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Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal)
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 19077505     EISSN : 24600601     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/kesmas
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Public Health
The focus of Kesmas is on public health as discipline and practices related to preventive and promotive measures to enhance the public health through a scientific approach applying a variety of technique. This focus includes areas and scopes such as Biostatistics, Environmental Public Health, Epidemiology, Health Policy, Health Services Research, Nutrition, Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Public Health, Public Health Education and Promotion, Women Health.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Epidemilogi
Articles 7 Documents
 1 
Search results for , issue "Vol. 3, No. 2" : 7 Documents clear
Dampak Cadmium dalam Ikan terhadap Kesehatan Masyarakat Purnomo, Agus; Purwana, Rachmadi
Kesmas Vol. 3, No. 2
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Kandungan Chemicals Oxygen Demand (COD) dan logam Cadmium pada air laut di Indonesia, dalam kisaran 123-398 ppm dan 0,024-0,044 ppm berada di luar batas yang diizinkan (COD = 40 ppm dan Cd = 0,01 ppm). Masyarakat Teluk Lampung setiap hari terpajan dengan ikan Kurisi (Nomipterus hexodon), ikan Kembung (Rastrelliger neglectus), dan ikan Tongkol (Auxis thazard) dengan kadar rata-rata kandungan cadmium 0,146; 0,144; dan 0,137 mg/kg. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan analisis risiko dampak pencemaran cadmium pada ikan terhadap kesehatan masyarakat Pulau Pasaran yang berada tepat di hadapan Kota Bandar Lampung di Teluk Lampung. Disain studi yang digunakan adalah disain cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel 284 orang. Hasil penelitian menemukan besar risiko gangguan kesehatan bagi masyarakat pulau Pasaran di Kota Karang-Bandar Lampung yang mengkonsumsi ikan tiga kali sehari adalah 0,574. Disamping itu, secara statistik terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara besar risiko itu dengan faktor-faktor konsentrasi cadmium dalam ikan, laju asupan ikan, durasi pajanan, dan berat badan responden. Faktor yang berhubungan paling erat adalah konsentrasi cadmium dalam ikan dan durasi pajanan. Masyarakat pulau Pasaran kota Karang-Bandar Lampung telah berisiko mengalami gangguan kesehatan akibat keracunan cadmium kronis yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan sistem urinaria, respiasi, sirkulasi darah, jantung, kelenjar reproduksi, sistem penciuman dan kerapuhan tulang. This is a risk analysis research of the health impact of cadmium contamination in fish among the community in Pasaran Island. The Pasaran Island lies right across the Bandar Lampung City in the Lampung Bay. On average, the community in the island consumed fish 3 times a day. Study in 2004 reported three types of fishes that were regularly consumed and caught by the community around the Lampung Bay were contaminated by cadmium. Those contaminated fishes were the Kurisi fish (Nomipterus hexodon), Kembung fish (Rastrelliger neglectus), and Tongkol fish(Auxis thazard). In their daily life the community in the Pasaran Island were posed to the risk of exposure to cadmium from the fish (risk agent). This cross-sectional study on 284 samples of the population verifies that the health risk for the community at the Pasaran Island in the Karang-Bandar Lampung City is 0.574. Besides, statistical analysis showed that the risk is significantly related to factors such as concentration of cadmium in fish, rate of fish consumption, duration of exposure, and respondents body weight.
