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Journal of Law and Legal Reform
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 27150941     EISSN : 27150968     DOI : https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr
Core Subject : Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
The Journal seeks to disseminate information and views on matters relating to law reform, including developments in case and statute law, as well as proposals for law reform, be they from formal law reform bodies or from other institutions or individuals
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 179 Documents
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Integrating AI into Small Claims Courts: Lessons from Global Practices for Legal Reform in Indonesia Dwi Bintang Satrio; Artaji Artaji; Efa Laela Fakhriah; Chami Yassine
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): January, 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v7i1.24028

Abstract

Indonesia’s civil judicial system persists in facing procedural inefficiencies, especially with small claims, notwithstanding the implementation of the e-Court system. The lack of intelligent assistance in this digital infrastructure obstructs the achievement of efficient, rapid, and cost-effective adjudication as required by law. This study seeks to investigate the potential incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into Indonesia’s small claims process as a tool for legislative and institutional change. The research used a normative legal methodology, incorporating statutory and comparative analyses, to derive insights from the regulatory frameworks and judicial innovations of China, Singapore, and Canada. These jurisdictions have effectively utilized AI for claim classification, procedural assistance, and facilitating access for self-represented litigants, according to the results. In contrast to traditional digital technologies, AI facilitates cognitive capabilities like pattern identification and legal triage, which can substantially reduce administrative burdens and improve judicial uniformity. The study presents a reform approach for Indonesia that integrates AI in the initial procedural phases—specifically in claim registration and preliminary review—while maintaining judicial independence and due process. This study’s originality resides in its integration of comparative law, legal technology, and Indonesian procedural realities to present a contextually relevant, ethically informed paradigm for AI-enhanced adjudication. If properly regulated and strategically implemented, this integration can convert small claims courts into more accessible, efficient, and equitable institutions, reinforcing the judiciary’s constitutional responsibility in providing substantive justice.
A Juridical Perspective On Press Ethics in Reporting the Identity of Child Victims of Immorality: Between Public Interest and Children’s Rights Joko Susanto; Ali Masyhar; Anis Widyawati
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): January, 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v7i1.30638

Abstract

Proper journalism in the reporting of child victims of immorality requires a strict ethical approach to protect the rights of victims and maintain the function of the press in conveying the truth. This article discusses important aspects such as victim protection, privacy rights, journalistic codes of ethics, and the role of the media in society. Through normative juridical analysis and descriptive research involving desk research and interviews with journalists, this article highlights the importance of striking a balance between freedom of speech and the social responsibility of the press. When covering sensitive issues like child sexual abuse, the press must uphold individual rights. We must adhere to the Journalistic Code of Ethics to ensure that the news does not violate the rights of victims. The role of the Press Council and law enforcement officials is crucial in enforcing the law, sanctioning violators, and ensuring justice for all parties. Analysis of the news indicates that there are still violations in the form of disclosing the identity of child victims, which should be kept confidential to protect their right to privacy and honor. This study confirms that safeguarding the honor and rights of victims, as well as supporting fair law enforcement and strict supervision of media practices, can create a responsible information environment. The findings provide an important reference for policymakers, media practitioners, and academics in improving the quality of ethical journalism that respects the rights of child victims of violence.
A Comparative Study of Electronic Commerce ODR: Legal Challenges and Reform Perspectives in China and Indonesia Zuo Xiangbin; Nur Khalidah Dahlan; Haniff Ahamat
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): January, 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v7i1.32326

