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Editor Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup - Universitas Gadjah Mada (PSLH - UGM) Komplek UGM, Jalan Kuningan, Jalan Kolombo, Catur Tunggal, Yogyakarta
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INDONESIA
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan
Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada
ISSN : 08545510     EISSN : 24605727     DOI : https://doi.org/10.22146/jml.30101
Core Subject : Humanities, Agriculture, Social, Engineering,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Environmental Science Social Sciences
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan is published by the Center for Environment Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The journal is focused to the relationship between people and its environment that are oriented for environmental problems solving. Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan receives a manuscript with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach Abiotic : physical, chemical, technical, geo-environmental science and modelling science Biotic : environmental biology, ecology, agro environment Culture : environmental-socio,-economics,-culture, and environmental health.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Lingkungan (semua ketegori) - Ilmu Lingkungan (Lain-Lain)
Articles 444 Documents
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MODEL ARAHAN PEMANFAATAN LAHAN UNTUK KONSERVASI SUMBERDAYA AIR DI KABUPATEN SLEMAN (Land Use Model for Water Resources Conservation in Kabupaten Sleman) Atyanto Dharoko
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan Vol 13, No 2 (2006): Juli
Publisher : Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jml.18652

Abstract

ABSTRAKSecara geomorfologis wilayah Kabupaten Sleman sangat potensial sebagai wilayah resapan air sehingga mampu untuk mencukupi kebutuhan air wilayah Kabupaten Sleman, Kota Yogyakarta dan Kabupaten Bantul. Untuk tetap mampu mencukupi kebutuhan air wilayah sekitarnya, maka sumber-sumber air beserta sistem alirannya perlu mendapat perlindungan dengan baik agar terjaga kapasitas dan kualitasnya. Di sisi yang lain, Kabupaten Sleman merupakan wilayah yang sangat menarik untuk sasaran perkembangan pemanfaatan lahan misalnya untuk permukiman, industri dan fasilitas pendidikan. Apabila perkembangan pemanfaatan lahan ini tidak dikendalikan maka akan terjadi degradasi potensi sumberdaya air yang kemudian merugikan kehidupan manusia. Model arahan pemanfaatan lahan yang didasarkan pada dinamika penduduk yang meliputi perkembangan dan persebaran, karakteristik wilayah, dan jajak pendapat; serta karakteristik sumberdaya air yang meliputi potensi sumber mata air, aliran sungai dan wilayah resapan dapat menjadi instrumen untuk melakukan upaya konservasi sumberdaya air di wilayah Kabupaten Sleman. ABSTRACTIn terms of geomorphological formation, area of Sleman Municipality is potential for water catchment area, so that this area is capable to supply significantly the need of water for Sleman Municipality, city of Yogyakarta, and Bantul Municipality. To sustain this condition, all water springs and river flow system need a proper protection to maintain water resources capacity and quality from negative impacts of human activities. Another side, Sleman Municipality is very attractive for land development such as housing, industries and educational facilities. If this trends is not well planned, then it will degrade water resources capacity, then finally degrading the quality of human life. Model of land use planning based on community characteristics consisting of population development and distribution, characteristics of region and community pooling; and water resource characteristics consisting of water spring capacities, patterns of water river flow, and capacity of water catchment areas, may become instrument to conserve water resources in Sleman Municipality
EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR AND PEIPLE MIGRANTION ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA : A MODEL BASED STUDY Sajal Bhattacharya; Debabrata Datta
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan Vol 13, No 3 (2006): November
Publisher : Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jml.18653

