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Articles 113 Documents
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Evaluation of Economics Efficiency of Yam Production in Wukari Local Government Area of Taraba State P. J. Tsokwa
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 3 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i3.12027

Abstract

Improving resource-use efficiency is essential for enhancing the profitability and sustainability of yam production. This study assessed the costs and returns and evaluated the technical and economic efficiency of yam production in Wukari Local Government Area, Taraba State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 120 yam farmers selected through a multistage sampling procedure and analyzed using net farm income analysis and stochastic frontier models. The results indicate that yam production was profitable, generating an average gross margin of ₦217,441.67, with a total variable cost of ₦628,830.25 and a return of ₦0.30 per naira invested. Seed represented the largest variable-cost component (49%), followed by labour (38%). The stochastic production frontier yielded a gamma estimate of 0.87, indicating that 87% of the composite-error variance was attributable to technical inefficiency. The economic efficiency analysis similarly attributed 92% of the observed variation to differences in farmers’ economic efficiency. Farm size, seed quantity, fertilizer application, and labour positively influenced yam output, whereas agrochemical use had a negative association, suggesting possible overapplication or inappropriate use. Educational attainment, household size, farming experience, and age significantly reduced economic inefficiency, demonstrating the importance of farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics and human capital. The study concludes that although yam production in the study area is profitable, considerable scope remains for improving technical and economic efficiency through more effective resource allocation, greater access to credit, and the adoption of improved farming practices. These findings provide empirical guidance for policies that prioritize subsidized production inputs, strengthened agricultural extension services, farmer education, and expanded credit access to improve the productivity and sustainability of yam production.
Roles of Free Radicals in Human Health and Aging Ogana Moses Miracle; Isaac John Umaru
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 3 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i3.12061

Abstract

Free radicals are highly reactive chemical species containing one or more unpaired electrons that exert context-dependent effects on human physiology and disease. Although controlled levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species support cellular signalling, immune defence, and vascular regulation, their excessive production relative to antioxidant defences disrupts redox homeostasis and induces oxidative stress. This review synthesizes evidence on the sources, biological functions, and pathological effects of free radicals, with particular attention to their roles in human health and aging. It examines endogenous generation within mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum, together with exogenous sources such as radiation and environmental pollutants. The evidence indicates that excessive free-radical activity damages DNA, proteins, and lipids and contributes to processes associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, kidney dysfunction, and viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nevertheless, the physiological benefits of moderate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species concentrations demonstrate that these species are not inherently harmful and that their biological effects depend on concentration, location, and cellular context. The free radical theory of aging remains contested because available evidence both supports and challenges oxidative damage as a primary determinant of aging. Antioxidants, particularly flavonoids and vitamins, may mitigate oxidative injury; however, their effectiveness in delaying aging or disease progression remains inconclusive. This review underscores the need to understand free radicals within the broader framework of redox homeostasis rather than solely as harmful agents. It contributes a balanced synthesis of their beneficial and detrimental roles and highlights the need for further research to establish the efficacy and safety of natural antioxidant-based interventions.
Effects of Locally Formulated Diets on Growth Performance, Feed Efficiency and Behavioural Responses of Indigenous Pigs in Benue State, Nigeria: A Pilot Study Iorgema U.C.; Mbakwe K.N.
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 3 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i3.12234

Abstract

The high cost of commercial feed constrains pig production among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. This pilot study evaluated three locally formulated diets in relation to growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, body condition, and behavioral responses of indigenous pigs in Jootar Town, Ukum Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria. Four indigenous growing pigs were assigned to four dietary treatments for eight weeks: a control diet (T1), a cassava peel-based diet (T2), a sorghum-based diet (T3), and a maize–millet-based diet (T4). Parameters assessed included body weight gain, average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), body condition score, and behavioral indices. The pig receiving the maize–millet diet recorded the highest final body weight (31.4 kg), total weight gain (18.9 kg), and ADG (0.34 kg/day), alongside the most favorable FCR (4.12). The pig receiving the cassava peel-based diet exhibited lower growth performance, poorer feed efficiency (FCR = 6.33), reduced body condition, and increased aggressive behavior. Behavioral observations suggested greater stability and improved welfare among pigs receiving nutrient-dense diets. These preliminary findings suggest that maize–millet and sorghum-based diets may offer practical and potentially cost-effective feeding alternatives for indigenous pig production. However, the small pilot sample limits interpretation, and larger, replicated studies are required to validate these observations.

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