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Muammar Fawwaz
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Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Jl. Urip Sumohardjo KM 5 Kampus II, Makassar 90231, Indonesia
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INDONESIA
Pharmaceutical Reports
Published by Universitas Muslim Indonesia
ISSN : 28286030     EISSN : 28288734     DOI : https://doi.org/10.33096/pharm%20rep.v1i2
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmaceutical Reports is a peer-reviewed journal published by the Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, which was first published in 2022. We published two times a year in January-June and July-December. Our mission is to advance the science and practice of pharmaceutical research by working to develop and maintain competence, ethics, and integrity, and the highest professional standards in the specialty for the benefit of the public. Pharmaceutical Reports publishes studies that contribute to an understanding of some specific areas in pharmaceutical sciences including the following: - Analytical chemistry of organic and natural product compounds using instrumental analysis in pharmaceutical sciences including spectroscopy and chromatography method. - Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of biologically active compounds, diagnostic agents, or labeled ligands employed as pharmacological tools. - Molecular modifications of reported series that lead to a significantly improved understanding of their structure-activity relationships (SAR). - Structural biological studies (X-ray, NMR, etc.) of relevant ligands and targets with the aim of investigating molecular recognition processes in the action of biologically active compounds. - Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics - Novel & Targeted Drug Delivery - Pharmacology & Toxicology - Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Microbiology - Pharmacy Practice & Hospital Pharmacy - Drug Regulatory Affairs
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Ilmu Farmasi
Articles 53 Documents
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Analysis Of Determining Flavonoid Contents In Red Onion (Allium Cepa L.) Extract Using Multiple Methods Arzak, La Ode Miftahul; Pratama, Mamat
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 1 (2025): (March) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i1.297

Abstract

Shallots contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, kaempferol, flavonglycosides and quercetin. This research aims to conduct a literature study on the analysis of the levels of flavonoid compounds in shallots (Allium cepa L). This research uses a literature study where references are obtained through the Google Scholar and Elsevier websites, then articles are selected that match the criteria in the literature study. Based on the search carried out, 7 correct articles were obtained. From the results of the literature study, it can be concluded that the assay methods that can be used to determine the flavonoid content of shallots are High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. And there are also several flavonoid derivative compounds contained in shallots from published articles, such as quercetin and anthocyanin.
Flavonoid content analysis of ethanol extract of kluwih (Atrocarpus camansi) fruit seeds by UV-Vis spectrophotometry Rahmawati, Rahmawati; Muflihunna, Andi; Sarmila, Sarmila
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 1 (2025): (March) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i1.359

Abstract

Kluwih is traditionally used to lower cholesterol levels, blood pressure and help treat diabetes. Kluwih (Arocarpus camansi) is one of the plants that contains various types of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenolics, steroids, and flavonoids. The content of these metabolites plays a major role in its pharmacological activities. This study aims to determine the flavonoid levels contained in the ethanol extract of kluwih fruit seeds (Atrocarpus camansi). This study used UV-Vis spectrophotometric method with potassium acetate reagent 120Mm and aluminum chloride 2% to form a yellow color solution and as a comparison used quercetin. The results showed that the average flavonoid content of ethanol extract of kluwih fruit seeds (Atrocarpus camansi) was 6.750 mg ± 1.35 QE/g extract.
Retrosynthesis Strategy in Organic Chemistry Fawwaz, Muammar
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 1 (2025): (March) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i1.354

Abstract

Retrosynthetic analysis represents a cornerstone of modern organic synthesis, providing a rational and highly systematic framework for the design and planning of complex molecular architectures. This strategy involves the stepwise disconnection of a target molecule into progressively simpler intermediates and ultimately into commercially available or readily accessible starting materials. By focusing on strategic bond disconnections and functional group interconversions, retrosynthesis facilitates the identification of key synthetic transformations, allowing chemists to navigate backward from the desired product to a feasible synthetic route. The integration of this methodology enables the optimization of reaction sequences in terms of step economy, atom economy, stereoselectivity, and overall synthetic efficiency. Furthermore, retrosynthetic planning is indispensable in the synthesis of biologically active compounds, natural products, and pharmaceutical agents, where the construction of complex frameworks demands both creativity and precision. As such, retrosynthesis not only streamlines the synthetic process but also enhances the reliability, scalability, and reproducibility of organic synthesis, making it an essential tool in both academic research and industrial applications.
Determination of Total Flavonoid Content of Red Fruit Juice (Pandanus conoideus Lam) by a UV–Vis Spectrophotometer Sulaeman, Nur Rachmi; Pratama, Mamat; Kusuma, Andi Trihadi
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 1 (2025): (March) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i1.360