Abstract

The objective of the paper is to study the socio economic behaviour of migrant labourers in the context of the control of the diseases like malaria. The paper, therefore, makes a model and survey based study in the city of Kolkata, India to drive home the point that low income of people particularly of the migrant workers can be a major hurdle in the malaria control programme. The paper first looks at the economic behaviour pattern theoretically from neo-classical optimization exercise and the tries to test the theoetical result empirically from primary survey. The theoritical model gives the result that low income people is likely to take less rest and discontinue medical tratment. Since migrant workers of less developed counties are usually low-income people, pur model suggests that migrant workers will have incomplete treatment and their migration even before complete recovery may contribute to spread of the disease. We hage empirically tested the model econometrically by a logit model, and derived the result that migrat workers do take less rest and discontinue treatment becouse of economic compulsion. Thus the data support the result of the theoretical model and refeals a behafiour pattern, conducive to spread of malaria infection. The paper drives some policy prescriptions on the basis of these studies like infurance support, health survillance of migrant population as a part of integrated malaria control programme.
MOSQUITO (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) AS A BIOINDICATOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND DISEASE OUTBREAK Sugeng Juwono Mardihusodo
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan Vol 13, No 3 (2006): November
Publisher : Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jml.18654

Abstract

Quality of public health isgreatly influenced by a lot of environmental factors, especially bioticfactors among wich is a group of hematophagus mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) showing high competence as disease vector(s). The vectormosquitoes belong to different species of different genera: *Anopheles,Aedes, Culex*, and *Mansonia.*In hypersensitive individuals, mosquito bitesmay induce pain and itching on the skin where the mosquito suck blood,allergic dermatitis leads up to dermatosis, even persistently, causingnuisance. Through the mosquito bites, man may risk to being infected withpathogens causing Malaria, Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF), Chikungunya,Japanese Encephalitis (JE), and Lymphatic filariasis, specifically in areaswhere the mosquito-borne disease (MBD) is (are) endemic. Survival of amosquito vector species of disease vector is much dependent on itsenvironment, mainly on the availability of a number of suitable habitatsfor its pre-adult stages, larvae and pupae. Number, type and size of thelarval habitats as well as quality of water in the mosquito breeding placesapparently determine rates of survival and density of the mosquito breedingin it which generally positively correlate with the increase of the MBDtransmission. Therefore, mosquito mainly a disease vector could be used asone of the bioindicators of environment health and its significant increasein density is predictive of the probable occurrence of a MBD epidemic in acommunityliving in an endemic area.
PERAN BAKTERI DALAM MENGUBAH ARSEN ANORGANIK MENJADI ARSEN ORGANIK DI PERAIRAN (The Roles of Bacteria in Modifying Inorganic Arsen to Organic Arsen in Waters) Eko Sugiharto
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan Vol 13, No 3 (2006): November
Publisher : Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jml.18655

Abstract

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui peranan bakteri Esherichia coli dan Pseudomonas sp. dalam menubah spesies arsen. Arsenik dikenal sebagai salah satu unsur kimia yang mempunyai toksisitas tinggi. Analisis mentenai spesiasi arsen yang terkandung dalam perairan dilakukan dengan metode gabungan Kromatografi cair Kinerja Tinggi – Spektrometri Serapan Atom (HPLC-AAS). Untuk mengetahui peranan bakteri E.Coli dan Pseudomnonas sp. maka dilakukan tiga perlakuan, yaituperlakuan dengan variasi media pertumbuhan, variasi pH, dan variasi suhu inkubasi. Media pertumbuhan yant ditunakan yai5u air, l – metionin, nutrient broth, czapek dox, dan garam mineral. Variasi pH dilakukan pada pH 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, dan 9, sedangkan variasi suhu silakukan pada 25oC sampai dengan 35oC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada peningkatan persentase jumlah As (V) yang terenduksi menjadi As (III) dalam media garam mineral pH7 dengan suhu optimum 35oC. Enzim yang dihasilkan Pseudomonas sp. dapat mereduksi As (V) menjadi As (III) pada media garam mineral pH 8 dan optimum pada semua variasi suhu. Keseluruhan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bakteri E. coli dan Peseudomonas sp. dapat meningkatkan toksisitas arsen di perairan karena kedua bakteri dapat mereduksi As (V) menjadi As (III) pada pH dan temperatur optimum. ABSTRACTThe aim of this research was to know the roles of Escharichia coli and Pseudomonas sp. in arsenic speciation. Arsenic has been known as highly toxic chemical element. The analysis towards arsenic speciation which is contained in waters was done by using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) – Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) coupling method. The observation towards the roles of E.coli and Pseudomonas.sp was done by variating the growth medium, pH and incubation temperature. The growth medium used in this observation were later, l – metionin, nutrient broth, czapek dox and mineral salt. The variation of pH was carried out at pH of 4,5,6,7,8, and 9. The variation of incubation temperatures was done from 25oC to 35oC. The result showed that there was increasing percentage of As (V) reduced to As (III) by E. coli in mineral salt medium pH of 7 and its optimum incubation temperature was 35oC. The observation towards Pseudomonas sp. showed that the activity of enzyme produced from Pseudomonas sp. can reduce As (V) to As (III) optimum in mineral salt medium pH of 8 and in all variation of temperatures. The result above showed that E. coli and Pseudomonas sp. can increase the toxicity of arsenic in waters because both bacteria are able to reduce As (V) to As (III) carried out at pH and temperature of its growth
PEMANFAATAN FLY ASH SEBAGAI BAHAN CAMPURAN PEMBUATAN PORTLAND POSSOLAN CEMENT (PPC) (Utilization of Fly Ash as A Mixing in Portland Pozzolan Cement (PPC) Production) Ambo Upe
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan Vol 13, No 3 (2006): November
Publisher : Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jml.18656

