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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 44 Documents
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Search results for , issue "vol. 27 no. 4 (2026)" : 44 Documents clear
Gastrointestinal microplastic abundance in relation to fish feeding guilds in Balikpapan Bay, East Kalimantan, Indonesia BITTARAE F. H. SJAMSIR; TRI DEWI K. PRIBADI; GHITARINA GHITARINA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270420

Abstract

Abstract. Sjamsir BFH, Pribadi TDK, Ghitarina. 2026. Gastrointestinal microplastic abundance in relation to fish feeding guilds in Balikpapan Bay, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270420. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270420. Microplastic pollution in marine ecosystems has emerged as a major environmental concern, particularly in regions with intense human activity. This study examined the relationship between feeding guild and gastrointestinal microplastic abundance in fish from Balikpapan Bay, Indonesia. A total of 162 fish representing 25 species, 21 families, and 11 orders were collected, of which 133 individuals from all 25 species were analyzed for gastrointestinal microplastic contamination. Microplastics were extracted using chemical digestion, identified under a stereomicroscope, and polymer composition was confirmed using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). In total, 1,378 microplastic particles were detected, with an average abundance of 10.35±3.80 particles per fish. Fibers dominated the particles (57.4%), followed by fragments (35.0%), films (4.5%), beads (2.2%), and foam (0.9%). Polymer analysis identified nylon as the dominant polymer type, suggesting fishing gear as a probable source. Microplastic abundance differed significantly among feeding guilds (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.05), with herbivorous species exhibiting the highest abundances, while no significant difference was observed between demersal and pelagic fish. These findings provide baseline data on microplastic contamination in fish from an intensively used tropical coastal system and suggest exposure may vary with feeding guild, with herbivorous species potentially more vulnerable to contamination associated with high-volume grazing on benthic substrates, where microplastics accumulate and adhere to biofilms.
Biodiversity and carbon stock analysis in the high conservation value forest within the oil palm plantation setting in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia SITI MAIMUNAH; YOVI AVIANTO; AMIR NOVIYANTO; FADHLULLAH RAMADHANI; VALENSI KAUTSAR; YOHANA THERESIA MARIA ASTUTI; SRI GUNAWAN; JH SAMEK
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270408

Abstract

Abstract. Maimunah S, Avianto Y, Noviyanto A, Ramadhani F, Kautsar V, Astuti YTM, Gunawan S, Samek J. 2026. Biodiversity and carbon stock analysis in the high conservation value forest within the oil palm plantation setting in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270408. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270408. High Conservation Value Forests (HCVFs) within oil palm landscapes play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services, including carbon storage. However, empirical evidence quantifying biodiversity-carbon co-benefits in industrial plantation contexts remains limited in Indonesia. This study assessed plant biodiversity, wildlife presence, and aboveground carbon stock in a 65-ha HCVF managed by a private enterprise in Kotawaringin Timur, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Field surveys were conducted using an 8% sampling intensity across 13 nested plots (50 m × 80 m). Tree and seedling diversity were evaluated using Margalef, Menhinick, Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, and evenness indices. Carbon stock was estimated based on diameter and height measurements using the USAID-MSU Biodiversity and Carbon Potential Calculator. Wildlife presence was documented through direct and indirect field evidence. A total of 68 tree species and 26 seedling species were recorded. Shannon diversity indices indicated high diversity at the tree level (H′ = 3.31) and moderate diversity at the seedling level (H′ = 2.41), with high species evenness (E>0.70). The forest was dominated by secondary Dipterocarp species. Average aboveground carbon stock reached 191.44 tC ha⁻¹, corresponding to a total carbon reserve of 12,443.72 tC across the HCVF area. Several protected wildlife fauna, including hornbills, pangolins, and gibbons, were identified. These findings demonstrate that HCVFs embedded within oil palm concessions can simultaneously support biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation. Effective protection of such areas is therefore essential for strengthening sustainability performance and achieving conservation commitments in tropical agricultural landscapes.
Phenotypic diversity and characterization of several avocado (Persea americana) germplasm grown in Subang, West Java, Indonesia DIAN RAHMAH FITRI; SLAMET SUSANTO; LIFERDI LUKMAN; DENY SUKMANA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270430