Abstract

Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) belongs to the pandanacea family. This plant contains compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids and alkaloids and has properties in curing various diseases such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, cancer and HIV/AIDS. This study aims to determine the total flavonoid content of red fruit juice (Pandanus conoideus Lam) using a UV - Vis spectrophotometer. The stages carried out in this research began with sample preparation, qualitative testing of flavonoid compounds and determining the total flavonoid content of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) samples. The results obtained in this study based on a qualitative test using NaOH reagent stated that red fruit juice (Pandanus conoideus Lam) was positive for containing flavonoids and in a quantitative test using a UV - Vis spectrophotometer the percent concentration obtained in the red fruit juice sample was 8.7258%.
The Antioxidant Activity of Red Fruit Juice (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) Using The FRAP Method Ainunnisa, Mufti; Fawwaz, Muammar; Pratama, Mamat
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 1 (2025): (March) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i1.355

Abstract

Red fruit is a member of the Pandanaceae family which is a type of pandan. Empirically, red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) has been proven to cure various degenerative diseases such as cancer, heart disease, tuberculosis, respiratory tract disorders, external antiseptic and eye and skin diseases. The aim of this research was to determine the antioxidant activity of red fruit juice using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. The juice was tested qualitatively and quantitatively using the FRAP method. The qualitative test results after adding the FRAP reagent were positive for antioxidant activity because the color changed to blue. In quantitative determination of absorbance, antioxidant activity was measured using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. Absorbance was measured at a maximum wavelength of 701 nm using ascorbic acid as a reference solution. The equation obtained is y = 0.0103x + 0.3801 with a value of r = 0.9978. The total antioxidant activity value was calculated based on absorption data. The calculation results for the total antioxidant activity value were 173.68 mgAAE/L sample. Therefore, we can conclude that red fruit can be used as a natural antioxidant.
Analysis of Chemical Ingredients in Jamu Pegal Linu Released in Siwa, Pitumpanua District, Wajo Regency Maryam, St; Rahmawati, Rahmawati; Febiyanti, Azalia Zalzabila
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.376

Abstract

Jamu is an indigenous Indonesian traditional herbal medicine commonly prepared in the form of brews, powders, liquids, pills, or capsules. However, some manufacturers irresponsibly add pharmaceutical chemicals (Bahan Kimia Obat, BKO) to enhance the therapeutic effects of these products. One of the most frequently detected adulterants in jamu pegal linu—a herbal remedy used to relieve muscle and joint pain—is diclofenac sodium, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). This study aimed to identify and quantify the presence of diclofenac sodium in jamu pegal linu samples circulating in Siwa, Pitumpanua Sub-district, Wajo District, Indonesia. Six samples were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The qualitative TLC analysis utilized silica gel GF254 as the stationary phase and an ethyl acetate–n-hexane (7:3) mixture as the mobile phase. All samples exhibited Rf values of 0.8, corresponding to the diclofenac sodium standard, confirming the presence of this compound. Quantitative analysis using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 276 nm revealed the average diclofenac sodium contents as follows: sample A = 17.911%, B = 20.691%, C = 21.016%, D = 20.902%, E = 23.350%, and F = 23.772%. These findings indicate that all analyzed jamu pegal linu preparations contained diclofenac sodium as a medicinal chemical adulterant (BKO). This study underscores the urgent need for stricter regulation, quality control, and consumer awareness to ensure the safety and authenticity of traditional herbal medicines in Indonesia.
Determination of Tannin in Ethanol Extract of Bajakah Tampala Root (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) as an Anticholesterol Saskia, Eka Putri; Tahir, Masdiana; Suhaenah, Asriani
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.377