Abstract

ABSTRAKFly ash atau abu terbang (Kode Limbah D 22.3) merupakan salah satu produk hasil pembakaran batubara yang dihasilkan PT. Semen Tonasa sebesar rata-rata 72.36 ton/hari. Telah dicoba memanfaatkan fly ash sebagai bahan campuran semen untuk menghasilkan Portland Pozzolan Cement (PPC). Selain itu, dilakukan uji Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) serta analisis kandungan logam berat dari fly ash dan PPC tersebut.  Hasil perocobaan menunjukkan bahwa fly ash memenuhi persaratan sebagai bahan campuran PPC dan memenuhi syarat peraturan pemerintah No.85/1999 tentang Pengelolaan Llimbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun. ABSTRACTFly ash (Disposal code: D 223) is disposal produced in coal burning process of PT. Semen Tonasa. It is estimated that the produced fly ash are 72.36 ton/day. In this paper, the study examines the possibility of utilization the fly ash as a mixing material in fabrication of Portland Pozzoland Cement (PPC). Experimental results show that the produced PPC meets the standard quality requirement. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) also has been performed to analysis the heavy metal contained in the fly ash and PPC materials. This test indicates that all results for TCLP Metals property fill the Indonesian Government Regulation for Hazardous Waste as described in PP No. 85/1999
CLEAN RIVER PROGRAM AT KALIGARANG CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE Harihanto Harihanto
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan Vol 13, No 3 (2006): November
Publisher : Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jml.18657

Abstract

Kaligarang River that located n Central Java Province represents one of the rivers in Indonesia which water quality was proved very bad. Since 1989 Clean River Program has been executed in this river. Nevertheless, untul 1998 there have not yet independent evaluation towards this program. To Know wether of this program successful a survey has been conducted from November 1998 to November 1999. The success of this program investigated by: (1) reducing of pollutant loads, (2) target of pollution loads that reached, and (3) improving of river water quality. It was foujd that this program has been successfully reducing pollutant loads of waste of all factories as target froups. Nevertheless, the quality of water of Kaligarang River was still relatively bad. This condition porbably was cause by domestic waste partivularly from hospital, hotel, restaurant dan small factories that was not included as tartet group in this program. Thus it was conclude at the implementation of the Clean River Program in Kaligarang has not been succesful to im[rove water quality of this river.
INDIKATOR KEBERLANJUTAN KOTA DI INDONESIA : STUDI KOMPARASI EMPAT KOTA DI JAWA (Sustainability Indicators of Indonesian Cities: Comparative Studies of Four Cities in Java) Bakti Setiawan
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan Vol 14, No 1 (2007): Maret
Publisher : Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jml.18658