Abstract

Abstract. Fitri DR, Susanto S, Lukman L, Sukmana D. 2026. Phenotypic diversity and characterization of several avocado (Persea americana) germplasm grown in Subang, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270430. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270430. Avocado (Persea americana) exhibits broad morphological and phenological variation that supports germplasm characterization and the evaluation of phenotypic diversity for cultivar development. This study compared the morphological, phenological, yield, and fruit-quality characteristics of three Lampung avocado accessions (Lampung 1, Lampung 2, and Lampung 3) with the commercial cultivar Miki (Cipedak) under relatively uniform environmental conditions in Subang, West Java. Observations included vegetative growth, flowering and harvesting periods, leaf morphology, reproductive traits, fruit physical characteristics, productivity, edible portion, and biochemical traits (fat and sugar contents). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s HSD test to determine significant differences among accessions. The results showed significant variations among accessions, particularly in leaf size and area, fruit set, fruit size and weight, edible portion, fat and sugar contents. The fruit of Lampung 1 was 56% heavier than Miki, Lampung 2 showed comparable fruit weight, and Lampung 3 produced smaller fruits. Lampung 1 and Lampung 2 exhibited a 14% higher edible portion compared to Miki. Differences were also observed in fruit productivity, with Lampung 1 producing the highest yield at 7.13 kg per plant, while Lampung 3 had the lowest. Variations in sugar and fat contents were observed among accessions. Lampung 2 showed higher fat content, Lampung 1 had comparable fat content to Miki, while Lampung 3 exhibited higher fat and sugar contents. The relatively higher fat content observed in certain accessions indicates their potential for further evaluation for value-added utilization. Overall, Lampung 1 and Lampung 2 demonstrate better yield and fruit quality traits. However, as this study was conducted at a single location and during one growing season, multi-location and multi-season evaluations are required to confirm yield stability, adaptability, and further potential utilization.
Genetic and morphological analyses of Ngongok fish (Hampala macrolepidota) from Ngebel Lake, Ponorogo District, Indonesia ELOK AMALIA; AKHSAN FIKRILLAH PARICAHYA; MUHAMMAD DAILAMI; ABDUL RAHEM FAQIH; WAHYU ENDRA KUSUMA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270410

Abstract

Abstract. Amalia E, Paricahya AF, Dailami M, Faqih AR, Kusuma WE. 2026. Genetic and morphological analyses of Ngongok fish (Hampala macrolepidota) from Ngebel Lake, Ponorogo District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270410. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270410. Hampala macrolepidota is a freshwater fish widely distributed in Southeast Asia and plays an important ecological and economic role. However, increasing anthropogenic pressures raise concerns about population structure and genetic integrity. This study aimed to confirm species identity and assess genetic diversity and population differentiation using an integrated morphological and molecular approach. Specimens were collected from Ngebel Lake (Ponorogo, East Java) and compared with populations from East Java, South Sumatra, and Thailand. The morphological identification and inventory profile of H. macrolepidota, combined with genetic studies based on Cytochrome b (Cytb) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) at the population level in Ngebel Lake, have not been explored before. Ngongok fish in Ngebel Lake has been confirmed as H. macrolepidota based on morphological and genetic studies. H. macrolepidota sequences from Ngebel Lake represent the Insular Asia region separated from the Mainland Asia region population based on haplotype network, phylogenetics, and genetic p-distance measurements. The H. macrolepidota population in Ngebel Lake has historically experienced rapid growth, as indicated by high genetic diversity (hd = 1.0000, π = 0.0086) and a favorable demographic history (D = 0.6479, Fs = -0.4208). The genetic closeness of H. macrolepidota and Cyprinus carpio presents potential for hybridization in the future. Despite morphological similarity across regions, genetic divergence highlights the importance of molecular data in resolving population-level differences. These findings suggest that H. macrolepidota populations are shaped by geographic and biogeographic barriers, with potential implications for conservation and management. The observed genetic patterns also suggest a potential hybridization risk under increasing environmental pressure, although further investigation using nuclear markers is required.
Environmental factors affecting Macrocephalon maleo presence in nesting habitats of Lore Lindu National Park, Indonesia RINA FATKHIYAH; SANDY NURVIANTO; SENA ADI SUBRATA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270431

