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RING Mechanical Engineering
Published by Universitas Islam Malang
ISSN : -     EISSN : 28285174     DOI : https://doi.org/10.33474/rm.v3i1
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering
RING Mechanical Engineering (RING ME) with the ISSN number 2828-5174 (online), is a multidisciplinary scientific journal published by Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Islam Malang. This journal contains articles in the fields of Energy Conversion, Materials, Production and Manufacturing. This jurnal is published twice a year, namely in June and December.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik Mesin
Articles 59 Documents
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Electric Motor Speed Control on Trimaran Ships Based on Sliding Mode Control Ni Kadek Sri Prameswari; Edi Kurniawan; Diyah Purwitasari
RING ME Vol 5 No 2 (2025): RING Mechanical Engineering
Publisher : Universitas Islam Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33474/rme.v5i2.24236

Abstract

Ships are a means of transportation used in maritime transport activities, yet maintaining propulsion stability and efficiency remains a critical challenge, especially for multi hull vessels such as trimarans operating under dynamic sea conditions. Conventional controllers such as PID and field oriented control (FOC) often struggle to adapt to fluctuating loads and external disturbances. This study addresses that gap by applying Sliding Mode Control (SMC) for brushless DC (BLDC) motor speed regulation on a trimaran prototype. The system employs an STM32 microcontroller integrated with voltage, current, and RPM sensors to provide real time monitoring and robust control. Both static and dynamic tests were conducted at various speed setpoints with artificial wave disturbances. The results indicate that the SMC based system effectively reduced RPM deviation from ±550 RPM in uncontrolled systems to as low as ±3–15 RPM, while current and voltage consumption remained stable within 5%. Furthermore, propulsion efficiency improved by approximately 17% compared to conventional PID control. The most stable performance was achieved at the 8000 RPM setpoint, where current consumption reached 3.9–4.1 A, lower than the 4.7 A observed in uncontrolled operation. However, system performance declined at 10,000 RPM due to nonlinear load effects. These findings demonstrate that SMC provides a robust, adaptive, and energy efficient solution for BLDC motor control in trimaran propulsion, offering significant advantages over traditional methods and serving as a foundation for further optimization in high speed applications.
ANALISIS PENGARUH VARIASI KECEPATAN PUTAR BALL MILL MACHINE TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK UKURAN PARTIKEL MATERIAL KARBON Wildan Mufti Wirdana; Andita Nataria Fitri Ganda; Arya Mahendra Sakti; Dewi Puspitasari
RING ME Vol 5 No 2 (2025): RING Mechanical Engineering
Publisher : Universitas Islam Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33474/rme.v5i2.24307

Abstract

Ukuran partikel material karbon berperan penting dalam menentukan sifat fisik, kimia, serta potensi aplikatifnya, khususnya dalam industri baterai, metalurgi serbuk, dan teknologi elektroda. Namun, penelitian terkait optimasi parameter penggilingan terutama pengaruh kecepatan putar pada proses ball mill terhadap reduksi ukuran partikel karbon masih terbatas. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh variasi kecepatan putar mesin ball mill terhadap karakteristik ukuran partikel karbon yang diperoleh. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimen laboratorium dengan memvariasikan kecepatan putar ball mill pada 60 rpm, 100 rpm, dan 140 rpm selama durasi penggilingan 4 jam. Hasil penggilingan dianalisis menggunakan Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) untuk mengetahui distribusi ukuran partikel. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kecepatan putar berbanding terbalik terhadap ukuran partikel. Kecepatan 60 rpm menghasilkan ukuran partikel rata-rata terkecil sebesar 24,62 nm, sedangkan pada 100 rpm ukuran rata-rata terkecil sebesar 10,00 nm. Efisiensi penghalusan ini disebabkan oleh meningkatnya energi tumbukan yang dihasilkan bola penggiling pada kecepatan tinggi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kecepatan putar merupakan parameter krusial dalam proses penggilingan karbon untuk menghasilkan partikel yang halus dan seragam, serta berkontribusi pada pengembangan proses produksi material karbon skala laboratorium yang efisien dan terkontrol.
Optimasi Parameter Pasca Cetak SLA 3D Printing Terhadap Karakteristik Kekerasan Material Menggunakan Metode Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) Abdul Hamid; Rochmad Eko Prasetyaning Utomo; Ganda Surahman
RING ME Vol 5 No 2 (2025): RING Mechanical Engineering
Publisher : Universitas Islam Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33474/rme.v5i2.24595