Abstract

ABSTRAK Walaupun ide pembangunan kota yang berkelanjutan semakin diterima oleh banyak kalangan di Indonesia, kondisi kota-kota di Indonesia semakin saja buruk dan mengkhawatirkan. Ide-ide pembangunan kota yang berkelanjutan masih sekedar diwacanakan dan tidak dirumuskan menjadi satu program yang rinci dan terukur, sehingga secara berkala dapat dievaluasi perkembangannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur indikator keberlanjutan kota di Indonesia, khususnya indikator lingkungan fisik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian komparasi empat kota yakni: dua kota pantai (Semarang dan Surabaya) serta dua kota pedalaman (Bandung dan Yogyakarta). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keempat kota menunjukkan perkembangan yang tidak menggembirakan dari aspek lingkungan fisik. Beberapa indikator utama lingkungan seperti: kualitas udara, kualitas air, sampah padat, perumahan, dan ketersediaan ruang terbuka hijau, cenderung menurun kondisinya. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan variasi kondisi lingkungan yang cukup lebar antar empat kota yang dikaji. Kecenderungan kesamaan dan perbedaan indikator ini tidak disebabkan karena kebijakan dan program pemerintah kota, melainkan lebih karena kondisi geografis dan proses pertumbuhan kotanya masing-masing. Penelitian ini menyarankan diberlakukannya indikator keberlanjutan kota di Indonesia secara konsisten agar ide-ide pembangunan kota yang berkelanjutan dapat lebih aplikatif direalisasikan dan dimonitor. ABSTRACT Although the ideas of sustainable city are widely accepted in Indonesia, the environmental quality of Indonesian cities is getting worst. City governments in Indonesia do not have clear and consistent policy and program to implement the ideas of sustainable cities, nor do they have clear and practical indicators to monitor and evaluate city development. This study aims to measure sustainability indicators of Indonesian cities, particularly from the environmental point of views. It is a comparative study of four major cities in Java: two coastal cities (Semarang and Surabaya) and two inland cities (Bandung and Yogyakarta). The study used five indicators to meassure  namely: (1) air quality, (2) water quality and provision, (3) solid waste, (4) housing, and (5) green-open spaces. The study shows that there are wide variations of environmental performance among four cities.  Such variations are not caused by specific government policy and program, but merely caused by the natural condition and the growth of the cities themselves. The study suggests the importance of applying clear and consistent indicator of sustainable city in Indonesia as it would serve practical and useful means to monitor and evaluate city development.
DISTRIBUSI HUTAN BAKAU DI LAGUNA PANTAI SELATAN YOGYAKARTA (Mangrove Distribution at the Lagoons in the Southern Coast of Yogyakarta) Tjut Sugandawaty Djohan
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan Vol 14, No 1 (2007): Maret
Publisher : Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jml.18659