Faktor Risiko Perilaku Pra-Diabetes di Kota Padang Panjang Fajrinayanti, Fajrinayanti
Kesmas Vol. 3, No. 2
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Pra-diabetes adalah kondisi berisiko Diabates Melitus tipe 2 yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor keturunan dan perilaku dengan prevalensi yang lebih tinggi daripada Diabates Melitus. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan faktor risiko perilaku konsumsi lemak, konsumsi serat, konsumsi karbohidrat, aktivitas fisik dan merokok dengan kejadian pra-diabetes setelah dikendalikan oleh faktor keturunan. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah kros seksional dengan pengumpulan data melalui survei. Responden sebanyak 174 orang dipilih secara acak sederhana dari tiap kelurahan yang menjadi kluster. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat, regresi logistik sederhana dan regresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata kadar Gula Darah Sewaktu kelompok umur 40-59 tahun adalah 115,4 mg/dl, dengan prevalensi pra-diabetes adalah 57,5%.Ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara konsumsi lemak, konsumsi serat dan aktivitas fisik dengan kejadian pra-diabetes tanpa dipengaruhi oleh faktor keturunan. Odd Rasio masing-masing untuk konsumsi lemak (18,7 kali); aktivitas fisik /hari (13,7 kali). Pencegahan primer dengan KIE (komunikasi, informasi dan edukasi) tentang kondisi pra-diabetes serta faktor perilaku yang berisiko dan pembentukan peer group pra-diabetes diharapkan dapat meningkatkan mawas diri masyarakat terhadap kondisi pra-diabetes. Pre-diabetes is a condition leading to the risk of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2, that can be caused by genetic factor and behavior risk factors, such as fat consumption, insufficient fiber consumption, low carbohydrate consumption, sedentary life, and smoking. Prevalence of pre-diabetic has been estimated as higher than prevalence of DM. This research purposed to assess association of behavior risk factors with pre-diabetes incident among population of 40-59 years old in Padang Panjang City in 2008 after controlled by genetic factor. Survey was conducted to the respondents selected using multistage random sampling (n=174). Data were analyzed with design complex by partial regression, simple logistic regression and multivariate (multiple logistic regression). The study found that the prevalence of pre-diabetes is 57.5% with Plasma Glucose Test (RPG) 115.4 mg/dl in average. There is a significant association between fat consumption, fiber consumption and physical activity with pre-diabetes incident after adjusted by genetic. Dominant factors were fat consumption (OR=18.0); fiber consumption (OR= 9.5); and physical activity (OR=13.7 times). District Health Office should develop primary prevention through communication, information and education about pre-diabetes condition and related behavior risk factors. Pre-diabetes peer group should be established to increase community awareness to pre-diabetes condition in order to prevent the DM type 2.
Perbedaan Persepsi Gambar Peringatan Bahaya Merokok antara Masyarakat Jakarta dan Cirebon Dewi, Nina Candra; Damayanti, Rita
Kesmas Vol. 3, No. 2
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Kebiasaan merokok merupakan kausa kematian tinggi yang menjadi masalah kesehatan dunia. Data tahun 2004, jumlah perokok memperlihatkan tren meningkat dari 32% menjadi 35%. Jakarta menempati posisi tertinggi jumlah perokok. Penyakit ISPA non specific menempati level tertinggi dan terbanyak pada tahun 2006 dan diduga merupakan dampak kebiasaan merokok. Salah satu upaya pemerintah menurunkan kebiasaan merokok adalah peringatan tertulis pada label sigaret. Studi yang dilakukan pusat studi kesehatan Universitas Indonesia di Jakarta dan Cirebon pada tahun 2007 mengindikasikan bahwa 76,3% peringatan kesehatan terpilih dalam bentuk gambar dan tulisan merupakan peringatan kesehatan yang efektif. Perbedaan persepsi masyarakat pada gambar peringatan bahaya merokok berdasarkan umur, sex, ekonomi, sosial dan status merokok. Studi ini merupakan analisis data peringatan bahaya merokok dengan menggunakan desain cross sectional di kota jakarta dan Cirebon tahun 2007. Penelitian terhadap 138 responden yang tinggal di Jakarta dan Cirebon melakukan analisis dengan uji statistik Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis. Hasil studi memperlihatkan bahwa ada persepsi berbeda pada gambar peringatan bahaya merokok berdasarkan jenis kelamin, sosial ekonomi, dan status merokok. Untuk jenis kelamin gambar paling efektif (p = 0,000), paling mendukung (p = 0,002) paling bermasalah (p = 0,000), gambar paling efektif p = 0,001. Berdasarkan status sosial ekonomi yang paling mendukung p = 0,022 dan yang paling efektif p = 0,000. Berdasarkan status merokok, yang paling atraktif p = 0,000, paling jelas p=0,00ktif p=0,000. Sehubungan dengan hasil studi tersebut disarankan untuk promosi kesehatan tentang gambar peringatan bahaya merokok untuk melihat berbagai perbedaan tersebut. Smoking habit