Abstract

The demand for durable custom vehicle components requires enhancing the mechanical characteristics of Stereolithography (SLA) materials, which are generally brittle—a gap that must be addressed through post-processing optimization. This study aims to identify the optimal post-processing parameter combinations to maximize the hardness of SLA resin using the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) method. The experimental design followed a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, testing four factors Washing Time, Curing Time, Annealing Time, and Annealing Temperature at three levels each, with Shore D hardness as the quality response. The results demonstrated a significant increase in hardness from a baseline of 79.2 Shore D to 82.5 Shore D under optimal conditions. The GRA identified the combination of 15 min Washing Time, 25 min Curing Time, 30 min Annealing Time, and 80°C Annealing Temperature as the optimum setting, resulting in a 16.4% improvement in the Grey Relational Grade (GRG) compared to the experimental mean. ANOVA results confirmed that Washing Time (50.79% contribution, P=0.028) and Annealing Time (41.49% contribution, P=0.034) were the most significant factors (P < 0.05) influencing hardness variation. Conversely, Curing Time was found to be insignificant (P=0.189), suggesting that 15 minutes is sufficient, while residual monomer removal and thermal stress relief during annealing are more critical. Overall, this study concludes that enhancing SLA material hardness depends heavily on thorough cleaning and controlled heat treatment.
The Effect of Thermostat Condition on Thermal Stability and Combustion Emission Efficiency in an Inline 4-Cylinder Gasoline Engine Agus Dwi Putra; Rangga Ega Santoso; Yayi Febdia Pradani; Diama Rizky Septiawan; Faqih Fadillah; Nicko Nur Rakhmaddian
RING ME Vol 6 No 1 (2026): RING Mechanical Engineering
Publisher : Universitas Islam Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33474/rme.v6i1.25320

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of thermostat conditions on thermal stability and exhaust emission efficiency in a 1,300 cc inline 4-cylinder gasoline engine. The novelty of this research lies in the integrated evaluation of thermostat removal and thermostat failure on both engine temperature stability and combustion emissions under identical operating conditions. A quantitative experimental method was applied using three thermostat conditions: normal thermostat, without thermostat, and clogged/damaged thermostat. Cooling system temperature and exhaust emissions (CO, HC, and CO₂) were measured at idle speed (800–1000 rpm) for 10 minutes with 2-minute intervals. The data were analyzed using descriptive comparative statistical analysis. The results show that the normal thermostat maintained the most stable operating temperature, reaching 95.8°C at the 8th minute. In contrast, the engine without a thermostat experienced unstable temperature increases and reached 93.4°C at the 10th minute, while the clogged thermostat condition produced the highest temperature of 96.6°C, indicating overheating potential. Removing the thermostat increased CO emissions from 0.01% to 0.04% and HC emissions from 31.7 ppm to 52.3 ppm. These findings confirm that thermostat condition significantly affects engine thermal stability and combustion efficiency; therefore, thermostat removal is not recommended.
Emerging Technologies and Sustainability Integration in Industry 4.0 Manufacturing: A Bibliometric Analysis Arya Sena; Latief Syahdika; Rafli Ramadhan; Rafli Aulia
RING ME Vol 6 No 1 (2026): RING Mechanical Engineering
Publisher : Universitas Islam Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33474/rme.v6i1.25343