Abstract

This article examines the differentiated development paths of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) systems in China and Indonesia, two core digital economies in ASEAN. China has established a centralized ODR framework through its “E-commerce Law,” which strengthens the enforcement of awards via a judicial coordination model. However, the exclusion of ad hoc arbitration in the “Arbitration Law” limits the effectiveness of platform autonomous awards (internal platform rulings). In contrast, Indonesia relies on platform autonomy, with platforms such as Tokopedia handling disputes. However, enforcement issues for mediation agreements arise from the absence of central legislation, fragmentation of jurisdiction across islands, and the failure of the Arbitration Law to recognize temporary arbitration (ad hoc arbitration). Shared challenges faced by both countries include barriers to mutual recognition of cross-border rulings, lack of technical standards, and privacy protection conflicts due to data localization policies. This article provides several policy recommendations: China should amend the Arbitration Law to recognize the validity of temporary arbitration and establish a national ODR data center to streamline the judicial confirmation process. Indonesia needs to quickly set up a central judicial certification center to make sure that all of its outer islands follow the same rules. This can be done by changing the E-commerce Law and the Arbitration Law. At the regional level, ASEAN should learn from the EU’s ODR platform by creating a system that recognizes certain cross-border rulings and setting up a data exchange center that balances Indonesia’s data storage needs with Singapore’s rules for sharing data across borders. The results supplement to legal reform scholarship by offering practical solutions for integrating ODR systems and harmonizing cross-border dispute resolution across ASEAN, fostering a dynamic adaptation of technical justice to legal authority in the digital age.
Transforming Credit Guarantees in Indonesia: Legal Reform and Digital Innovation at Askrindo Aldehita Purnasanti Maulida; Angkasa Angkasa; Suhadi Suhadi; Abu Bakar Munir
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): January, 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v7i1.38585

Abstract

Credit guarantee institutions play a pivotal role in expanding financial inclusion, particularly for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), which contribute over 60% to Indonesia’s GDP and employ approximately 97% of the national workforce (Kemenkop UKM, 2024). PT Asuransi Kredit Indonesia (Askrindo), a state-owned enterprise under the Indonesia Financial Group (IFG), serves as a key factor in mitigating credit risk and facilitating access to financing through its guarantee schemes. This study critically examines the legal reform of credit guarantee mechanisms in Indonesia by analyzing the regulatory framework governing Askrindo and its ongoing digital transformation. The research highlights regulatory fragmentation across the Insurance Law (Law No. 40/2014), OJK regulations, and Ministry of Finance policies, which often results in operational inefficiencies and legal ambiguities in claim settlement and risk management. Concurrently, Askrindo’s digital initiatives—such as the implementation of e-guarantee platforms, AI-based credit scoring, and integration with national MSME databases—have significantly improved service delivery and data transparency. Empirical data from Askrindo’s annual reports (2020–2024) indicate an 18.7% increase in guaranteed credit volume following digital adoption, with a notable reduction in manual processing time by 42%. However, unresolved legal disputes related to 12.3% of defaulted claims underscore the urgency of harmonizing digital innovation with legal accountability. Interviews with regulators and Askrindo executives further reveal gaps in consumer protection, audit mechanisms, and legal clarity surrounding digital guarantees. Using a law and economics approach, this article argues that Indonesia’s credit guarantee system requires a comprehensive legal reform that aligns regulatory oversight with digital innovation. Important suggestions include creating a single set of laws for digital guarantees, requiring clear information sharing, and adding real-time audit trails to improve accountability and protect MSME beneficiaries.
Analysis of Social Networks and Peer Contagion in Terrorism-Related Offences in Indonesia Heru Susetyo; Reisa Suci Arimbi; Morten Koch Andersen; Shr-Jie Wang
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): January, 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v7i1.40357

Abstract

This article addresses a timely and important issue: terrorism recruitment and disengagement in the digital era. It explores the intricate dynamics of social networks and peer contagion and their role in processes of recruitment and disengagement in terrorism activities in Indonesia. It emphasizes on how close relations and peers significantly influence young individual behavior, often facilitated through digital spaces; social media, encrypted chat groups, and other content-sharing platforms, and explores potential avenues for prevention and disengagement. The research is based on in-depth interviews with 20 former inmates convicted of acts of terrorism between 2023 and 2025 in the greater Jakarta and west Java region, Indonesia. The finding highlights that social networks serve as critical outreach platforms, especially for the young people, for disseminating extremist ideologies, sharing biased information and propaganda content, and serve to promote recruitment for violent activities. It demonstrates how communication and information sharing via digital spaces platforms plays a crucial role in shaping the processes that lead young individuals towards violent ideologies and practices. In addition, we observed that on one hand peer influence plays a pivotal role in enabling recruitment but on the other hand for prevention and disengagement efforts; although, antisocial and violent behavior spreads more readily than prosocial behavior among peers. Analysis indicate that a clear understanding of the structure of these social networks and their dynamics, as well as the mechanisms of peer contagion is essential for developing effective preventive strategies and targeted interventions. Importantly, these findings have broader practical implications, which not only provides insights of contextual complexities of recruitment and disengagement that could inform future research , but also for policymakers and practitioners who could translate this knowledge into policies and develop interventions that strengthen protective social ties, foster trust and support among peers, and guide the responsible use of digital spaces in Indonesia, and beyond. Ultimately, this study recommends revising the terrorism law in Indonesia regarding digital literacy and responsible supervision of digital space to prevent the spread of radicalism through digital space.
Aspects of Public Procurement Law Reforms: The Cases of the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia Karem Sayed Aboelazm; Nada Zuhair Alfil; Febriansyah Ramadhan
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): April, 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v7i2.17132