is a leading cause of mortality and becomes a world health problem. Susenas data 2004 showed that number of smoker increased from 32% to 35%. Jakarta is on the highest level and has largest number of smoker according to a smoking survey in 2000. Non specific ARI is accordingly on the highest level in 2006 and caused by smoking. One government effort to decrease smoking habit is by provide warning sign on dangers of smoking. Study conducted by Center for Health Research, University of Indonesia in Jakarta and Cirebon cities in 2007 indicated that 76.3% respondents prefer warning sign in the form of combination of picture and words as an effective health warning. This study analyze perception on warning sign of dengers of smoking using a cross-sectional design among 138 respondents in Jakarta and Cirebon cities. Analysis was conducted using univariate and bivariate analyses with Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis test. Study result indicated that there is perception difference on warning sign according to age for most effective picture (p = 0.030), sex for most effective picture ( p = 0.000), most supportive picture (p = 0.00), most terrifying picture (p = 0.000), most effective picture (p = 0.001). Based on social-economic status for most supportive picture (p = 0.022) and most effective picture (p = 0.000). Based on smoker status for most attractive picture (p = 0.000), clearest picture (p=0.000), most supportive picture (p = 0.000), most terrifying picture (p=0.000) and most effective picture (p=0.000). According to study result, it was suggested for health promotion program related to dangers of smoking warning sign to consider differences based on age, sex, social economic status and smoker’s status as to effectively convey the message.
Karakteristik Remaja Pengguna Narkoba Suntik dan Perilaku Berisiko HIV/AIDS di Kecamatan Ciledug Kota Tangerang Syarif, Fauzi; Tafal, Zarfiel
Kesmas Vol. 3, No. 2
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Prevalensi penderita HIV/AIDS di Kota Tangerang yang merupakan daerah industri dari tahun ke tahun meningkat tajam. Kecenderungan peningkatan kemungkinan disebabkan oleh letak strategis Kota Tangerang yang berbatasan langsung dengan Jakarta serta dengan geografi dan demografi yang hampir sama dengan Jakarta. Bersamaan dengan itu kasus peredaran dan pemakaian narkotika di wilayah Tangerang dari tahun ke tahun meningkat tajam. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara karakteristik remaja pengguna narkoba suntik (penasun) dengan perilaku berisiko tertular HIV/AIDS di Kecamatan Ciledug Kota Tangerang Tahun 2007. Data yang dikumpulkan secara cross sectional dilakukan pada 206 sampel responden remaja berusia 15–24 tahun yang menggunakan narkoba suntik melalui wawancara langsung dengan berpedoman pada kuesioner. Karakterisitk remaja tersebut meliputi karakteristik: pribadi (pengetahuan tentang HIV/AIDS, jenis kelamin, umur, tingkat pendidikan, status ekonomi, posisi urutan dalam keluarga, status orang tua, dengan siapa tinggal), lingkungan sosial (keterpaparan pergaulan dengan pengguna narkoba, pola asuh orang tua, lingkungan tempat tinggal) dan karakteristik budaya (masyarakat fanatisme agama, daerah pendatang/campur, kegiatan di luar rumah). Penelitian menunjukkan gambaran perilaku remaja penasun yang berisiko tertular HIV/AIDS mencapai angka 55,3%. Terdapat 8 (delapan) variabel yang berhubungan erat (p < 0,05) dengan perilaku penasun berisiko yaitu tingkat pengetahuan, umur, tingkat pendidikan, status ekonomi, status orang tua, pola asuh orang tua, lingkungan tempat tinggal dan kegiatan di luar rumah. Variabel yang paling dominan adalah tingkat pengetahuan dimana remaja penasun yang mempunyai tingkat pengetahuan kurang, mempunyai risiko tertular HIV/AIDS 6,9 kali dibandingkan yang mempunyai tingkat pengetahuan baik. Prevalence of HIV-AIDS in Tangerang City—an industrial area, continues to increase. The increase may be caused by location of Tangerang which is directly bordered to Jakarta and having similar geographical and demographical characteristics to Jakarta. At the same time, there is a significant increase of drugs distribution and abuse. This study aims at investigating the relationship between injection-drug-user (IDU) teenager’s characteristics and HIV-AIDS high risk behavior in Ciledug Sub-district, Tangerang City in 2007. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey conducted among 206 samples of IDU teenagers age 15-24 years old using questionnare administered in face-to-face interview. The study results show that HIV-AIDS risk behavior prevalence reached 55,3% among respondents and there were 8 variables with significant relationship (p < 0,05). Those 8 variables were knowledge, age, education level, economic status, parent status, parental care pattern, living environment, and outside home activity. The most dominant variable was knowledge where teenagers with low level of knowledge has 6,9 times higher risk of having HIV-AIDS risk behavior compared to those with higher level of knowledge.