Abstract

The advancement of Industry 4.0 technologies has accelerated the transformation of manufacturing systems toward intelligent, interconnected, and sustainability-oriented industrial environments. Although numerous studies have explored smart manufacturing and digital transformation, limited bibliometric research has comprehensively examined the integration of intelligent manufacturing technologies with sustainability-driven production systems in the post-pandemic industrial era. This study aims to analyze the scientific development, intellectual structure, thematic evolution, and emerging research trends in smart and sustainable manufacturing research within the Industry 4.0 context. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using 616 English-language journal articles indexed in the Scopus database during the 2020– 2025 period. Data were analyzed using Biblioshiny and VOSviewer to evaluate publication trends, country productivity, thematic structures, keyword co-occurrence networks, and topic evolution. The results reveal a substantial increase in research output after 2023, indicating growing global attention toward intelligent and sustainable industrial transformation. China becomes the most productive country, while smart manufacturing, Industry 4.0, and sustainable development were identified as the dominant research themes. The analysis demonstrates strong interconnections among artificial intelligence, machine learning, predictive maintenance, energy efficiency, and sustainable production systems. Emerging topics such as Industry 5.0, green manufacturing, carbon emission reduction, and green economy indicate a transition from automation-oriented manufacturing toward intelligent, human-centric, and environmentally sustainable industrial ecosystems. This study contributes to the literature by providing an updated bibliometric of the convergence between intelligent technologies and sustainability-oriented manufacturing research. The findings offer valuable insights for researchers, industrial practitioners, and policymakers in identifying future research directions and supporting sustainable industrial transformation strategies.
Experimental Study on the Effect of Single and Double Quenching-Tempering on the Mechanical Properties of AISI 1045 Steel Syaipudin Anwar; Harnowo Supriadi; Nafrizal; Rizal Adi Saputra; Andree Agasy Nofma
RING ME Vol 6 No 1 (2026): RING Mechanical Engineering
Publisher : Universitas Islam Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33474/rme.v6i1.25379

Abstract

This study examined the effects of quenching, single quenching–tempering (SQT), and double quenching–tempering (DQT) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 1045 medium-carbon steel (0.54% C, 0.32% Si, 0.65% Mn, 0.015% P, 0.0112% S, balance Fe). All specimens were heated to 850°C for 25 minutes and quenched in coconut oil at 100°C. Tempering was subsequently performed at 650°C for the SQT and DQT treatments. Hardness testing revealed that quenching produced the highest hardness value of 242.38 kg/mm² due to the formation of martensite. The SQT treatment reduced hardness to 198.46 kg/mm², indicating improved toughness while maintaining relatively high hardness. Further reduction in hardness was observed in the DQT-treated specimens, reaching 158.13 kg/mm², reflecting a more ductile and tougher microstructure. Impact properties were evaluated using the Charpy method. Heat-treated specimens exhibited significantly higher impact strength than the untreated material. The SQT process increased impact strength to 1.5792 J/mm², demonstrating the beneficial effect of tempering on toughness. The highest impact strength was achieved through DQT, reaching 1.8542 J/mm², indicating superior energy absorption capability. The results show that repeated quenching and tempering cycles effectively enhance the toughness of AISI 1045 steel, although accompanied by a reduction in hardness. Overall, DQT provided the best improvement in impact resistance and toughness among the heat treatment conditions investigated.
Optimization of Process Parameters and Post-Processing of SLA 3D Printing on the Hardness of Photopolymer Resin Using the Taguchi Method Candra Hadi Prayoga; Abdul Hamid; Prabuditya Bhisma Wisnu Wardhana; Mega Lazuardi Umar; M. Abdul Wahid
RING ME Vol 6 No 1 (2026): RING Mechanical Engineering
Publisher : Universitas Islam Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33474/rme.v6i1.25505

