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Published by Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional

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Materials Science & Nanotechnology

Exist for publishing the results of research and development in nuclear science and technology Starting for 2010 Atom Indonesia published three times a year in April, August, and December The scope of this journal covers experimental and analytical research in all areas of nuclear science and technology. including nuclear physics, reactor physics, radioactive waste treatment, fuel element development, radioisotopes and radio pharmaceutical engineering, nuclear and radiation safety, neutron scattering, material science and technology, as well as utilization of isotopes and radiation in agriculture, industry, health and environment.

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Articles 452 Documents

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The Evaluation of the Effective Diameter (Deff) Calculation and its Impact on the Size-Specific Dose Estimate (SSDE) C. Anam; F. Haryanto; R. Widita; I. Arif; G. Dougherty
Atom Indonesia Vol 43, No 1 (2017): April 2017
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Information on the effective diameter (Deff) is essential for estimating the dose for patients undergoing CT examinations. The purpose of this study was to calculate the effective diameter using the maximum values of lateral (LAT) and anterior-posterior (AP) diameters (Deff,m) and using LAT and AP diameters taken from the center of the image (Deff,c), and compared both estimates to the effective diameter calculated directly from the cross-sectional area of the patient (Deff,A). We evaluated 164 patients who underwent the four most frequent CT examinations, namely pelvic, abdominal, thoracic, and head examinations, using a multi-detector CT (MDCT), the Toshiba Aquilion 128. We calculated the percentage differences between Deff,c and Deff,m from Deff,A. We also used the Wilcoxon-Mann-Witney U test to statistically determine whether differences were significant. While Deff,m is statistically no different (p > 0.05) from Deff,A, Deff,c is statistically different (p ˂ 0.05) from Deff,A except for head examinations.Received: 31 May 2016; Revised: 14 December 2016; Accepted: 20 January 2017

Cover Atom Indonesia Vol 43 No 2 cover cover
Atom Indonesia Vol 43, No 2 (2017): August 2017
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

The Analysis of Hierarchical Structure of Mesoporous Silica in Nanometer Scale by Small Angle Scattering Method S. Hadi; S Suryajaya; I. Wijaya; A. Rahmandari; M.C. Prihatiningsih; I. Prasetyo; A. Patriati; E.G.R. Putra; S. Soontaranon
Atom Indonesia Vol 44, No 1 (2018): April 2018
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

The analysis of hierarchical structure of mesoporous silica material with template of cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) with co-surfactants of tetra-methylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) and Triton X-100 was conducted by using the technique of small angle scattering (SAS) using neutron (SANS) and X-ray (SAXS). The analysis was supported by the data of nitrogen absorption and electron microscopy. The analysis showed that the concentration of CTAB affected the characteristics and pore structures of particles. The increase of co-surfactant concentrations tended to form particles that were more uniform in size and more regular in the shape of the sphere. The results of SAS analysis showed that the morphology, shape, and size of the large particles were arranged by smaller (primary or secondary) particles that had pores. The variation of surfactant templates had influenced the formation of pore structure. For CTAB-TMAOH, it would had resembled MCM-41 type which has a hexagonal structure, whereasfor CTAB-Triton X-100, it would have resembled MCM-48 type which has a cubic structure. The particles that have a high surface area which resembled pore structure MCM-41 has been able to set up by using 0.25 M of CTAB with 0.040 M of TMAOH. Moreover, the particles which resembled pore structure MCM-48 were able to set up by using 0.03 M of Triton X-100 with 0.4 M of CTAB. The analysis of SANS data that was supported by electron microscopy results is entirely showing a complete information of the particles formed by each template. Whereas SAXS analysis that supported by nitrogen adsorption method is fully confirming the information of pore characteristics.

Identification and Angular Distribution of Residual Radionuclides Detected on the Wall of BATAN’s Cyclotron Cave I. Kambali; H. Suryanto; P Parwanto
Atom Indonesia Vol 42, No 1 (2016): April 2016
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Detection and measurement of radiation sources around BATAN’s cyclotron facilities in Serpong are required as an early step to avoid radiation impacts on the radiation employees who work with the cyclotron. In this paper, radiation emitted from the wall of the CS-30 cyclotron cave are detected and measured using an NaI(Tl) detector coupled with a pocket multichannel analyzer (MCA) at a counting time of 30 minutes for each sampling point on the wall. The sampling points were in the directions of within ±150o with respect to the incoming proton beams, and the measurements were conducted at heights between 1.2 m and 1.8 m off the floor for every sampling point. The experimental results indicate that Co-60 and Cs-134 detected on the cyclotron cave wall are major radionuclides that contribute to the emitted gamma radiation. The distribution of the gamma ray intensities given off by Co-60 and Cs-134 depend on the angle and position of the sampling points. In general the highest gamma ray rates can be found in the area around 0o relative to the incoming proton beams. In addition, no other radioactive sources are significantly detected on the wall. The maximum exposure measured on the wall surface was much less than the permissible occupational exposure for radiation workers and general public.Received: 27 March 2015; Revised: 30 September 2015; Accepted: 15 December 2015