Abstract

The root of Bajakah Tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) is known to contain several bioactive secondary metabolites, including saponins, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins, which contribute to its broad pharmacological potential. Among these compounds, tannins play an important role in various therapeutic applications such as hemostasis, burn treatment, and the management of diarrhea, dysentery, and tumors. In addition, tannins possess anticholesterol properties by precipitating mucosal proteins on the surface of the small intestine, thereby reducing the absorption of cholesterol and lipids into the bloodstream. This study aimed to determine the tannin content in the ethanol extract of Bajakah Tampala root as part of an investigation into its potential as a natural anticholesterol agent. The extraction process was carried out using the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent to ensure efficient recovery of phenolic compounds. Quantitative analysis of tannin content was performed using the UV-Visible spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 750 nm, with gallic acid employed as the standard reference compound. The results showed that the tannin concentration in the ethanol extract of Bajakah Tampala root was 91.699 mg GAE/g extract (milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract). These findings suggest that Bajakah Tampala root possesses a high tannin content, supporting its potential development as a natural anticholesterol agent and contributing to the growing evidence of its pharmacological benefits in traditional medicine.
Determination of Tannin Content of Gringsingan Stem Extract (Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L) Kuntze) by the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Handayani, Selpida; Aminah, Aminah; Nurliadi, Indah
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.378

Abstract

The Gringsingan plant (Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze) is widely used in traditional medicine and is known for its diverse pharmacological properties. Traditionally, it has been utilized to treat various ailments such as tumors, malaria, headaches, cancer, fever, stomach pain, yellow fever, rheumatism, constipation, urethritis, diarrhea, and kidney disorders, as well as to act as an analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, and depurative agent. The present study aimed to determine the total tannin content in the stem extract of Gringsingan obtained through Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) and to evaluate its potential as a bioactive compound source. Microwave-assisted extraction was selected because of its advantages, including shorter extraction time, reduced solvent consumption, and efficient recovery of active compounds compared to conventional methods. This experimental research was conducted in the laboratory and consisted of several stages: sample preparation, qualitative testing for tannin presence, and quantitative determination of total tannin content. Qualitative identification using 1% FeCl₃ reagent produced a dark blue to greenish-black coloration, confirming the presence of tannins in the Gringsingan stem extract. The result was further supported by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) testing with the same reagent, which yielded consistent positive results. Quantitative analysis of the total tannin content was carried out using UV–Visible spectrophotometry, with absorbance measured at the maximum wavelength for gallic acid. The analysis revealed that the tannin concentration in the Gringsingan stem extract was 7.487 mg GAE/g extract, indicating that this plant possesses measurable levels of tannins that contribute to its traditional medicinal value.
Antimicrobial Activity of Chemically Modified Anionic Azo Dyes and Their Potential for Treating Infectious Diseases Mohammed, Aliyu Danmusa; Basiru, Aliyu
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.353

Abstract

This study explores the synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) incorporated with azo dyes—Sunset Yellow, Tartrazine, and Allura Red. FTIR spectroscopic studies confirmed key functional groups and interactions, including azo (–N=N), C=C, and hydroxyl stretches, indicating successful conjugation between dyes and carrier materials. The antimicrobial activities of these compounds were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. Results revealed enhanced inhibition zones, particularly for the dye incorporated with siver nanoparticles (dye-AgNPs) combinations, with Tartrazine + AgNPs (B2) showing the highest efficacy against S. aureus. Quaternary ammonium salts alone displayed moderate activity, while their combinations with azo dyes yielded improved bacterial inhibition, especially against Gram-positive strains. The enhanced antimicrobial performance is attributed to increased lipophilicity and better penetration of bacterial membranes due to dye incorporation. Furthermore, the research highlights the potential use of azo dye-functionalized QAS and AgNPs as effective antimicrobial agents, especially in targeting resistant Gram-positive pathogens.
Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract of Kepok Banana Peel (Musa paradisiaca L.) by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Method Damang, Irda Binti; Suhaenah, Asriani; Razak, Rais
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.379

Abstract

Antioxidants are compounds capable of neutralizing the harmful effects of oxidants by donating electrons to unstable molecules, thereby preventing oxidative damage. These compounds play a vital role in protecting biological systems from oxidative stress, which is associated with aging and various chronic diseases. Kepok banana (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) peel is an underutilized natural resource rich in secondary metabolites such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and quinones, many of which are known for their strong antioxidant potential. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of kepok banana peel using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method. Extraction was performed by maceration with 96% ethanol as the solvent to obtain a concentrated extract. The FRAP assay was carried out by reacting the extract with FRAP reagents and measuring the absorbance using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 710 nm. Quercetin was used as a standard antioxidant reference, producing a calibration curve with a linear regression equation of y = 0.0203x + 0.0301 and a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9965, indicating excellent linearity. The results revealed that the ethanol extract of kepok banana peel exhibited high antioxidant capacity, with a value of 81.6939 mgQE/g extract. These findings suggest that kepok banana peel is a promising natural source of antioxidants and could potentially be developed into functional ingredients for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

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