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Journal of Clean Technology
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 24608874     EISSN : 24609811     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Engineering
The Journal of Clean Technology (JoCT) is a leading peer-reviewed publication dedicated to advancing research and innovation in the field of clean technology. JoCT provides a platform for scientists, engineers, policymakers, and industry professionals to disseminate cutting-edge research, exchange ideas, and promote sustainable solutions to global environmental challenges. JoCT has a printed and online standard serial number which is p-ISSN 2460-8874 (printed version) and e-ISSN 2460-9811 (electronic version).
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Bumi dan Planet (semua kategori) - Ilmu Bumi dan Planet (Lain-Lain)
Articles 20 Documents
 1   2 
Bioethanol Production from Rice Straw through Utilization of Agrobiomass Waste in Central Java Towards Clean Energy: a Review Nabil, Nisrina Hasna’; Handoko, Pratama Senapati Bagus; Destantri, Fitri Wahyuningtyas; Syahputra, Adhika Bintang; Bahlawan, Zuhriyan Ash Shiddieqy
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024): February 2024
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v1i1.1656

Abstract

Bioethanol is an alternative energy to replace fossil fuels from plants. Central Java is the second largest rice producer in the world in Indonesia, with the potential of rice straw waste which can be optimized into bioethanol. Rice straw contains abundant cellulose reaching 32-47%, hemicellulose reaching 19-27%, and lignin reaching 5-24%. Methods for making bioethanol from rice straw include pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. Lignin inhibits acid penetration before hydrolysis and microbial growth during fermentation, so it needs to be eliminated using alkaline pretreatment. Glucose production from alkali-pretreated rice straw can be hydrolyzed using chemical or enzymatic catalysts. Acid hydrolysis method using dilute H2SO4 with consideration of a shorter operating time. In addition, the price of enzymes is very high, and the operating time is very long, which will reduce product effectiveness. The acid hydrolysis method using 2% H2SO4 takes 30 minutes at 150 oC, which can produce a yield of 16%. Production of bioethanol from rice straw using separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) methods. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with a 24-hour fermentation time, produced a yield of 80.9% and a productivity of 0.172 g/L h. Distillation is used to remove impurities from liquids that have been polluted with rice straw-derived solutes with various boiling points. Vacuum distillation can produce a yield of 40% purity. Utilization of rice straw into bioethanol can reduce environmental pollution so that it supports clean energy.
Utilization of Rice Straw Waste as a Source of Bioenergy: A Review Prawira, Aditya Hadi; Anugrah, Rizzky; Bahri, Saepul; Firmansyah, Fariq Hammam; Roland, Hizkia Edd
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024): February 2024
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v1i1.1657

Abstract

The rice straw waste is a byproduct of rice processing and is a plentiful natural resource in Indonesia. It has been utilized as a renewable energy source to decrease reliance on fossil fuels and tackle worldwide energy concerns. Rice straw waste contains various organic compounds, such as 36.6% cellulose, 25.3% hemicellulose, and 14.3% lignin. These compounds can be converted into various types of bioenergy, such as bioethanol, biogas, biomass, and bioelectricity through fermentation and pyrolysis processes. Rice straw waste has significant potential as a raw material in bioethanol production, biogas and bio-oil. rice straw waste also has the potential to produce bio-oil through the pyrolysis process. Tiny organisms, like bacteria and fungi, have a crucial part in the creation of bioethanol, biogas, and bio-oil. These microscopic organisms will be used in the process of fermentation, decomposition, or other biochemical reactions to convert rice straw waste into the desired renewable energy source. In the production of bioethanol, the use of enzymes such as amylase or cellulase may be required to break down the raw materials into simpler components that can be converted through the fermentation process into bioethanol. The process of producing biogas involves utilizing an anaerobic digester, which is a controlled environment devoid of oxygen. In this environment, microorganisms decompose the organic material found in rice straw waste and generate biogas. The methods used in the production of bioenergy (bioethanol, biogas and bio-oil) from straw waste may vary depending on the context and available technology.
Sustainable Production of Biofuels from Microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) Using Irradiation Microwave as Future Green Energy; a Review Krisdayanti, Shendy; Fauziyyah, Hasna Amalia; Ubay, Isnina Noor; Erliana, Savira Rinda
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024): February 2024
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v1i1.1663

Abstract

Biodiesel is a solution to the problem of depleting fossil fuel sources in Indonesia. Biodiesel can be derived from vegetable and animal fats. On the other hand, microalgae cultivation areas are spread across 26 provinces in Indonesia with a production potential of 462,400 tonnes/year. Microalgae with lipid content ranging from 38% - 60% can be converted into crude biodiesel as much as 35%. Irradiation microwave is the simplest and most effective technology with a constructive method for extracting oil from animal and vegetable fats, and biomass, and can be scaled easily. Using irradiation microwave, oil will be extracted from microalgae using hexane: methanol solvent for 60 minutes with a microwave power of 600 watts. Microalgae extraction with the help of irradiation microwave can produce more lipids compared to conventional lipid extraction which is 31% and 26% higher. Microalgae that go through a treatment process using irradiation microwave is more efficient because the average cost is two-thirds less compared to conventional heating, its lower energy consumption, lower costs, a more effective heating process, can increase production, and have a big impact on increasing biofuel yields.
Bioethanol Production from Sago Waste as Renewable Energy: A Review Salwa, Nadiatus; Gunawan, Cahyani Eka Putri; Danisa, Fani; Nilnalmuna, Revitalia; Rohmah, Nur
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024): February 2024
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v1i1.1666

