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INDONESIA
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas
Published by LEMIGAS
ISSN : 20893361     EISSN : 25410520     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Energy
The Scientific Contributions for Oil and Gas is the official journal of the Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS for the dissemination of information on research activities, technology engineering development and laboratory testing in the oil and gas field. Manuscripts in English are accepted from all in any institutions, college and industry oil and gas throughout the country and overseas.
Arjuna Subject : Energi (semua kategori) - Teknologi Bahan Bakar
Articles 619 Documents
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INTEGRATION OF GEOLOGY AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERING ASPECTS FOR CARBONATES ROCK TYPING Andy Setyo Wibowo
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 36 No 1 (2013)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.36.1.650

Abstract

Carbonate rocks are highly heterogeneous. That which leads to rock typing of carbonate rocks is noteasy to do even by integrating static and dynamic properties of rocks. In accordance with the defi nition ofrock types that are commonly used, rocks or parts of rocks that have been deposited in the same environmentand experienced similar diagenetic process have similar physical characteristics, such as grain orrock fabric texture, pore geometry and structure pores, then the characters that will be used as the basisfor determining rock types. The use of rock fabric has been performed by many previous researchers. Whilethe use of attributes in the rock pores typing is still limited and more emphasis on engineering purposes.The objective of this study is to integrate all three of these characteristics in the determination ofrock typing. Theories that have been established and related to fl uid fl ow in capillaries and porousmedia that will be used to characterize the pore geometry and pore structure. Furthermore, thecharacteristics of the geological evidence will be conducted using core description, petrographyand other data to obtain the relationship between aspects engineering and aspects geology inaccordance with concept or defi nition of rock type in question. In rock typing, permeability and porosity characterize the pore geometry and pore structure. This study proves that there is a strongrelationship between the characteristics of the detail geological and architecture pores. Thus,the resulting methodologies rock typing can be universal with respect to aspects of geology andpetroleum engineering.
A NEW APPROACH OF COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION FOR A VOLATILE OIL RESERVOIR MODELING Ego Syahrial
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 33 No 1 (2010)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.33.1.658

Abstract

This paper proposes a new compositional simulation approach for a volatile oil reservoirmodelling. The proposed formulation has an implicit equation for the oil-phase pressureand water saturation, an explicit equation for the hydrocarbon saturation, and explicitequation for the overall composition of each hydrocarbon component that satisfiesthermodynamic equilibrium. An Equation of State for phase equilibrium and property calculationsis used in this new formulation. Interfacial tension effects are included in thisapproach to characterise the thermodynamically dynamic nature of the relative permeability.A two-dimensional relative permeability algorithm is included which handles lumpedhydrocarbon phase hydrocarbon phase as well as individual phase flows. For each gridblock two equations are required, namely total hydrocarbon and water-phase flow equations.These equations are highly non-linear and they are linearised by using Newton-Raphson method. The resulting equations are solved by an efficient Conjugate Gradientbased iterative technique to obtain pressures and saturations simultaneously, and hydrocarbon-phase saturations are deduced from their respective equations.The new compositional simulation approach is validated through analytical and numericalmethods. It is demonstrated in this present paper that the results are comparedfavourably with analytical techniques and published numerical results. They also confirmthat the proposed codified formulation is unconditionally stable and it is as stable as fullycompositional model yet the computational cost reduction was substantial.
RESERVOIR QUALITY REDUCTION CAUSED BY CLAY INDUCED DUCTILITY Junita Trivianty Musu; Bambang Widarsono
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 33 No 1 (2010)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.33.1.659

Abstract

Ductile components including rock fragments, clay, and matrix material are often consideredas the most important factors that control quality of shaly sandstones, which are usually characterized by low porosity and permeability. In presence of ductile components, the degree of quality reduction is affected mainly by distribution, occurences, and amounts of the ductile components. Therefore, the presence of ductile components affects rock petrophysics, and consequently has effect on fluid movements in reservoir during production. This paper presents results of the study on plug samples taken from five wells from various fields in Cooper Basin (Tirrawarra Sand), South Australia. The samples were studied petrographically using x-ray diffraction, optical petrography, and scanning electrone microscope. The results were integrated with routine and special core analysis data. The overall results show that the distribution and the amount of ductile components have significantly reduced porosity, hence the quality of the reservoir. However, the effect is different for different types of porosity, and this certainly is valuable addition to our understanding over permeability behavior of shaly sandstones.
Indonesia‘s Refining Developments: Future Prospects and Challenges Maizar Rahman
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 33 No 2 (2010)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.33.2.660