Pemanfaatan Pos Pelayanan Terpadu di Perumahan Pondok Cilegon Indah Raharyanti, Fenny; Jubaedi, Ahmad; Feriyanto, Feriyanto
Kesmas Vol. 3, No. 2
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Pos Pelayanan Terpadu (Posyandu) yang pada periode pemerintahan orde baru populer dan berkontribusi besar pada kesehatan ibu dan anak, kini meredup dan mengalami penurunan peran. Ketika kasus-kasus bayi kurang gizi bermunculan, banyak pihak yang menyadari bahwa posyandu merupakan faktor yang berkontribusi pada perbaikan gizi balita. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui keberadaan posyandu, pengetahuan dan kesadaran ibu balita, membawa balita ke posyandu, keaktifan kader menghidupkan posyandu, dan kelayakan fasilitas pendukung Posyandu di komplek Perumahan Pondok Cilegon Indah dengan karakteristik sosial ekonomi penduduk yang beragam. Penelitian yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2006 mengamati populasi ibu balita dan kader bermukim di PCI dan mengikuti kegiatan posyandu yang telah dijadwalkan pada bulan Desember 2006. Ditemukan bahwa keberadaan Posyandu di Pondok Cilegon Indah masih dipertahankan hingga kini.Tingkat kemampuan ibu menerima penjelasan posyandu cukup baik, tetapi kesadaran ibu membawa balita ke posyandu rendah. Keaktifan kader menghidupkan kegiatan posyandu cukup baik dan kelayakan fasilitas pendukung program posyandu masih terbatas pada pelayanan posyandu minimal. Posyandu is a community-based health care program to improve the quality of life in Indonesia. This research is conducted to study the roles of posyandu in a community unit by observing the awareness of mothers and their satisfaction on the program activities and the quality of services provided. The community unit observed in this research is the one in Pondok Cilegon Indah Housing Complex (PCI) which consists of people with various income levels. This research is a descriptive study with a survey design which was conducted in December 2006 at PCI. The population is mothers living in the housing complex who are involved in the posyandu program activities. Samples are taken from two posyandu groups. Results show that posyandu programs in PCI have been beneficial since its inception in 1990. However, the number of mothers actively involved in the programs is of small portion compared with the total number of residents in the housing complex. Satisfaction on the programs is incredibly high, even though the services provided are quite limited to children weight monitoring, health food provision, vitamin A distribution, and children immunization.