Polymorphism of XRCC1 Gene Exon 6 (Arg194Trp) in Relation to Micronucleus Frequencies in Hospital Radiation Workers H. N.E. Surniyantoro; Y. Lusiyanti; T. Rahardjo; D. Tetriana; S. Nurhayati; H. Date
Atom Indonesia Vol 44, No 2 (2018): August 2018
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

The genetic polymorphism of DNA repair gene plays some important role in regulating individual sensitivity to ionizing radiation, maintaining DNA integrity, and preventing cancer and DNA damage.XRCC1 as one of the members ofbase excision repair (BER) is involved in the repairement of oxidized bases and single-strand breaks DNA after exposure by ROS, including ionizing radiation. This study was aimed to examine the correlation between XRCC1 exon 6 gene polymorphism and MN frequency in radiation workers and their relation to age, gender, smoking status and years of exposure. This study involved 81 hospital radiation workers and 20 controls from several hospitals in Indonesia. Genotyping of XRCC1exon 6 gene polymorphism and MN assay were performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus assay (CBMN assay), respectively. The results indicated that MN frequency was significantly higherin the exposed workers than in the controls (15.38±7.72 versus 9±5.49; p = 0.001).Radiation workers with heterozygous alleles for XRCC1 polymorphisms showed a significantly higher MN frequency than controls with the same genotypes (17.5±8.36 versus 7.44±5.05; p = 0.002). The confounding factors, like gender and age, were significantly associated with increased MN frequency both in radiation workers and controls. Smoking status was significantly associated with MN frequency in the controls only, while years of exposure did not affect MN frequency either in radiation workers or controls. These results suggest that the genetic polymorphism of XRCC1 gene exon 6 with a mutant heterozygous/ CT variant demonstrated an association with the extent of DNA damage in the hospital radiation workers in this study. In the subsequent studies, it is necessary to examine the DNA repair genes polymorphism in populations with controlled non-genetic factors, such as lifestyles, environments, and exercises that affect the MN frequency as a biomarker of DNA damage.

Electronic and Optical Properties of Aluminum Oxide Before and After Surface Reduction by Ar+ Bombardment D. Tahir; H.J. Kang; S. Tougaard
Atom Indonesia Vol 40, No 2 (2014): August 2014
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

The electronic and optical properties of a-Al2O3 after induced by 3-keV Ar+ sputtering have been studied quantitatively by use of reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS) spectra. The band gap values of a-Al2O3 was determined from the onset values of the energy loss spectrum to the background level of REELS spectra as a function of time Ar+ bombardment. The bandgap changes from 8.4 eV before sputtering to 6.2 eV after 4 minutes of sputtering.The optical properties of α-Al2O3 thin films have been determined by comparing the experimental cross section obtained from reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy with the theoretical inelastic scattering cross section, deduced from the simulated energy loss function (ELF) by using QUEELS-ε(k)-REELS software. The peak assignments are based on ELF and compared with reported data on the electronic structure of α-Al2O3 obtained using different techniques. The results demonstrate that the electronic and optical properties before and after surface reduction will provide further understanding in the fundamental properties of α-Al2O3 which will be useful in the design, modeling and analysis of devices applications performance.Received: 18 November 2013; Revised:12 June 2014; Accepted: 25 June 2014

Early Lung Cancer Detection Using Artificial Neural Network T. Pandiangan; I. Bali; A. R.J. Silalahi
Atom Indonesia Vol 45, No 1 (2019): April 2019
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Lung carcinoma is a malignant lung tumor that is deadly and is characterized by the uncontrolled cell growth in the tissue of lung. Normally the lung cancer detection is done by visual inspection of x-ray image by medical doctor. The purpose of this study is to create a computational tool that can automatically detect early lung cancer from x-ray image. This research has two main steps, with first being to characterize cancer or cancer symptoms based on x-ray images and second step is to develop an artificial neural network (ANN). In first step, particularly it is wanted to lay out a rigorous image processing framework with sequential steps: (i) image noise reduction, (ii) image enhancement, (iii) lung organ segmentation, (iv) object edge detection, and (v) tumor boundary detection. The framework incorporates image processing techniques such as thresholding and morphological detections (erosion and dilation). The framework is expected to reveal the relevant features that define lung cancer or early lung cancer such as area, perimeter, density profile and shape ratio. For the second step, the ANN is built based on machine learning algorithm to study a large set of x-ray images of positively diagnosed lung cancer patients. In addition to learning solely based on the 2D x-ray images, it is also incorporated the previously studied tumor features. The two combined with a large dataset is expected to enable the machine to reach a close to 100 % detection accuracy. Based on the test results of 10 samples obtained the comparative value of the calculated by the ANN with the results of measurement with Matlab program is tends to approach the same. It can be concluded that ANN has been successfully educated so that can identify 10 samples correctly.