Abstract

Since 1994 Indonesia has not built any new refineries due to the economic crisis in1998, which was followed by political reform. Last year Indonesia had imported more than400 thousand bpd (barrel per day) of petroleum products. On the supply side, Pertamina’srefinery capacity of 1,050 thousand bpd produces only up to 750 thousand bpd of petroleumfuels or 68 % of domestic consumption.A study has been conducted on the refining development in Indonesia up to year 2030.According to a projection based on reference scenario, in year 2030 Indonesia will consume2.60 million bpd of petroleum fuels. If security of supply approach is taken intoconsideration, Indonesia will require 3 million bpd of total refinery capacity. New refineriesproducing additional 2 million bpd have to be constructed in order to fulfill domesticdemand for petroleum fuels. The additional new refineries would then be on-stream one byone with 300 thousand bpd of capacity starting from year 2015, and would be built nearconsumers’ area or close to the existing refineries.As the margin of new refinery is not high enough, appropriate strategies such as optimumconfiguration, synergy to utilize possible supporting resources should be taken intoconsideration, while Indonesian government should also offers better incentives in orderto make the project economically feasible.
Application of New Compositional Simulation Approach to Model Gravity Segregation In Volatile Oil Reservoirs Ego Syahrial
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 33 No 3 (2010)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.33.3.661

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the recovery performance of gas injection from volatile oilreservoirs. Cross-sectional reservoir studies for investigating the gravity segregation duringdepletion and gas cycling in volatile oil reservoirs is discussed. Furthermore the effectsof vertical permeability on gravity segregation in a homogeneous and horizontal reservoirsare investigated.A new efficient compositional simulation approach was used in this study to investigatethe influence of gravity segregation and their magnitude in the case of lean gas injectioninto a volatile oil reservoir. The new compositional simulation approach was validatedthrough analytical and numerical methods, and it is unconditionally stable and as stableas fully compositional model.The results show that an increase in vertical to horizontal permeability ratios results inan increase in the effect of gravity segregation and yield early gas breakthrough. On theother hand, the smaller the permeability ratios (vertical to horizontal), better are the recoveriesdue to resulting even layer sweeps. Gravity forces have a considerable effect onvolatile oil recovery via gas injection and the need for determining not only the fluidcharacteristics but also the reservoir heterogeneities was significant.
Performance Test Of Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel On a Small Mono-Cylinder 5 Kva Diesel Generator Riesta Anggarani; Cahyo S Wibowo; Maymuchar Maymuchar
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 36 No 2 (2013)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.36.2.662

Abstract

Demand of diesel fuel for villagers in rural area of Indonesia is getting higher recently. Electricity and diesel fuel shortage are forcing them to find alternative energy sources for their activities. One of the promising energy sources is Calophyllum inophyllum, which commonly grow in low-land and coastal region. In present work, methyl ester obtained from Calophyllum inophyllum were used on a 5 kVA diesel generator, pure and in 50% blend with commercial diesel fuel which also used pure as reference. A performance test cycle for each fuel was conducted with the aim of taking data of cold and warm start up time, fuel consumption, and exhaust gas emission. In the analysis of cold and warm start up time test result, it revealed that 50% blended of diesel fuel and Calophyllum inophyllum increases both cold and warm start up time when compared to pure diesel fuel and the time got higher for pure Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel. In the result of fuel consumption, 50% blended fuel increases fuel consumption for 10.8% whereas pure biodiesel increases 16.8% fuel consumption. Analysis on the exhaust gas emission resulted that the use of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel and its blend decrease the CO2 emission while CO and HC emission increases. The NOx emission and the opacity of exhaust gas increase for biodiesel blend, similar results were also obtained for pure biodiesel.
Heavy Oil Seapage Characteristic in Cipari Area, Banyumas Central Java Jonathan Setyoko Hadimuljono; Desi Yensusnimar
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 44 No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.44.3.709

Abstract

Oil seepage in Cipari, Banyumas, Central Java, has long been known. Although, Its occurrence had been reported in several publications, it's properties and characteristic, have not been explained in detail. Therefore, through field geology observation and laboratory analysis, this paper attempts to describe the oil seep characteristic, possible source rock origin, and its relationship with geological features in the surrounding area. Picnometer analysis resulted that this oil seep can be classified as heavy oil with 12n API Gravity. Gas Chromatography (GC) & Gas Chromatography Mass Spectometry (GCMS) analysis revealed that Cipari oil seep is heavily biodegraded. Possible source rock of the oil seep was interpreted based on bicadinane and oleanane biomarkers, which indicated that source was deposited in fluvio-deltaic/transitional environment. Based on regional geology reference of Banyumas sub-Basin, it is inferred that the source rocks possibly shale or claystone of Paleogene sediment which was thermally mature, and deposited in transition to marine environment. Deep seated fault that extent from Majenang to Karangbolong areas is probably the main migration pathway of the oil seepage from the kitchen or deep reservoir to the surface. The Cipari anticline outcrop, which associated with faults and fractures, become the place where the oil seep occurs in the surface. Heavy biodegradation of the oil seep may possibly be accelerated by hydrothermal system during migration from the reservoir/kitchen area to the surface.
Geochemical Properties of Heavy Oil in Central Sumatra Basin Desi Yensusnimar
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 44 No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.44.3.710