Abstract

Abstract. Fatkhiyah R, Nurvianto S, Subrata SA. 2026. Environmental factors affecting Macrocephalon maleo presence in nesting habitats of Lore Lindu National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270431. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270431. Macrocephalon maleo, commonly known as the maleo, is a critically endangered bird endemic to Sulawesi, recognized for its distinctive nesting strategy of burying eggs in geothermally or solar-heated soil. This study examined nesting habitat characteristics and environmental factors influencing its presence in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. From June 2024 to February 2025, field surveys and camera trap monitoring were conducted at 27 nesting sites. Active nesting grounds were primarily located on gentle slopes from lowland to lower montane forests, which associated with sandy soils near geothermal sources. Soil temperature at nesting sites ranged from 25 to 41°C. Canopy cover ranged from 24-88%, while understory cover ranged from 46-89%. Logistic regression analysis indicated that understory vegetation cover was the only variable significantly associated with maleo presence (p-value: 0.00997), with higher understory cover corresponding to lower occurrence. Other measured environmental variables showed no significant relationship with maleo presence, indicating that soil and thermal conditions across nesting sites met the species’ nesting requirements, whereas understory structure directly influenced nesting accessibility and predator detection. These results demonstrate that maleos select nesting habitats with open ground conditions. Conservation management should therefore prioritize the maintenance of open understory structure and the protection of confirmed active nesting grounds. This study was limited to a single-season observational design and did not address interannual variation in nesting activity. The findings provide quantitative ecological evidence to support habitat-based conservation of maleo populations in LLNP and Sulawesi.
Group structure and arboreal activity of Javan surili in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, Indonesia AGUS PAMBUDI DHARMA; ANI MARDIASTUTI; ENTANG ISKANDAR; PUJI RIANTI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270436

Abstract

Abstract. Dharma AP, Mardiastuti A, Iskandar E, Rianti P. 2026. Group structure and arboreal activity of Javan surili in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270436. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270436. The Javan surili is an endemic arboreal primate of Java whose population dynamics and behavioral ecology are strongly influenced by habitat quality and anthropogenic disturbance. This study aimed to analyze group structure, population density, and arboreal activity patterns of Javan surili in two contrasting sites, Tegallega and Sarongge Resorts, within Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, Indonesia. Field data were collected over a 13-month period (March 2023-June 2024) using line transect surveys and scan sampling methods. A total of 10 groups comprising 40 individuals were recorded, with 25 individuals in Tegallega (6 groups) and 15 individuals in Sarongge (4 groups). Group structure showed a typical unimale polygynous system, with female-biased sex ratios of 1:1.25 in Tegallega and 1:1.13 in Sarongge, indicating stable reproductive potential. Population density was higher in Sarongge (5.99 ind/km², 2.14 groups/km², estimated 66 individuals) compared to Tegallega (3.03 ind/km², 1.33 groups/km², estimated 53 individuals), suggesting more concentrated space use and better habitat conditions. Behavioral observations revealed that feeding was the dominant activity (52.00% in Tegallega, 42.86% in Sarongge), followed by resting (21.33%, 27.14%), locomotion (14.67%, 15.71%), and social interactions (12.00%, 14.29%). All activities occurred exclusively in arboreal strata, with a strong preference for the mid-canopy layer (stratum C), which supported the highest number of plant species used for feeding and other activities. Key tree species such as Castanopsis argentea, Liquidambar excelsa, and Schima wallichii played essential roles in sustaining daily activities. These findings highlight the importance of habitat structure, particularly canopy connectivity and key food resources, in shaping Javan surili population and behavior. Differences between sites emphasize the influence of anthropogenic pressure and habitat heterogeneity, underscoring the need for targeted conservation strategies to maintain viable populations.
Evaluating fruit morphological and physicochemical characteristics in different banana (Musa spp.) cultivars using multivariate analysis HALIMATUS SA’DIYAH; BUDI WALUYO; RIZA YULI RUSDIANA; VEGA KARTIKA SARI; ALFIAN FUTUHUL HADI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270435