Abstract

Energy consumption has increased rapidly because the world population has grown, so has energy consumption for industrial needs. Now Indonesia still uses fossil fuels as the main energy source, because of their non-renewable nature, the continuous use of fossil fuels causes scarcity problems. Bioethanol production is currently getting more intense, this is because there are several factors that cause it to be more intense, namely market stability, low costs, sustainability, the composition of alternative energy fuels and the catastrophic depletion of fossil fuels. Sago waste can be used as an environmentally friendly renewable resource. Bioethanol production process from sago waste using enzymes and fermentation with the help of microorganisms. The bioethanol production process from sago waste has four main parts. The first thing to do is the pre-treatment process, namely drying the sago pulp and delignification process. Samples from the delignification process will then be used in the hydrolysis process with a catalyst in the form of HCl. The results of the hydrolysis were fermented at a pH of 5 and tape yeast was added. Then in the distillation process requires filtrate which was then evaluated qualitatively using K2Cr2O7 reagent. The mixture derived from the fermentation process using baker's yeast and wet sago pulp can produce bioethanol levels up to 45.70%. The process of making bioethanol from sago waste through a baker's yeast fermentation process is expected to help advance the bioethanol production process as a renewable energy source in Indonesia.
Utilization of Palm Solid Residue For Bioethanol Production In Sumatra Indonesia – A Review Enjelita, Anggun; Auralita, Kakalia Putri; Aprianti, Resah; Indrajaya, Zahra Afifa; Maulana, Ivan
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024): February 2024
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v1i1.1669

Abstract

The combustion of fossil fuels causes an increase in the release a group of gases found in the earth atmosphere that trap heat and contribute to the greenhouse effect, which in turn contributes to the occurrence of global warming. The advancement of sustainable energy sources plays an important role in human life due to renewable and environmentally friendly. This problem can be resolved by using alternative fuels as renewable sources of energy that are more environmentally friendly, such as bioethanol. Empty fruit bunches (EFB) constitute a portion of the solid waste that cause problems in storage, transportation, and processing costs. This is because EFB is waste in a solid that is produced from a processing facility where the fruits of the oil palm tree are processed to extract palm oil in large quantities. The process of producing bioethanol by utilizing coconut fruit bunches that are devoid of their contents as a raw material involves two essential stages: hydrolysis and drying. Hydrolysis with an acid catalyst results in a lower yield, but the catalyst itself is inexpensive. Conversely, when using enzyme catalysts, hydrolysis produces a greater quantity of reducing sugars. Enzyme catalysts can be employed in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process using S. cerevisiae yeast, while chemical catalysts can be used in separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) methods. The SSF method provides a comparatively elevated ethanol yield, demands less enzyme usage, has a shorter duration for ethanol production, and is environmentally friendlier when compared to the SHF procedure.
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Electrical Energy Production from Livestock Manure by Optimization using Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Method: A Literature Review Ilham, Wahyu Ilham Kholiq; Arwan Suryadi Pramanta; Jalaludin Rumi; Ahmad Dzaky Harahap
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): August 2024
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v1i2.9678

Abstract

Livestock manure is a potential source of renewable energy. This study compares the effectiveness of electrical energy production from livestock manure with and without optimization using the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) method. Using the CHP method can improve energy efficiency by utilizing the heat generated from burning livestock manure to produce electricity and heat. The literature shows that CHP can significantly improve energy efficiency. The energy efficiency of CHP systems can reach 80%, compared to 30-40% for conventional systems. In addition, CHP can produce lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional systems. The study also shows that CHP can be an economical solution to generate electrical energy from livestock manure. CHP systems can generate significant economic benefits in the long run.
Bioethanol Production from Corn Cob Trough Utilization of Agrobiomass Waste in East Java as Renewable Energy : a Review Grezdipa Pratama, Harsya; Sari Kusuma Wijayanti, Widya; Devi Larasati, Annisa; Rekyan Permatasari, Olivia
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): August 2024
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v1i2.10485

