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Journal of Clean Technology
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 24608874     EISSN : 24609811     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Engineering
The Journal of Clean Technology (JoCT) is a leading peer-reviewed publication dedicated to advancing research and innovation in the field of clean technology. JoCT provides a platform for scientists, engineers, policymakers, and industry professionals to disseminate cutting-edge research, exchange ideas, and promote sustainable solutions to global environmental challenges. JoCT has a printed and online standard serial number which is p-ISSN 2460-8874 (printed version) and e-ISSN 2460-9811 (electronic version).
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Bumi dan Planet (semua kategori) - Ilmu Bumi dan Planet (Lain-Lain)
Articles 20 Documents
 1   2 
Recycling Palm Shell Waste into Biochar Using Biomass-Based Pyrolysis Method for Sustainable Energy Transition: A Review Setiawan, Naswa Mevira; Sella Stephanie; Aziz, Annisa Nazilatul; Berliana Yusfinda
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v2i2.28865

Abstract

Palm kernel shell (PKS), a by-product of Indonesia's palm oil industry, represents both a waste management challenge and an opportunity for renewable energy transition. This review critically examines recent advancements in the conversion of PKS into biochar using biomass-based pyrolysis. By synthesizing findings across multiple studies, the review highlights how pyrolysis parameters—such as temperature (200–1200 °C), residence time (1–4 hours), and chemical activation (NaOH, H₂SO₄)—affect the physicochemical properties of biochar. Among these, the combination of 550 °C pyrolysis temperature, 2-hour residence time, and NaOH pre-treatment via microwave-assisted pyrolysis was identified as optimal for maximizing fixed carbon content, surface area, and adsorption capacity. Such biochar is suitable for a wide range of applications, including soil amendment, wastewater treatment, and long-term carbon sequestration. The review not only confirms the environmental viability of PKS biochar based on Indonesian National Standards (SNI), but also emphasizes its role in supporting sustainable agriculture and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Future research directions include scaling production technologies and assessing biochar performance in diverse agroecological systems.
Energy Efficiency in Palm-Based Food Production Processes in margarine industry through the Utilization of Palm Fiber as Solid Biomass in Boiler Systems: A Comprehensive Review Zain, Faatin Nisriinaa; Pratiwi, Kharisma Ardhani Nur; Muna, Mochammad Choiril; Zuhriyan Ash Shiddieqy Bahlawan
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v2i2.28943

Abstract

The increasing demand for margarine, especially in palm oil producing countries like Indonesia, raises concerns about energy consumption and environmental sustainability. This review discusses the potential of palm fiber, a lignocellulosic byproduct of crude palm oil extraction, as a solid biomass fuel to improve energy efficiency in margarine processing industries. A systematic literature review was conducted by analyzing more than sixty peer reviewed journal articles, technical reports, and case studies to evaluate the feasibility and impact of palm fiber utilization. Based on various studies, palm fiber contains 47.9 percent cellulose, has a calorific value of 17.2 megajoules per kilogram, and shows low ash and moisture content, making it suitable for combustion in industrial boilers. Emission data indicate reductions in carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides compared to fossil fuels, with potential greenhouse gas savings of 0.098 tons of carbon dioxide per gigajoule and sulfur oxide reductions of up to ninety percent. Economically, palm fiber offers cost savings of up to forty percent, with a levelized cost of energy around six United States dollars per gigajoule and a payback period of less than five years. The application of drying and co firing technologies, supported by policy incentives such as Indonesia’s capital expenditure assistance, could enhance adoption. Research gaps remain in terms of long term boiler corrosion and industrial scale briquetting. Overall, palm fiber supports circular economy practices and aligns with SDG 7, 12, and 13, contributing to cleaner energy transitions in palm oil based food production systems.
Valorization of Chicken Feather Waste in west Java into Bokashi Fertilizer Using Anaerobic Fermentation to Support Circular Agriculture: A Review Agung Saputra, Satria; Zain, Faatin Nisriinaa; Pratiwi, Kharisma Ardhani Nur
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v2i2.28957

Abstract

The rapid growth of the poultry industry in Indonesia, particularly in West Java, has resulted in significant chicken feather waste, which remains largely unutilized and poses environmental risks due to its high keratin content. This review explores the potential of converting chicken feather waste into bokashi fertilizer through anaerobic fermentation as a sustainable strategy in line with circular agriculture principles. The fermentation process involves pretreatment using keratinase producing microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by the application of Effective Microorganisms (EM4) activated with molasses. Under optimal conditions, including a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 25 to 30 to 1, temperature between 30 to 40 degrees Celsius, and humidity around 50 percent, the process can produce high quality organic fertilizer that meets national standards. The resulting bokashi exhibits favorable physical and chemical characteristics, such as high nitrogen content and a balanced nutrient profile. More broadly, this approach offers a low cost, scalable, and environmentally friendly solution for managing livestock waste while enhancing soil fertility and supporting regenerative farming. With further optimization and wider implementation at the community level, chicken feather based bokashi has strong potential to contribute to sustainable agriculture and effective waste management in poultry producing regions.
Energy Transformation in the Dairy Industry Towards Process Efficiency and Environmental Impact Reduction Raisha, Rajwa Ruhing; Rafi Umara, Dimas; Nurhayati, Indah; Inayatus Sa‘idah, Archil
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v2i2.29251