Kehamilan Pranikah Remaja di Kabupaten Sumedang Omarsari, Sri Dwi; Djuwita, Ratna
Kesmas Vol. 3, No. 2
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Kehamilan pranikah remaja adalah fenomena kehidupan remaja yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan reproduksi secara fisik, mental dan sosial serta komplikasi dan kematian ibu dan bayi. Secara psikososial, remaja dapat terkucil, merasa malu, depresi, putus sekolah, sulit bekerja, miskin dan menambah pertumbuhan penduduk. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui gambaran epidemiologi dan faktor determinan dengan kehamilan pranikah remaja di Kabupaten Sumedang. Rancangan studi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah rancangan studi cross sectional. Penelitian ini menemukan prevalensi kehamilan pranikah remaja di Kabupaten Sumedang tinggi (40,5%). Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kehamilan pranikah remaja meliputi usia ketika hamil, frekuensi pacaran, pola asuh orang tua, keutuhan pernikahan orang tua dan keterpaparan teman. Disarankan untuk melakukan peningkatan metoda pelayanan kesehatan reproduksi dan seksualitas dikalangan remaja, menambah jumlah kader remaja (peer educator) melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan. Meningkatkan keterlibatan orang tua mendampingi remaja melalui masa transisi kehidupan, mendirikan pusat konsultasi dan youth centre. Pre-marital pregnancy among teenagers is one phenomenon occurred in adolescent’s life that can affect the reproductive health status physically, mentally and socially. It causes complication leading to death risk for both mother and her infant. Psycho-socially, teenagers could be isolated, felt ashamed, deppressed, being dropped out of school, difficult to find job, sunk into poverty, and increase population growth rate. This research objective is to describe the epidemiologic situation of pre-marital pregnancy among teenagers and to investigate its determinant factors in Sumedang District. This research found prevalence of pre-marital pregnancy of 40.5%. There are several factors related to pre-marital preganncy, that is, age, frequency of having a dating relationship, parental control, success of parental marriage, and peer exposure. Parental control has the highest OR of 2,90. Based on this research it is suggested to improve reproductive health services including teenage sexual education, to increase the number of peer educator through adequate education and training, and to improve parent’s involvement to accompany their teenagers through difficult phase of life’s transition, and to establish consultation for teenager center.
Filariasis Limfatik di Kelurahan Pabean Kota Pekalongan Ramadhani, Tri
Kesmas Vol. 3, No. 2
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Filariasis limfatik masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia, khususnya di Kota Pekalongan. Hal ini ditandai dengan semakin meningkatnya angka mikrofilaria dan perluasan daerah dengan kasus filariasis limfatik.Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui situasi filariasis limfatik di Kelurahan Pabean Kota Pekalongan. Penelitian ini meliputi penduduk dan agent, dalam periode sekitar enam bulan (Juli-Desember 2007) dengan disain studi cross sectional. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pemeriksaan klinis, survei darah jari dan identifikasi parasit penyebab filariasis limfatik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan angka mikrofilaria (3,4) angka kesakitan akut filaria (0,4 %) yang tinggi, tetapi angka kesakitan kronis filaria rendah (0,00 %). Parasit penyebab filariasis di Kelurahan Pabean adalah jenis Wuchereria bancrofti dengan kepadatan rerata mikrofilaria yang tinggi. Pengendalian filariasis limfatik di Kelurahan Pabean perlu dilakukan dengan pengobatan massal dan perubahan perilaku masyarakat. Lymphatic filariasis is still being a public health problem in Indonesia, especially in Pekalongan district. This problem marked by the increasing rate of microfilaria and areas with lymphatic filariasis. The aim of this study is to know the epidemiologic situation of lymphatic filariasis in Pabean village Pekalongan district. The research was a cross-sectional design and covered host and agent within the period of July-Desember 2007. Data were collected through clinical survey of acute and chronic filariasis symptoms, blood survey and identification of lymphatic filariasis parasite. The result showed that microfilaremia rate was 3,4%, acute disease rate (ADR) 0,4 % and the chronic disease rate (CDR) 0,00 %. The average of microfilaria density in 1 ml blood was 465,63. Based on microfilaremia identification in the blood, the lymphatic filariasis agent in Pabean village is Wuchereria bancrofti type. Lymphatic filariasis control in Pabean village need to focused on Mass Drug Administration (MDA) and community behavior for healthy life.

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