Abstract

ABSTRAK Kehadiran sisa hutan bakau di laguna Bogowonto, pantai selatan Yogyakarta menunjukkan bahwa pada masa lalu laguna tersebut didominasi oleh hutan bakau, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari kehadiran vegetasi bakau di laguna-laguna dan muara sungai di pantai selatan tersebut. Ada empat laguna di pantai Selatan Yogyakarta, laguna Bogowonto, Serang, Progo, Opak, dan satu muara sungai, Kali Baron. Laguna tersebut merupakan laguna internitten, artinya pada musim kemarau, mulut sungainya tertutup gumuk pasir dan laguna didominasi oleh perairan tawar dan merupakan ekosistem tergenang. Sebaliknya di musim hujan mulut sungai terbuka, laguna bersifat sebagai ekosistem pasang surut. Data vegetasi dicuplik dengan menggunakan kuadrat plot berukuran 10m x 20m dengan ulangan dua kali. Kuadrat plot ditempatkan pada pusat distribusi mangrovenya, yang dipilih mulai dari rawa burit ke arah muara sungai. Tekstur tanah, hara tanah, salinitas air dan hara air juga dikaji. Kehadiran hutan bakau di laguna dibatasi oleh tekstur tanah. Tekstur pasir, 60-99 %, mendominasi laguna Serang, Progo, Opak dan muara kali Baron. Komunitas bakau hanya ditemukan di laguna Bogowonto, yang tersusun atas 5 jenis bakau, Sonneratia alba, Nypa fruticans, Acanthus ilicifolius, Acrosticum sp., dan Derris heterophylla, dan dua jenis spesies peralihan, Pandanus sp. dan Cynodon dactylon. Pola distribusi komunitasnya mengelompok (clump), mempunyai tipe riverine mangrove,dan tidak membentuk zonasi. Sonneratia hadir mulai dari muara sungai sampai di rawa burit. Ketika air surut salinitas berkisar antara 0-6,5 %. Nypa hanya ditemukan satu kelompok di kaki gumuk. Distribusi Sonneratia tidak ditentukan oleh tinggi genangan, akan tetapi tinggi pneumatophor mengikuti pola tinggi genangan air. Di laguna Bogowonto, spesies bakau tidak mempunyai zonasi dan beradaptasi pada sistem ekologinya. ABSTRACT The presence of mangrove remnant at the lagoon of Bogowonto River in the southern coast of Yogyakarta indicated that in the past this lagoon was dominated by mangroves. Therefore, this study focused on the presence of mangrove vegetation in the lagoons and river mouth of the southern coast of Yogyakarta. There are four lagoons in the southern coast of Yogyakarta, Bogowonto, Serang, Progo, and Opak, and one river mouth, Kali Baron. During the dry season, these lagoons were inundated by freshwater and became stagnant waters, and during the wet season they experienced of intertidal conditions. Vegetation data were collected using quadrate plots of 10m x 20m, which were placed at the center of distribution in selected areas of the lagoon and the mouth of the river. Water levels, soil textures, soil nutrients, water nutrients and water salinity were also measured. The presence of mangrove in the lagoons and river mouth was dictated by soil texture. Substrate of sand, 60-99%, dominated the lagoons of Serang, Progo, and the river mouth of Kali Baron. The mangrove community only occurred at the Bogowonto lagoon. This mangrove vegetation was composed into five mangrove species, Sonneratia alba, Nypa fruticans, Acanthus ilicifolius, Acrosticum sp., and Derris heterophylla, and two transition species, Pandanus sp. and Cynodon dactylon. The distribution pattern was clump, had riverine type, and had no zonation. Sonneratia was occured from the mouth of the river to the back swamp. Nypa clump dominated at the foot of the sand dune. The salinity during low tide was around 0 to 6.5 ‰. The distribution of Sonneratia was not depended on the water level, but the height of pneumatophors followed the pattern of the inundation water. The mangrove species was adapted to system ecology of the Bogowonto lagoon.
STUDI POTENSI ENERGIANGIN DAERAH PANTAI PURWOREJO UNTUK MENDORONG PENYEDIAAN LISTRIK MENGGUNAKAN SUMBER ENERGI TERBARUKAN YANG RAMAH LINGKUNGAN ((The Study of Wind Energy Potential at The Cost Area of Purworejo District To Stimulate The Electricity) Samsul Kamal
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan Vol 14, No 1 (2007): Maret
Publisher : Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jml.18660