Abstract

The dairy industry is among the most energy-intensive sectors within the food processing chain, relying heavily on fossil fuels for heating, cooling, and packaging operations. In response to global sustainability challenges and climate targets, this review explores integrated strategies for energy transformation in the dairy sector, focusing on renewable energy adoption, waste valorization, and digital technologies. Emphasis is placed on the use of soybean hulls—a rich source of lignocellulosic biomass—as feedstock for bioethanol production through a sequence of pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation processes. Additionally, the role of biogas and solar energy integration, along with energy recovery systems and IoT-based monitoring, is analyzed for improving operational efficiency. The findings reveal that such transformations can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, lower operational costs, and increase energy self-sufficiency, especially when supported by circular economy principles. This review highlights the potential for scaling these solutions in both industrial and small-scale dairy production, offering practical insights into how renewable energy and digital innovation can drive a more competitive, sustainable, and decarbonized dairy industry.
Ocean Wave Utilization for Renewable Power Generation Using Wave Energy Converters (WECs): A Review Faranisa Febiola; Kanthi Prihastika Wijaya; Richa Amalia Fatma; Riziq Maulana
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v2i2.29271

Abstract

The growing demand for electricity and the environmental impact of fossil fuel use have increased interest in renewable energy sources, including ocean wave energy. As a country with vast marine resources, Indonesia has significant potential to harness ocean waves as a clean and sustainable energy solution. This review explores various Wave Energy Converter technologies with a primary focus on the Oscillating Water Column system. The analysis covers ten recent studies that examine energy conversion efficiency, hydrodynamic performance, and field implementation. The findings indicate that the Oscillating Water Column system generally offers higher efficiency and greater operational stability than overtopping devices. Key factors influencing performance include wave height, wave period, chamber geometry, and turbine configuration. Case studies such as LIMPET in Scotland and OBREC in Italy provide evidence of real-world viability. Despite these advantages, challenges remain in terms of high construction costs, material durability in marine environments, and infrastructure limitations in coastal regions. This review highlights the importance of continued innovation, local adaptation, and policy support to enable the broader adoption of ocean wave energy, especially in island nations seeking to enhance energy resilience and reduce carbon emissions.
A Review of Process Intensification Strategies in Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil to Enhance Efficiency and Sustainability laila, Laila Rahayuningtyas; Marwah, Alyamida; Istinaroh, Siti; Nuzulaekha, Azzahra
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): February 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v2i1.27575

Abstract

The global energy crisis and environmental concerns from fossil fuel use have driven the development of renewable biofuels. Biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) is a promising option due to its low cost, wide availability, and non-competition with food resources. However, WCO typically contains high levels of free fatty acids (FFA), moisture, and impurities that hinder efficient conversion. This review highlights recent advances in process intensification strategies to improve WCO-based biodiesel production. Pretreatment methods such as heating, filtration, and centrifugation reduce contaminants, while acid esterification lowers FFA before transesterification. The physicochemical properties of WCO, particularly acid value and viscosity, are critical for setting optimal reaction conditions. Catalysts like NaOH (homogeneous), CaO from waste shells (heterogeneous), and bifunctional Mo₇-Zn₃/CaO are widely used to enhance reaction efficiency. Advanced reactors—especially microwave- and ultrasonic-assisted systems—significantly improve yield and energy efficiency. For instance, microwave-assisted transesterification using Mo₇-Zn₃/CaO achieves 94–96% biodiesel yield within 5–10 minutes at65 °C, reducing energy consumption by up to 40% compared to conventional methods. Most approaches meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 fuel quality standards. Life cycle assessments show that WCO biodiesel can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 75–80% compared to fossil diesel. The use of waste-derived catalysts and recycling of by-products such as glycerol supports circular economy goals. Nonetheless, challenges like variable WCO quality and high capital costs for advanced reactors remain. Future work should focus on scalable reactor development, realtime monitoring, and supportive policy frameworks to promote sustainable biodiesel production at an industrial level. 
The Potential Utilization of Biomass as Substitute Renewable Energy in Supporting Energy Security in Central Java Fatonah, Rahma Dhani; Listiyani, Arvie Tri; Putri, Sindi Dwi; Insani, Rossa Dwi Nur
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): February 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v2i1.27577