Abstract

Public procurement plays a crucial role in public financial management and governmental service delivery. In recent years, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has implemented significant reforms in its public procurement system to enhance transparency, efficiency, and sustainability. This article analyzes the legal and institutional framework governing public procurement in the UAE, focusing on centralized and decentralized procurement structures, electronic procurement systems, and sustainable procurement policies. Using a descriptive and analytical legal research approach, the study examines relevant legislation, policy frameworks, and international best practices. The findings indicate that the UAE has adopted a hybrid procurement model that combines centralized and decentralized mechanisms, supported by advanced e-procurement platforms. These reforms have improved transparency, reduced corruption risks, and enhanced procurement efficiency. Furthermore, sustainable procurement policies have incorporated environmental, social, and economic considerations into procurement practices. The study concludes that continued institutional capacity development and policy coordination are necessary to strengthen sustainable and transparent procurement governance in the UAE.
Reconstructing Alternative Dispute Resolution for Land Disputes Based on Local Wisdom in the Coastal Area of Tomini Bay Fence M. Wantu; Weny Almoravid Dunga; Yassine Chami; Ahmad Ahmad; Muhammad Mukhtar
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): April, 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v7i2.18287

Abstract

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) has long been recognized as an effective mechanism for resolving land disputes in Indonesia due to its emphasis on consensus and social harmony. However, the increasing reliance on formal legal procedures has marginalized local wisdom-based dispute resolution practices, particularly in coastal communities. Despite extensive studies on ADR, limited research has examined the integration of local wisdom into land dispute resolution in regions such as Tomini Bay. This study aims to reconstruct ADR mechanisms by incorporating local wisdom in resolving land disputes in the coastal area of Tomini Bay. It employs a normative legal approach, combining empirical data with analysis of statutory regulations, legal doctrines, and field data, using qualitative methods. The findings indicate that local wisdom-based mechanisms, particularly deliberation (musyawarah) and consensus (mufakat), remain effective in resolving disputes and maintaining social cohesion, yet are not fully integrated into the formal legal system. Therefore, this study argues that ADR should be reconstructed by integrating local wisdom and living law into Indonesia’s legal framework to ensure more culturally responsive and sustainable dispute resolution.
Legal Reform for Mandatory Vaccination: Safeguarding Children’s Developmental Rights and Advancing Sustainable Development Nurul Hidayat Ab Rahman; Maskun Maskun; Redwan Yasin; Athirah Mohd Anuar
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): April, 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v7i2.21015

Abstract

Vaccination is universally acknowledged as paramount for deterring the spread of infectious diseases and elevating public health. However, recent debates around mandatory vaccination have raised concerns regarding children’s well-being and rights. This article examines the significance of safeguarding children’s developmental rights by implementing mandatory vaccination programs. It delves into the ethical and legal aspects of mandatory vaccination while emphasizing the profound impact that unvaccinated children can have on their developmental rights. It highlights the adverse consequences of vaccine-preventable diseases on children’s physical, cognitive, and emotional development. Furthermore, the article underscores the importance of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDG 2030), specifically SDG 3, which aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being. Vaccination is pivotal in realizing SDG 3, as it contributes to disease prevention, reduces child mortality rates, and promotes universal access to healthcare. Therefore, the article also introduces the new global strategy, the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030), which aims to preserve immunization progress, overcome COVID-19 disruptions, and ensure inclusivity and access for everyone, regardless of circumstances or age. This article is based on socio-legal research conducted qualitatively. All data was gathered through library research and thoroughly analyzed using the content analysis method. The paramount considerations are the child’s best interests and developmental rights, as the article also mentioned the parens patriae concept. It concludes that mandatory vaccination aligns with the SDG 2030 goals, ensuring children’s health rights, enabling them to thrive, and fostering a sustainable future while advancing public health and development objectives.
Constitutional Discussion of Justice in the Context of Respecting the Defendants’ Rights Liliana Catan; Alexandru Sosna; Iurie Frunză; Serghei Zaharia; Lilia Stefu
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): April, 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v7i2.22733