Abstract

The demand for energy from fossil fuels continues to surge along with the rapid development of industry and the economy. Efforts to reduce dependence on fossil energy, especially the limited petroleum, are crucial. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the utilization of other energy sources, especially bioethanol, which is renewable and environmentally friendly. The production of bioethanol is intensifying due to market stability, low costs, sustainability, its role as an alternative fuel, and the risk of fossil fuel depletion. Corn cob waste comprises various organic compounds, including 40-60% cellulose, 20-30% hemicellulose, and 15-30% lignin. These compounds can be transformed into various forms of bioenergy, including bioethanol, biogas, and bio-oil. The process of producing bioethanol from corn cobs involves pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. The production of bioethanol from corn cob waste consists of several stages: pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. Lignin impedes acid penetration before hydrolysis and inhibits microbial growth during fermentation, so it must be removed through alkaline pretreatment. Glucose production from alkali-treated corn cobs can be achieved through hydrolysis using chemical or enzymatic catalysts. Acid hydrolysis with 21% H2SO4 and 21% HCl is preferred due to its shorter operating time. On the other hand, the high cost of enzymes and the extended operating time diminish production efficiency. The acid hydrolysis method using 21% H2SO4 requires 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours and uses 21% HCl at a temperature of 100°C with a yield of less than 10%. The production of bioethanol from corn cobs is carried out using the SHF and SSF methods. The SSF method yields a range of 1.94%-88.37%. The SHF method yields a range of 0.28%-0.57%. Distillation is employed to remove impurities from liquids contaminated by dissolved substances from corn cobs, which have varying boiling points. Vacuum distillation can achieve a purity level of 89%. Converting corn cob into bioethanol aids in reducing environmental pollution and promotes the use of clean energy.
Bioethanol Production as Renewable Energy from Macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii: A Mini Review Rasyid, Rahimsyah Ijas Nur; Muhammad Fadhlan Dzikri; Hayya Laudza Adani; Evelyna Anindya Davina
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): August 2024
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v1i2.10770

Abstract

Energy demand has increased from several years ago due to economic growth and population increase. Meanwhile, non-renewable energy reserves from fossil fuels are dwindling. Bioethanol is one alternative energy resource to substitute fossil fuels and their derivatives. The fast expansion and environmental friendliness of Eucheuma cottonii macroalgae's growth make it a promising contender for use as a sustainable renewable energy source. Because of its abundant carbohydrate content, it can be utilized in generating bioethanol. This analysis delves into the potential of macroalgae in bioethanol production by concentrating on hydrolysis and fermentation. The Eucheuma cottonii process involved hydrolyzing it into reducing sugars using an optimal dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment. This hydrolysate is converted into bioethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae through fermentation. Process the bioethanol obtained is distilled to reach the maximum concentration. The process of producing bioethanol, which is a renewable energy source, is expected to have an important impact on dealing with the energy crisis and advancing environmental sustainability.
Study of Nitrification Process in a Media Raised Bed Based Aquaponic System Prasetiawan, Haniif; Aulia Mukadis; Afrissa Viola Motti; Nurhayati; budi setiawan
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): August 2024
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v1i2.12323

Abstract

Aquaponics is an integrated and sustainable farming method that combines aquaculture and hydroponics in a recirculating water system. This system utilizes fish waste as a nutrient source for plants, and the plants act as biofilters to clean the water before it returns to the fish tank. A critical process in this system is nitrification, where ammonia is converted into nitrite and nitrate by beneficial bacteria, reducing toxicity to fish and providing nutrients for plants. This study investigates the efficiency of the nitrification process using four different biofilter media—rockwool, pumice stone, gravel, and zeolite—in a media-raised bed aquaponic system. Results showed that pumice stone provided the highest nitrate concentration (131.62 mg/L), indicating superior nitrification performance. The findings offer valuable insights for optimizing biofilter media selection in aquaponic systems, which is crucial not only for maintaining water quality but also for enhancing crop productivity. The study contributes to the development of more efficient and sustainable aquaponic designs, particularly in regions facing water scarcity and the need for integrated food production solutions.
Zero Waste Education Organic Waste Treatment for Students of SD N Petompon 3 Irene Nindita Pradnya; Maulida Zakia; Zuhriyan Ash Shiddieqy Bahlawan; Kakalia Putri Auralita; Achmad Wikandaru; Daffa Nur Muhammad
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): August 2024
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v1i2.13016

Abstract

Improper waste management at SDN Petompon 3 Semarang has led to inadequate sanitation and a lack of environmental awareness among students. This community service initiative aimed to address these issues by educating 5th and 6th-grade students on organic waste processing through the utilization of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae. The program introduced a hands-on approach where students learned to sort, manage, and convert organic waste into value-added products such as animal feed and organic fertilizer. Additionally, the program incorporated entrepreneurship training, equipping students with basic skills in packaging, branding, and marketing to promote sustainable small-scale enterprises. The activities included stakeholder coordination, infrastructure preparation, environmental education, and product processing workshops. Results showed improved student participation, increased environmental knowledge, and measurable growth in maggot biomass and waste decomposition rates over 30 days. This integrated program not only enhanced environmental cleanliness at the school but also fostered early environmental stewardship and entrepreneurial skills among students, contributing to sustainable waste management and community empowerment.

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