Terrestrial Gamma Radiation Exposure in Bangka-Belitung Islands, Indonesia Syarbaini Syarbaini; A. Setiawan
Atom Indonesia Vol 41, No 1 (2015): April 2015
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Bangka-Belitung is known as tin producer and it geologically contains higher concentrations of natural radionuclides than most other areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of terrestrial gamma radiation in Bangka-Belitung Islands. The external gamma radiation dose rate from terrestrial gamma-rays have been measured at one meter above the ground by means of a portable gamma spectrometer at 66 survey points. The terrestrial gamma dose rates in Bangka island range from 43.67 to 511.54 nGy h-1 with a mean of 183.45 nGy h-1, while in Belitung island they range from 15.54 to 416.39 nGy h-1 with a mean of 132.60 nGy h-1. From this work, a strong correlation was found between dose rates found from in-situ radiation measurements and dose rates calculated theoretically from radioactivity contents of the soil at the same locations. Generally, Bangka-Belitung islands have higher outdoor natural gamma dose rates than the world average value of 0.058 μGy h-1 for the regions with normal background radiation specified by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR).Received: 27 August 2014; Revised: 05 March 2015; Accepted: 30 March 2015

Application of Digital Anti-Coincidence Counting Method for Primary Activity Determination of 59Fe A. Agusbudiman; K.B. Lee; J.M. Lee
Atom Indonesia Vol 45, No 2 (2019): August 2019
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

As a radiopharmaceutical, the use of 59Fe is classified as a high pharmaceutical risk product. Therefore, a standard reference for activity measurement of 59Fe is necessary to ensure its metrological aspect. This paper describes an alternative method for primary activity determination of 59Fe for establishing a standard reference. The 59Fe solution was prepared using two different cocktails and measured by the 4pb(LS)-g counting system using a digital anti-coincidence counting method with emulated live-time of the extending dead-time. A final activity results at the reference time for the two samples series are (473.32± 2.55) kBq/g and (477.14 ± 2.42) kBq/g with quoted uncertainty evaluated at k = 1. The final activity was compared to the value obtained from the other two coincidence counting method and found to be in a good agreement within its uncertainty value.

A Fuzzy Probability Algorithm for Evaluating the AP1000 Long Term Cooling System to Mitigate Large Break LOCA J.H. Purba
Atom Indonesia Vol 41, No 3 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Components of nuclear power plants do not always have historical failure data to probabilistically evaluate their reliability characteristics. To overcome this drawback, an alternative approach has been proposed by involving experts to qualitatively justifybasic event likelihood occurences. However, expert judgments always involve epistemic uncertainty and this uncertainty needs to be quantified. Existing fault tree analysis quantifies uncertainty using Monte Carlo simulation, which is based on probability distributions. Since expert judgments are not described in probability distributions, Monte Carlo simulation is not appropriate for evaluating epistemic uncertainty. Therefore, a new approach needs to be developed to overcome this limitation. This study proposes a fuzzy probability algorithmtoevaluate epistemic uncertainties in fault tree analysis.In the proposed algorithm, fuzzy probabilities are used to represent epistemic uncertainties of basic events, intermediate events, and the top event. To propagate and quantify epistemic uncertainty in fault tree analysis, a fuzzy multiplication rule and a fuzzy complementation rule are applied to substitute the AND Boolean and OR Boolean gates, respectively. To see the feasibility and applicability of the proposed algorithm, a case-based experiment on uncertainty evaluation of the AP1000 long term cooling system to mitigate the large break loss of coolant accident is discussed.The result shows that the best estimate probability to describe the failure of AP1000 long term cooling system generated by the proposed algorithmis3.15×10-11, which is very closed to the reference value of 1.11×10-11.This result confirms that the proposed algorithm offers a good alternative approach to quantify uncertainties in probabilistic safety assessment by fault tree analysis.Received:22 October 2014; Revised: 24 June 2015; Accepted: 29 June 2015

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