Abstract

ABSTRAKPemanfaatan energi angin di Indonesia, khususnya untuk pembangkit listrik masih berskala sangat kecil. Penggunaan energi angin saat ini masih terbatas terutama untuk tujuan penelitian yang sifatnya sporadis. Pemanfaatan energi angin untuk pembangkit listrik guna keperluan masyarakat, masih terkendala oleh tidak cukupnya pengetahuan tentang sejauh mana teknologi turbin angin telah berkembang hingga sekarang, serta masih sangat terbatasnya pengetahuan dan informasi akan tempat-tempat yang mempunyai potensi energi angin yang tinggi. Pemerintah Propinsi Jawa Tengah melalui Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Purworejo merencanakan untuk mendorong penggunaan energi yang bersih atau bersahabat dengan lingkungan untuk penyediaan energi listrik yaitu menggunakan sumber energi angin. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mencari daerah dengan potensi energi angin yang tinggi. Berdasar pada pengukuran kecepatan, arah dan pola angin di Kertojayan yang berlokasi di 67"49'49,5" LS dan 109'49'45,6" BT, menunjukkan bahwa angin di daerah tersebut mempunyai prospek yang baik untuk sumber energi listrik. Data yang terkumpul menunujukkan bahwa energi angin yang tersedia di daerah tersebut mempunyai potensi yang baik untuk menjadikannya sebagai daerah pembangkit energi listrik tenaga angin. Kecepatan angin rerata tahunan tercatat 6,06 m/dtk. yang memberikan rerata rapat daya sebesar 300,045 W/m2. Berdasar pada data yang ada dianjurkan untuk menggunakan mesin turbin angin berskala medium 100 kW setiap mesinnya dengan konstruksi arah tetap, guna memanfaatkan energi angin yang tersedia secara ekonomis.  ABSTRACT The use of wind energy in Indonesia, especially for electricity generation, is of a very small scale.  Current application today is limited mainly in sporadic experimental purposes. The use of wind energy in electricity generation for public uses is hindered by lack of awareness in the current level of wind turbine technology as well as inadequate knowledge and information on site potential of high wind energy.  The government of Central Java province through Purworejo district government plans to stimulate the use of  clean energy for electric energy supply by using wind energy source. This study is to revisit the wind energy source at Purworejo cost area by collecting information on the prospective sites with high wind energy potential.  Based on the speed, direction and characteristic of wind measured at Kertojayan  located at  latitude 67o 49’ 49.5” S  and  longitude 109o 49’ 45.6 “ N , it is indicated that the site is a prospective site location for electric wind energy area.  The collected data were used to show that the available wind energy at measuring site is sufficient for the generation of electricity.  The mean annual wind speed was found to be 6.06  m/s.  The corresponding annual power density was found to be 300.045  W/m2. On the basis of the wind data , it is  suggested to use the medium  scale of 100 kW wind turbine machine per unit with fixed direction for harvesting the available wind energy economically.
INTEGRATED WATER MONITORING TO SUPPORT THE MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHY SEGARA ANAKAN ESTUARY (Pemantauan Air Terpadu Untuk Mendukung Pengelolaan Kesehatan Sumber Mata Air Segara Anakan) Sri Noegrahati; Narsito Narsito
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan Vol 14, No 1 (2007): Maret
Publisher : Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jml.18661

