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Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27760685     DOI : https://doi.org/10.15294/jstrp
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy is open access, peer-reviewed journal published by Pharmaceutical Science Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia. The journal publishes only papers describing original findings and review articles of all aspects in developing the field of pharmaceutical science and technology.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Ilmu Farmasi
Articles 30 Documents
 1   2   3 
Optimisation of SSG (Sodium Starch Glycolate) and Avicel PH 102 in the Formula of Orally Disintegrating Acetaminophen Tablets by Simplex Lattice Design Method Oktaviani Himmayatin Nisaa; Tri Minarsih
Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jstrp.v5i2.27572

Abstract

Background: ODT acetaminophen tablets are an alternative drug therapy for patients who have difficulty in swallowing tablets or capsules. Additional ingredients that play an important role in the ODT tablet formula are disintegrants. The disintegrants used in this study were avicel ph 102 and SSG. The use of disintegrants can help increase the dissolution rate and accelerate the destruction time. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum formula of ODT acetaminophen tablets and analyse the effect of SSG and avicel ph 102 on dissolution and disintegration time. Material and Methods: Determination of acetaminophen ODT tablet formula was carried out running in design expert software with the simplex latice design method. Preparation of ODT acetaminophen tablets was carried out by direct felting. The evaluation of ODT acetaminophen tablets was IPC physical evaluation, determination of content, and dissolution. Determination of the optimum formula was done by simplex latice design method. Results: The results showed that all ODT acetaminophen tablet formulas fulfilled all the requirements of the IPC test, physical evaluation, dissolution, and determination of levels according to the Pharmacopoeia VI edition standards. Formula 3 produced the fastest disintegration time of 3 minutes, but the dissolution rate of 100% was reached in the 15th minute. It is suspected that gel formation in the SSG swelling mechanism slowed down the dissolution rate. While formulas 1, 2, and 4 which have a longer disintegration time reached >80% dissolution in the 10th minute. Conclusion: The optimum formula results with the simplex latice design method were SSG 8% and avicel ph 102 7%.  Avicel ph 102 and SSG had the effect of accelerating the destruction time and slowing down the dissolution rate.
Formulation of Lip Balm from Nanoparticles of Beetroot Extract (Beta vulgaris L) and Testing of Sunscreen Activity Nabila Meilani Dewi; Senda Kartika Rakainsa
Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jstrp.v5i2.29588

Abstract

Background: As a tropical country, Indonesia faces the risk of skin damage due to year-round sun exposure, including on the lips, which are susceptible to UV effects such as dryness, cracking, and hyperpigmentation. This study utilizes the betacyanin content in beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.)—a phenolic compound with photoprotective properties that can counteract UV free radicals. This study applies nanotechnology through the formulation of beetroot extract nanoparticles to optimize sunscreen activity. Aim: This study aims to evaluate and compare the sunscreen activity between lip balm formulations containing beetroot extract nanoparticles and beetroot extract lip balm formulations, as well as to determine the extent of the effectiveness of nanoparticle-based lip balm in providing protection against UV rays. Materials and Methods: This study extracted beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) using the maceration method with 96% ethanol, yielding a concentrated extract (yield 34%) with a dark red color. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics (20 mg GAE/g), tannins, and alkaloids in beetroot. The nanoparticle extract was successfully formulated with a size of 1.05 nm (PDI 0.403) and a zeta potential of -21.0 mV. Among the seven lip balm formulations, F6 (30% nanoextract) demonstrated the best performance with an SPF of 25.25 (ultra category), %Te of 0.26%, and %Tp of 0.61%, as well as optimal physical stability (homogeneous, melting point 70°C, pH 4.5–6.5). The nanoextract formulas (F4–F6) significantly outperformed conventional extracts (F1–F3) in sunscreen activity, demonstrating the effectiveness of nanotechnology in enhancing UV protection. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that beetroot nanoparticle extracts have potential as an effective and safe natural sunscreen lip balm for lip protection
Antidiabetic and Antihyperuricemic Activities of Salak Madu (Salacca edulis Reinw) Peel Extract in Alloxan- and High-Purine Diet-Induced Mice Dzulrifaad Ubaidillah Al Afza; Neli Syahida Ni'ma
Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jstrp.v5i2.29856

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by impaired carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Hyperuricemia is a condition in which serum uric‑acid levels exceed normal values, namely > 7.0 mg/dL in men and > 6.0 mg/dL in women. Both antidiabetic and antihyperuricemic therapies can be administered pharmacologically and non‑pharmacologically; however, synthetic drugs often produce undesirable side effects. Concerns regarding these adverse effects have led many people to favour herbal remedies that are perceived as safer, one of which is the Salak Madu fruit. Salak Madu (Salacca edulis Reinw.), an emerging premium variety cultivated in Sleman, Yogyakarta, is rich in flavonoids with potential antihyperglycaemic and antihyperuricaemic properties. The present study evaluated the antidiabetic and antihyperuricemic activities of Salak Madu peel extract in vivo using alloxan‑induced and high‑purine‑diet mouse models. Mice were observed over 14 days and treated orally with peel extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW). On day 14, the 100 and 200 mg/kg BW doses produced significant reductions in blood‑glucose levels (P < 0.05), indicating a marked antihyperglycaemic effect in hyperglycaemic mice. For serum uric‑acid reduction, significant effects were observed on day 7 at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg BW (P < 0.05), demonstrating a pronounced antihyperuricemic action in hyperuricemic mice.
Comparison of Lead (Pb) Content Analysis Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry with Wet and Dry Destruction Methods in Body Lotion Preparations in Semarang City Muhammad Shidqi Naufal Athalla; Endah Widhihastuti
Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jstrp.v5i2.31998