Abstract

The limited availability of plastic components for classic automotive vehicles has encouraged the utilization of stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing technology as an alternative manufacturing method. However, studies regarding the optimization of SLA printing and post-processing parameters on the hardness characteristics of photopolymer resin are still limited. This study aimed to optimize SLA process and post-process parameters to improve resin hardness. The investigated parameters were layer thickness, exposure time, washing time, and curing time. The experimental design employed the Taguchi method with an L9 (3⁴) orthogonal array. Specimens were fabricated using an Anycubic Photon Mono 2 printer ABS-Like Resin Pro 2 material, followed by washing and curing processes according to experimental parameters. Hardness testing was conducted using the Shore D method based on ASTM D2240 standards. The experimental data were analyzed using signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and percentage contribution analysis with Minitab software. The results indicated that layer thickness exhibited the highest contribution ratio (47.24%), followed by exposure time (34.62%) and washing time (14.21%). However, ANOVA results indicated none of the investigated factors were statistically significant at the 95% confidence level (p > 0.05). The optimal parameter combination consisted of 0.20 mm layer thickness, 9 s exposure time, 5 min washing time, and 20 min curing time. Confirmation experiments produced a hardness value of 87.8 Shore D, which was close to the predicted value of 88.0333 Shore D. These findings demonstrate that Taguchi method is effective for determining optimal SLA printing parameters to enhance photopolymer resin hardness.
PVWatts-Based Assessment of Solar Photovoltaic Energy Potential in Indonesian Urban Areas for Infrastructure Planning Optimization Angga Darmawan; Kusmendar; Dimas Langga Chandra Galuh
RING ME Vol 6 No 1 (2026): RING Mechanical Engineering
Publisher : Universitas Islam Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33474/rme.v6i1.25557

Abstract

The increasing demand for renewable energy in urban areas necessitates comprehensive location-based assessments of solar photovoltaic (PV) system performance. This study presents a simulation-based comparative analysis of solar energy production potential across three representative Indonesian cities: Serang (Banten Province), Yogyakarta (Special Region of Yogyakarta), and Surabaya (East Java Province), representing the western, central, and eastern geographic zones of Java Island. Using the PVWatts simulation tool with standardized system parameters and historical meteorological data, monthly and annual energy yield, solar irradiance, and AC energy output were evaluated for each location. Results indicate that Surabaya recorded the highest annual solar irradiance of 5.54 kWh/m²/day and the greatest annual AC energy production of 1,501 kWh, followed by Yogyakarta (5.27 kWh/m²/day; 1,442 kWh) and Serang (5.02 kWh/m²/day; 1,360 kWh). All three cities exhibited peak performance during the dry season (June September) and minimum production during the wet season (November February). Surabaya demonstrated the most pronounced seasonal variation, with a peak irradiance of 7.18 kWh/m²/day in September and a minimum of 3.91 kWh/m²/day in December. These findings provide a data-driven framework for optimizing solar energy infrastructure planning in Indonesian urban regions and contribute to national renewable energy transition goals aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 7.
Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Annealing, Normalizing, and Hardening Heat Treatments on the Characteristics of ST60 Steel Dewi 'Izzatus Tsamroh; Warkoyo
RING ME Vol 6 No 1 (2026): RING Mechanical Engineering
Publisher : Universitas Islam Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33474/rme.v6i1.25583

Abstract

ST60 steel is widely used in manufacturing applications, including components of agricultural machinery such as shafts, transmission elements, and structural parts that require adequate strength and durability. Heat treatment is a commonly applied process to modify the microstructure and mechanical properties of ST60 steel according to specific engineering requirements. This study aims to comparatively analyze the effects of annealing, normalizing, and hardening heat treatments on the hardness and microstructural characteristics of ST60 steel. The experimental procedure involved heating ST60 steel specimens to the austenitizing temperature, followed by different cooling methods corresponding to each heat treatment process. The treated specimens were subsequently evaluated through Rockwell hardness testing and optical microscopy observations. The results showed that heat treatment significantly influenced the hardness and microstructure of ST60 steel. The highest average hardness was obtained from the hardening process, reaching 87.4 HRC, due to the formation of a predominantly martensitic microstructure during rapid cooling. The normalizing process produced an average hardness of 53.9 HRC and was characterized by the formation of fine pearlite, providing a balance between strength and toughness. Meanwhile, the annealing process yielded the lowest average hardness of 29.5 HRC, associated with the development of coarse pearlite, which enhanced ductility and machinability. Microstructural analysis confirmed a strong relationship between cooling rate, phase transformation, and hardness variation. These findings demonstrate that the selection of an appropriate heat treatment method is crucial for tailoring the properties of ST60 steel to meet the performance requirements of agricultural machinery and other industrial applications.

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