Abstract

ABSTRACTEstuaries provide vital nesting and feeding habitats for many aquatic plants and animals, therefore suitable methods are needed for monitoring the changes in estuarine waters to keep the health of coastal habitats. Limitations in understanding the relationship between discrete physicochemical measurements and cause of the alteration in the quality and functioning of an ecosystem, has lead to the integration of physicochemical and biological monitoring. In this work, spatial time series integrated monitoring of Southern part of Segara Anakan Estuary, Central Java, Indonesia, was carried out from August 2003 to May 2004. The parameters were measured at the lowest water depth. Dramatic changes in physicochemical parameters of salinity, total suspended solids, turbidity and biological parameters of phytoplankton diversity, density was observed during dry season (August-September 2003) and wet season (December 2003-March 2004), while the changes in parameters of organics (DO, BOD and COD) and nutrients (N-NH3 N-NO and P) were not significant. The difference of freshwater influx into the estuary caused higher salinity in dry season (25 to 2 ppt) and faster water velocity in wet season (0,4 to 0,2 m/detik). The higher rainfall and faster water velocity in wet season caused more re-aeration via the water surface, therefore, photosynthetic production, measured as increase rate of DO in day time, could be assessed only in dry season. Limitation of phytoplankton ability to carry out photosynthesis in wet season, as observed by the decrease of the daytime CO consumption rate, were due to the drastic increase of turbidity (0,8 to 14,1 NTU) caused by total suspended solids transported with the freshwater influx. In other turn, this limitation caused the decrease of phytoplankton diversity and density. Considering that healthy estuaries are critical for the continued survival of many species of fish and other aquatic life, and phytoplankton forms the base of the aquatic food web, it is recommended to prevent excessive solids entrance into Segara Anakan estuary from the surrounding water catchments area. ABSTRAKEstuari merupakan lingkungan alamiah yang mampu menyediakan habitat dan nutrien yang diperlukan bagi kehidupan berbagai tumbuhan dan hewan akuatik. Untuk  menjaga agar sistem lingkungan tetap dalam keadaan yang ideal, sehingga dapat menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik, perlu dilakukan berbagai jenis pemantauan. Pengukuran fisikokimiawi saja tidak dapat menjelaskan perubahan kualitas dan fungsi suatu ekosistem, oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pemantauan terpadu antara pemantauan fisiko kimiawi dengan pemantauan biologik. Pemantauan terpadu yang terjadual dilakukan dibagian selatan Segara Anakan (Majingklak, Gombol, Klaces dan Motean), Jawa Tengah, Indonesia, mulai Agustus 2003 sampai dengan Mei 2004. Parameter fisikokimiawi yang diukur adalah salinitas, total padatan tersuspensi, turbiditas, DO, BOD, COD, N-NH3, N-NO and P, sedangkan parameter biologik yang diukur adalah diversitas dan densitas fitoplankton. Pengukuran dilakukan pada saat permukaan air terendah (surut). Perbedaan total curah hujan per bulan pada musim kering (Agustus-September 2003) dan musim hujan (Desember 2003-Maret 2004), sangat berpengaruh pada salinitas, total padatan tersuspensi, turbiditas, diversitas dan densitas fitoplankton. Perbedaan masukan air tawar kedalam estuari menyebabkan salinitas yang sangat tinggi, dari 25 ppt di musim kering turun menjadi 2 pp di musim hujan. Demikian pula dengan kecepatan alir yang meningkat dari 0.2 m/sekon di musim kering menjadi  0.4 m/sekon di musim hujan. Peningkatan kecepatan alir ini menyebabkan re-aerasi sehingga sebaran DO menjadi lebih besar. Hal ini menyulitkan pengukuran produktivitas fotosintetik yang diestimasikan melalui laju  peningkatan DO pada saat matahari bersinar. Disamping itu, peningkatan aliran air tawar kedalam estuari juga membawa padatan tersuspensi, yang menyebabkan peningkatan turbiditas, dari 0.8 NTU di musim kering menjadi 14.1 NTU di musim hujan. Peningkatan turbiditas ini mengganggu fotosintesis fitoplankton, seperti terlihat pada penurunan laju konsumsi CO2 yang diukur dari peningkatan pH pada saat matahari bersinar. Sebagai akibatnya, diversitas dan densitas fitoplankton menurun drastis di musim hujan. Meskipun demikian, tidak terlihat perbedaan signifikan pada DO, BOD, COD, N-NH3, N-NO and P, yang diukur pada musim hujan dan musim kering.Mengingat bahwa kesehatan lingkungan estuari merupakan suatu keharusan untuk menunjang kelangsungan kehidupan berbagai spesies akuatik; dan fitoplankton merupakan dasar dari lingkaran nutrisi akuatik, perlu adanya usaha untuk menghalangi dan/atau mengurangi masuknya padatan tersuspensi yang berlebihan dari daerah tangkapan air disekitar Segara Anakan ke dalam estuari.

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