Abstract

Many body lotions are found in circulation without a BPOM RI registration number, which can raise concerns about lead metal contamination. The lead metal content in body lotion can be sourced from the raw material, namely water. Lead metal levels in water range from 0,011 mg/L to 0,076 mg/L. Determination of lead levels uses an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry instrument. The requirement for analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry is that the sample must be in solution form, so a destruction process is necessary because the body lotion sample is in semi-solid form. This study aims to compare two commonly used destruction methods, namely wet and dry destruction. The methodology in this study consists of qualitative analysis, method validation, and quantitative analysis. The test results with qualitative analysis showed negative lead metal content. The results of the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method validation were: linearity (R2) of 0,9999; LoD of 0,024 mg/L; LoQ of 0,080 mg/L; precision (%RSD) of 0,61%; accuracy (%Recovery) of 100,09% with quantitative results of the percentage of wet digestion sample content, results were: 1,2264 ± 2,96%; 1,7687 ± 4,24%; 1,5036 ± 3,75%; 1,1807 ± 2,92%; and 1,5606 ± 3,88%. This can happen because the wet destruction method is better to use than the dry destruction method which can be seen from the %Recovery.
The Effect of Alginate-Chitosan/Quaternary Chitosan Concentration on The Release of Propolis (Tetragonula Spp.) in Hydrogel Wound Dressings Iqbal Nugroho; Priskilla Meliana Hutahaean; Melania Diu; Aulya Indah Purwanty; Annisa Aulia Savitri
Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jstrp.v5i2.35129

Abstract

The increasing incidence of acute and chronic wounds globally requires the development of effective wound dressings. This study aims to formulate and analyze the release profile of propolis extract (Tetragonula spp.), which has potential biological activity for wound healing, from a hydrogel wound dressing (HWD) based on alginate-chitosan/quaternary chitosan biocomposite as a delivery system that can control its release. Propolis extract, which has been tested positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids, was formulated into four HWD formulas (F1-F4) with varying ratios using the solvent casting method. The results of the release test in PBS medium at pH 7.4 at 37 C for 48 hours showed that all formulas produced a gradual release. The results of the One-Way ANOVA test on the final cumulative release showed no statistically significant differences (p>0.05). However, descriptively, Formula F2 (4% alginate-8% quaternary chitosan) showed the highest release percentage (99.85%) with the most stable rate, followed by F4 (98.71%), while F3 with high chitosan showed the lowest percentage (86.65%). The best release kinetics analysis followed the Higuchi model (R² ≥ 0.95), indicating that the release mechanism was controlled by diffusion. It was concluded that variations in the alginate and chitosan/quaternary chitosan ratios affected the release pattern and rate, and Formula F2 with a balanced ratio produced an optimal controlled release profile, making it the most ideal candidate for further development as a therapeutic hydrogel wound dressing.
Extraction, Yield, and Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic Extract of Red Algae (Gracilaria gracilis) Zendha Mauleedya Kesuma Sagara
Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jstrp.v6i1.49157

Abstract

Red algae (Gracilaria gracilis) is a marine macroalgae (Rhodophyta) widely distributed along Indonesian coastal waters, recognized for its diverse secondary metabolites with pharmacological potential. This study aimed to determine the extraction yield and identify secondary metabolite classes in the 96% ethanolic extract of G. gracilis obtained by maceration. Dried algal simplicia (1,500 g) was macerated with 96% ethanol (1:5 w/v) for 3 × 24 h with periodic agitation, filtered through Whatman No. 42, and concentrated using a rotary vacuum evaporator at 40 °C. Phytochemical screening was performed qualitatively for flavonoids (Mg/HCl), alkaloids (Mayer reagent), phenolics (FeCl₃ 5%), steroids (Liebermann–Burchard), saponins (foam stability), and tannins (FeCl₃ 1%). Maceration yielded 84.3 g of thick extract (yield: 5.62%). Flavonoids, phenolics, steroids, saponins, and tannins were confirmed present; alkaloids were not detected. These findings establish a phytochemical baseline for G. gracilis, supporting further bioactivity studies and pharmaceutical development of this species.
Identification of Secondary Metabolites in Guava Leaf Extract (Psidium guajava L.) Maoliani Nurul Fitri Fitri
Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jstrp.v6i1.49213

