani, Suryani; Sartinah, Ari; Maulidyah, Maulidyah; Yodha, Agung Wibawa Mahatva; Purnama, La Ode Muhammad Julian; Fristiohady, Adryan
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 5, No 1 (2026): (March) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v5i1.396

Abstract

Inflammation is a physiological defense response to injury, infection, or stress, mediated by various signaling molecules, including nitric oxide (NO). However, excessive NO production can contribute to tissue damage and the progression of inflammatory conditions. Honey, a natural product derived from floral nectar by bees, contains diverse bioactive compounds with potential pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory activity. Buton Regency, located in Southeast Sulawesi, is a major producer of forest honey, making it a promising source of bioactive honey with therapeutic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Buton forest honey by assessing its ability to inhibit NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The results demonstrated that Buton forest honey significantly suppressed NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. At concentrations of 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.63, 7.81, and 3.91 mg/L, the percentages of inhibition were 94.69 ± 2.94%, 74.03 ± 2.43%, 67.40 ± 2.34%, 62.72 ± 3.09%, 51.80 ± 4.73%, 44.40 ± 4.73%, 19.06 ± 1.79%, and 12.82 ± 0.68%, respectively. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc testing revealed significant differences among the tested concentrations (p 0.05). In conclusion, Buton forest honey exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NO production in macrophage cells, suggesting its potential as a natural source for the development of anti-inflammatory agents.
In Silico Molecular Docking of Flavonoids from Vitex trifolia L. Leaves as Potential Inhibitors of EGFR Double Mutations Yusri, Iskandar; Fawwaz, Muammar; Olii, Audia Triani
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 5, No 1 (2026): (March) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v5i1.397

Abstract

The Legundi plant (Vitex trifolia L.) is known to contain flavonoid compounds that exhibit potential anticancer activity through the inhibition of cancer cell growth. This study aimed to evaluate the binding affinity of flavonoid compounds from Vitex trifolia L. leaves against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with double mutations (L858R/T790M) using a molecular docking approach. An in silico study was conducted by docking flavonoid compounds with the EGFR protein (PDB ID: 3IKA) using the AutoDock Vina program. A total of 14 flavonoid compounds were analyzed to assess their binding affinity and interaction profiles. The docking results revealed that the compound 2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydro- 4H-chromen-4-one (C18H18O6) exhibited the lowest binding free energy, indicating the strongest affinity toward the target receptor. Furthermore, the interaction analysis showed that this compound formed multiple types of interactions with the EGFR active site, including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces, and ionic interactions. These findings suggest that flavonoid compounds from Vitex trifolia L. have potential as inhibitors of EGFR double mutations and may serve as promising candidates for further development as anticancer agents.
Green-Solvent Extraction and Antioxidant Evaluation of Muntingia calabura L. Flowers Using the DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Method Effendi, Nurmaya; Maryam, St; Wijaya, Muh Rezky Hadi
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 5, No 1 (2026): (March) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v5i1.398

Abstract

Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) flowers are known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and tannins, which contribute to various pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant effects. Antioxidants play a crucial role in preventing or slowing oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of Muntingia calabura L. flowers using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The extraction process was carried out using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) with a green solvent approach. The antioxidant activity was analyzed using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer, and the results were expressed as the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀), with quercetin used as a reference standard. The results showed that the Muntingia calabura flower extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 15.81 µg/mL, which falls within the category of very strong antioxidants (50 µg/mL). In conclusion, the aqueous extract of Muntingia calabura L. flowers demonstrates significant antioxidant potential and may serve as a promising natural source of antioxidants for further development in pharmaceutical or nutraceutical applications.
Antioxidant Activity of Black Turmeric Rhizome (Curcuma caesia Roxb.) Extract Using DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay Muflihunna, Andi; Rahmawati, Rahmawati; Rahmah, Nurul
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 5, No 1 (2026): (March) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v5i1.399

Abstract

Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that contribute to the development of various diseases, particularly degenerative disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and aging-related conditions. Antioxidants play a crucial role in neutralizing free radicals and preventing oxidative damage. Black turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb.) is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine and is known for its rich content of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, curcuminoids, terpenoids, tannins, and proteins, which contribute to its therapeutic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of black turmeric rhizomes using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, with a comparison of different extraction techniques. The extracts were obtained using maceration and water bath-assisted maceration methods with 96% ethanol as the solvent. Antioxidant activity was expressed in terms of the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀). The results demonstrated that the extraction method significantly influenced antioxidant activity. The maceration method yielded an IC₅₀ value of 9.2503 µg/mL, indicating very strong antioxidant activity (10 µg/mL). In contrast, the water bath-assisted maceration method produced an IC₅₀ value of 12.9274 µg/mL, which falls within the strong antioxidant category (10–50 µg/mL). In conclusion, black turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb.) rhizome extract exhibits potent antioxidant activity, with the maceration method providing superior results compared to water bath-assisted maceration. These findings suggest that black turmeric has significant potential as a natural antioxidant source and that extraction methods play a critical role in optimizing its bioactive properties.

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