Abstract

The utilization of rice straw as a renewable energy resource has received growing attention in the context of regional energy security and carbon emission reduction, particularly in Central Java, Indonesia. This review explores the potential of rice straw as a feedstock for bioethanol production, emphasizing its primary lignocellulosic components—α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin—and key conversion stages, including pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification. In addition, the performance of various technologies for converting bioethanol into electricity is critically examined. Among these, Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells (DEFCs) are identified as the most efficient, offering conversion efficiencies of 40–60% and notable environmental advantages over conventional ethanol-fueled combustion generators. The findings suggest that the integration of high-efficiency conversion technologies with the region’s abundant rice straw resources could represent a strategic pathway toward a more sustainable and low-emission regional energy system.
Artificial Intelligence in Renewable Energy: A Review of Predictive Maintenance and Energy Optimization Arimbi Mutiara Suci; Rofiqoh Amini; Agnes Kusuma Asri; Nicolas Martin
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): February 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v2i1.27729

Abstract

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into renewable energy systems represents a transformative step in enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of clean energy technologies. This review explores the roles and applications of AI techniques—including Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), Reinforcement Learning (RL), and ensemble models like XGBoost—in predictive maintenance and energy optimization. Through a comprehensive analysis of recent studies, the review highlights how AI improves system performance by enabling early fault detection, optimizing energy distribution, and managing storage efficiently. Predictive maintenance driven by AI can reduce unplanned downtime by up to 35% and enhance energy output by approximately 8.5%. In energy optimization, AI models forecast demand and control load distribution, significantly contributing to smart grid development. However, several challenges remain, particularly in Indonesia, including limited high-quality data, high computational demands, system interoperability issues, and a lack of regulatory and human resource readiness, reducing unplanned downtime by up to 35% and increasing energy output by approximately 8.5%, as reported in previous studies. The review concludes that successful implementation requires strategic investment in digital infrastructure, inter-sectoral collaboration, and pilot projects to ensure sustainable AI adoption in Indonesia's renewable energy sector.
High-Pressure Processing (HPP) Energy Efficiency and Scalability Challenges in Ultra-Processed Meat: A Review Shaka Kusuma Nurjati; Muhammad Adam Purnawan; Rizma Stevviani
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): February 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v2i1.27944

Abstract

The global expansion of ultra-processed meat products (e.g., sausages, nuggets) faces dual challenges: microbiological safety risks from conventional thermal processing and rising consumer demand for clean-label, nutritious options. High-Pressure Processing (HPP) emerges as a promising non-thermal technology to address these concerns by inactivating pathogens while preserving sensory and nutritional quality. However, its industrial adoption is hindered by significant energy efficiency and scalability constraints. This systematic literature review synthesizes recent research to critically analyze these barriers. Methodologically, we conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) using databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and PubMed, focusing on studies related to High-Pressure Processing (HPP) applications in ultra-processed meats. Our analysis reveals that HPP consumes 2.5–3.2 kWh/kg up to 26× more energy than thermal pasteurization primarily due to hydraulic system demands and adiabatic heat dissipation during batch cycling. Scalability limitations stem from batch-based processing (3–7 min/cycle), vessel size constraints (<500 L), and capital costs reaching $2.5 million per unit, resulting in only 18% adoption by large-scale manufacturers. Energy recovery inefficiencies and product matrix variations (e.g., lipid-protective effects in emulsified meats) further exacerbate these challenges. Emerging solutions include semi-continuous systems (35% throughput increase), pulsed HPP protocols (18% energy reduction), and solar-hybrid installations (40% emission cuts), though economic viability remains problematic. We conclude that while HPP offers unparalleled safety and quality benefits, its scalability and energy intensity require coordinated innovations in process engineering, renewable energy integration, and cooperative industry models to achieve sustainable implementation.
Energy Consumption and Efficiency Optimization in Freeze Drying of Fruits and Vegetables: A Review Zudana, Kirana; Wahyuni, Fitri; Putri, Sheila; Lestari, Yuniar
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): February 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v2i1.28102

Abstract

Fruits and vegetables are essential for global nutrition and economic growth, yet they are among the most perishable food commodities, contributing to major postharvest losses worldwide. Freeze drying is widely recognized as a superior preservation method that maintains the structural integrity, nutritional value, and sensory quality of fresh produce. Despite its advantages, freeze drying is energy-intensive, posing challenges for cost-effectiveness and sustainability in large-scale applications. This review explores the freeze drying process in detail, highlighting the critical operational parameters such as freezing rate, chamber pressure, shelf temperature, and sample thickness, that influence both product quality and energy consumption. Additionally, the role of cryoprotectants in preserving bioactive compounds during drying is discussed. By identifying optimization strategies for these parameters, this study aims to support the development of more energy-efficient and economically viable freeze drying systems for the fruit and vegetable processing industry.

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