Abstract

Guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) are known for their significant potential as a natural therapy for diabetes due to their bioactive compound content. This study sought to determine the secondary metabolite chemicals present in the ethanolic extract of guava leaves sourced from Tegal, Central Java, via phytochemical analysis. The extraction process employed the maceration method, utilizing 96% ethanol as the solvent. The screening of phytochemicals includes assays for tannins, saponins, steroids/terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids. However, the steroid test yielded a negative result. These findings indicate that guava leaves are a rich source of active compounds, particularly flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which are believed to play a role in lowering blood glucose levels.
Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Gel Mask Based on Wild Honeybees (Apis dorsata) Honey Nanoparticles Againts Propionibacterium acnes Dwi Salsabilla Putri; Dyah Mahendrasari Sukendra
Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jstrp.v6i1.59061

Abstract

Acne is a skin condition caused by the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes. Honey from the Asian honeybee (Apis dorsata) is known to possess antibacterial activity that can be enhanced through nanoparticle technology. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of Asian honeybee honey and honey nanoparticles against Propionibacterium acnes, the characteristics of the nanoparticles, and the antibacterial activity of a honey nanoparticle-based gel mask in inhibiting the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. Honey nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation method with chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (Na-TPP), then formulated into a gel mask at concentrations of 25%, 35%, and 45%. Antibacterial activity was determined through Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) testing, while nanoparticle characterization included particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. The results showed that wild forest honey had an MIC of 25% and an MBC of 50%, while the honey nanoparticles had an MIC of 6.25% and an MBC of 12.5%. The resulting nanoparticles had a particle size of 137.37 nm, a PDI value of 0.329, and a zeta potential of +32.73 mV. The evaluation results showed that all formulations met the physical requirements for the preparation, with formulation F3 (45%) exhibiting the best antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. Wild bee honey nanoparticles exhibit higher antibacterial activity than wild bee honey. The increased antibacterial activity of the honey nanoparticles is thought to be due to their smaller particle size, which enhances the penetration of bioactive compounds and the interaction of chitosan amino groups with bacterial cell membranes. Based on these results, wild bee honey nanoparticles formulated into a gel mask have the potential to serve as a topical preparation with antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes.
Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Method for the Quantitative Determination of Caffeine in Rat Plasma for In Vivo Bioanalysis Amelia Dyah; Tri Minarsih
Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jstrp.v6i1.59120

Abstract

Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed methylxanthine compounds and is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream following oral administration. Quantitative analysis of caffeine in biological matrices requires a selective and validated analytical method because blood plasma contains numerous endogenous compounds that may interfere with the analysis. This study aimed to develop, validate, and apply a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the quantitative determination of caffeine in rat plasma following in vivo oral administration. This/’  experimental laboratory study was conducted by optimizing the mobile phase composition using distilled water and methanol at ratios of 50:50, 60:40, and 70:30 (v/v), with ultraviolet (UV) detection. The optimized chromatographic conditions were evaluated through a system suitability test and validated in accordance with the FDA Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidance, including linearity, precision, accuracy, selectivity, limit of detection (LoD), and limit of quantification (LoQ). The validated method was subsequently applied to determine plasma caffeine concentrations at 1, 2, and 3 hours after oral administration in rats. The optimized mobile phase, consisting of distilled water and methanol (50:50, v/v), produced satisfactory chromatographic separation and fulfilled all system suitability criteria. The method demonstrated excellent linearity, with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.9973 based on peak area and 0.9986 based on peak height. The precision test yielded a %RSD of 1.454%, while the accuracy test showed recovery values of 105.67%, 100.19%, and 104.96%. The average chromatographic resolution was 2.17, whereas the LoD and LoQ were 0.38 mg/L and 1.15 mg/L, respectively. The mean plasma caffeine concentrations were 2.54 mg/L at 1 hour, 1.79 mg/L at 2 hours, and 1.43 mg/L at 3 hours after oral administration. The developed HPLC method fulfilled the validation criteria and proved to be reliable for the quantitative determination of caffeine in rat plasma. Therefore, this method is suitable for in vivo pharmacokinetic and bioanalytical studies involving caffeine.
Effect of the Chemical Stability of Betalains and Anthocyanins as Colorants in Cosmetic Formulations Nurista Dida Ayuningtyas
Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jstrp.v6i1.62222

Abstract

The use of natural pigments as color correctors in cosmetics is on the rise as demand for safe and sustainable ingredients grows. This article examines the chemical stability (pH, temperature, light) that affects the oxidation and degradation of betalains in beets and dragon fruit, and anthocyanins in blackcurrants, mangosteen peel, and black rice. Review methods involved a literature review of journal articles from the past 10 years, focusing on stability with respect to pH, temperature, light, and the chemical structure of the pigments, using Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, and PubMed. The results show that betalains from beets and dragon fruit have high color intensity and strong antioxidant activity but are sensitive to high temperatures and UV light. Anthocyanins from blackcurrants, mangosteen peel, and black rice are more stable at acidic pH levels but degrade at neutral–alkaline pH levels, high temperatures, and under light exposure. It is concluded that natural pigments have potential as cosmetic colorants but require stabilization techniques such as encapsulation and pH adjustment.

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