Abstract

The relevance of the study is determined by the need for clear mechanisms in order to exercise of the defendants’ rights in social reality. The aim of the study is to determine the effectiveness of the systems for observing the defendants’ constitutional rights in criminal proceedings in Germany, France, Italy, the USA, and Japan. The study applied a comprehensive methodological approach to achieve the goal. The method of formal logic was used for a systematic study of the provisions of the constitutions of Germany, France, Italy, the USA and Japan regarding the protection of the rights of the accused. Through the application of the comparative law method, a comparison of the systems of guaranteeing the rights of the defendants in the indicated states was carried out, which made it possible to identify common trends and specific national differences in the mechanisms of their implementation. The method of legal hermeneutics made it possible to take into account the complex nature of the interaction of the individual, society and the state in the field of criminal justice when interpreting legal norms. The results of the study were substantiated position that the analysed provisions in the constitutions of Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and the USA have significant differences. At the same time, it can be recognized that the constitutions of these countries contain common and important provisions on the defendants’ rights and freedoms. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive comparative analysis of the mechanisms for implementing the constitutional rights of the accused within different legal families, which allowed us to identify the correlation between national legal traditions and the effectiveness of judicial protection in modern conditions. Unlike traditional approaches, the paper argues for the role of criminal justice not simply as a tool of protection, but as a dynamic system that requires constant adaptation to the challenges of digitalization and harmonization with international standards. It is proven that the effectiveness of constitutional guarantees directly depends on the balance between state coercion and individual freedom in the context of the development of the global legal space. The academic novelty of this study lies in its shift from a purely descriptive analysis of constitutional norms to a functional assessment of how these rights are exercised in social reality. Unlike previous research that focuses on isolated jurisdictions, this work provides a synthesized typology of defendants’ rights, categorizing them by the source of law, the subject of execution, and the specific stage of the trial process. Further research may focus on studying the forms of exercising the defendants’ rights.
Hybrid Authorship and Legal Uncertainty: Rethinking Intellectual Property for AI-Generated and NFT Art Jeralyn Valencia; Fajar Sugianto; Atsuko Yamamoto; Jerry Shalmont; Nadya Suryo
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): April, 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v7i2.32504

Abstract

The convergence of artificial intelligence, blockchain, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) has triggered a doctrinal crisis in copyright, contract, and evidence law across several major jurisdictions, including the United States, the European Union, and selected Asian legal systems. By 2025, over 70% of top NFT sales feature hybrid human–AI creations, yet most remain in legal and economic “gray zones” across jurisdictions. This article examines the challenge of partial AI authorship through a comparative analysis of U.S., EU, and Asian legal frameworks, revealing enduring gaps in originality doctrine, inconsistencies in the treatment of blockchain-based evidence, and contested approaches to smart contract enforceability and royalty mechanisms. Particular attention is given to the technical processes through which AI systems source, transform, and recombine data from public and private domains, raising unresolved questions of infringement, attribution, and authorship when copyrighted works are used without authorization. Drawing on originality doctrine, transformative use standards, and fair use principles, the analysis argues that legal protection should be confined to AI-assisted outputs that reflect meaningful human creative judgment and demonstrable transformation, rather than automated reproduction. Situating these doctrinal tensions within broader patterns of market volatility, regulatory arbitrage, and unequal access to justice. It concludes that adaptive, pluralist governance is essential to achieving legally coherent and socially sustainable outcomes in the digital creative economy.

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