Abstract

Heavyoilcommonly occurs due to biodegradation, whichmade the lighter fractiondisappears and then leaves the heavier fraction. Heavy oil is characterized by asphaltic, solid, and viscous because it contains asphalthene. Chemically, heavy oils contain fewer hydrogen atoms than light oils. Bulk properties ofheavy oil in addition to having a specific gravity of less than 25° API gravity, high viscosity, and often contain (concentration) of heavy metals (vanadium, nickel) which is higher than light oil (normal oil). Geochemical analysis based on the gas chromatography (GC) chromatogram of heavy oil in the Central Sumatra Basin shows a different pattern. The chromatogram pattern eliminates the light molecular fractions of the compounds in biodegraded oil and tar sand/bitumen. According to their geochemical properties, there are 4 (four) types of heavy oil in the Central Sumatra Basin namely: Type l come from shallow reservoir, water wash, and full biodegradation/all alkane depleted); Type 2 come from shallow reservoir, meteoric water, and light biodegradation, only low molecular weight alkane depleted); Type 3 come from deep reservoir, vertical gravity segregation, decreased weight fraction, can be caused by oil conditions in thick reservoirs, covered by impermeable lithology and usually located on the edge of the field (flank). Type 4 which contains medium-heavy oil (27°API) and is difficult to produce.
Feasibility Study and Technical Optimization by Implementing Steam Flooding for the Field Development Plan of A Heavy-Oil Field in Yemen Mohammed Sheikh Salem Al-Attas; Amega Yasutra
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 44 No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.44.3.711

Abstract

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) applications are highly recommended and required in Yemen to maintain stable levels of oil production. The field selected for this research is located in Yemen, where relatively- thin sandstone reservoirs are dominant at moderate depths. The reservoir is highly undersaturated with an API gravity of 14.2 and a very low solution gas-oil ratio (GOR), initial oil viscosity (uo) of 420 cP. The reservoir is naturally producing with the support of a strong water drive at the bottom, however, the increase in water cut poses a disadvantage for this reservoir. Over time, the oil production will decline and development plans will be required to improve the oil recovery. This research aims to optimize oil recovery factor and the interest in the overall project economy by evaluating the optimization of the steam flood process based on the Stochastic analysis with the highest recovery factor (RF) and the highest net present value (NPV) objective functions. Two optimization techniques have been used to perform the data analysis, deterministic and stochastic approaches. The deterministic approach is carried out by direct analysis on the results of the technical optimization method using the CMG reservoir simulator, while the stochastic approach uses the simulation results from the deterministic approach to determine the most influencing parameter in the steam flood process as well as to optimize the infill and injection wells location, number of steam injection wells and the steam injection rate with the highest oil RF and highest NPV. In this field development using deterministic approach, two producer wells are converted into injector wells. The RF for this initial scenario is 52,34%, and the NPV is 33.10 MM$/STB. For the second scenario using Stochastic approach, CMOST optimization using the maximum RF objective function resulted in RF of 61.33%, and NPV of 43.00 MMS/STB. Finally for the third scenario using CMOST optimization with the maximum NPV objective function resulted in RF of 57.29%, and an NPV of 53.86 MMS/STB. The Stochastic approach with maximum NPV objective function provides the most favorable scenario to be used in the development of Field "AR". And the optimization using the stochastic approach also produces faster, optimum, and more accurate results than the deterministic approach since it forecast a variety of probable results by running thousands of reservoir simulations using many various estimations of economic conditions.
Tubing Strength Evaluation and Failure Assessment for Reactivation of Well PDD-2 as Steam Injector Well Steven Chandra; Wijoyo Niti Daton; Mohammad Hafidz Setiawan
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 44 No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.44.3.712

Abstract

Many old oil wells still exist in Indonesia, some of those wells has been shut in due to several reasons, two of those reasons are: the oil production that declines significantly and weak well integrity so that the well cannot withstand obstructions that occur during production. To maintain and boost Indonesia's oil production, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods can be applied in mature fields. One of EOR methods that has the most extensive application is steam flooding, in which the fluid is injected continuously to drive the oil from injector to producer. This EOR method is a successful method to increase heavy-oil production.The application of steam flooding, most notably in older wells presents itself with possible well integrity problem. Steam flooding well has a very high risk of casing and tubing failure that caused by the loads from burst, collapse, tension, and thermal effect due to the high temperature steam that can decrease the rating of casing or tubing. Hence, this study focuses on evaluating tubing's strength on the existing well whether the tubing is applicable for steam flooding or must be replaced. In this study, a tubing strength evaluation of well PDD-2 for steam flooding method will be discussed. Tubing strength evaluation consists of two stage. The first stage is evaluation due to burst, collapse, and tension loads and the other stage is evaluation due to thermal effects of injected steam. Well PDD-2 has K-55 tubing with 3.5 inch OD, burst rating of 7,947.5 psi, collapse rating of 7,052.9 psi, and tension rating of 160,262 Ibf. Based on the evaluation result, this existing K-55 tubing still be able to withstand the loads from burst, collapse, tension, and thermal effects. Hence, the reactivation of Well PDD-2 as steam injector well can be done without replacing or upgrading the tubing.

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