Abstract

Abstract. Sa’diyah H, Waluyo B, Rusdiana RY, Sari VK, Hadi AF. 2026. Evaluating fruit morphological and physicochemical characteristics in different banana (Musa spp.) cultivars using multivariate analysis. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270435. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270435. Banana (Musa spp.) are an important tropical fruit in Indonesia, widely cultivated and contributing significantly to local food production. Indonesia hosts numerous banana cultivars with diverse morphological and physicochemical characteristics; however, comprehensive trait-based evaluations of local cultivars, particularly those integrating multiple traits within a single analytical framework, remain limited. This study aimed to assess the morphological and physicochemical characteristics of 20 banana cultivars collected from traditional markets in East Java and to explore their variability using a multivariate statistical approach. Sixteen quantitative traits, including fruit biometric attributes and nutrient composition, were measured at a standardized ripening stage to enable meaningful cultivar comparisons at market-ready maturity. Cluster analysis using Euclidean distance with complete linkage and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to examine trait distributions and similarities among cultivars. The results showed clear phenotypic and nutritional variation among cultivars. Several cultivars were separated from others, each exhibiting a distinct profile. These cultivars had high levels of several quality-related traits, including high Fruit Firmness (FF), Total Soluble Solids (TSS), and nutrient content, indicating potential value for improving fruit quality. Meanwhile, several cultivars formed clusters characterized by more moderate trait values. Berlin was identified as an outlier with a distinctive profile, specifically in its moisture, ash, and carbohydrate content. The clustering patterns observed in the PCA biplot were consistent with the cluster heatmap, supporting the use of the methods for integrated characterization. Overall, this study demonstrates that combining morphological and physicochemical traits can uncover complex patterns of variability that may not be apparent through univariate assessment. These findings provide useful information for cultivar differentiation, utilization, and the conservation of local banana germplasm, while also highlighting the need for future studies integrating molecular approaches to better disentangle genetic and environmental influences on key quality traits and to support precision breeding for improved nutrition and stress adaptation.
Effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculants on fermentation characteristics and microbial community profiles of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) silage ROHMATUSSOLIHAT ROHMATUSSOLIHAT; RONI RIDWAN; AINISSYA FITRI; KI AGENG SARWONO; WULANSIH DWI ASTUTI; DUDI FIRMANSYAH; YANTYATI WIDYASTUTI; ARIO BETHA JUANSSILFERO; RUSLI FIDRIYANTO; MUHAMMAD RIDLA; NISA RACHMANIA MUBARIK; ANURAGA JAYANEGARA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270438

Abstract

Abstract. Rohmatussolihat, Ridwan R, Fitri A, Sarwono KA, Astuti WD, Firmansyah D, Juanssilfero AB, Fidriyanto R, Ridla M, Mubarik NR, Jayanegara A. 2026. Effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculants on fermentation characteristics and microbial community profiles of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) silage. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270438. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270438. Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is an important tropical forage; however, its high moisture content and low water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) often impair silage fermentation. This study evaluated the effects of different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants on fermentation characteristics, nutrient preservation, and microbial community dynamics of napier grass silage. Four indigenous LAB strains, Companilactobacillus kimchii InaCC-B982, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum InaCC-B1028, Limosilactobacillus fermentum InaCC-B1024, and Levilactobacillus brevis InaCC-B1052, were applied individually and as a mixed inoculum and compared with an uninoculated control. Silage was sampled after 7, 14, and 28 days. LAB inoculation significantly improved fermentation quality compared with the control by accelerating acidification, lowering pH (3.69-3.86), increasing lactic acid concentration (2.38-4.90% DM), and suppressing yeasts and coliform bacteria. Among the inoculants, L. plantarum InaCC-B1028 showed the most consistent and superior performance, characterized by rapid and stable pH reduction (3.73-3.78), higher lactic acid production, minimal ammonia-N accumulation (≤0.08% DM), and improved crude protein retention (8.7-9.2% DM). In contrast, L. brevis and the mixed LAB treatment resulted in higher acetic acid concentrations, suggesting enhanced aerobic stability but less consistent nutrient preservation, whereas L. fermentum exhibited intermediate effects. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the bacterial community was dominated by Lactiplantibacillus and Companilactobacillus, with species such as L. plantarum, L. pentosus, L. paraplantarum, and C. kimchii contributing to fermentation dynamics. Genus-level dominance was consistent with species-level composition, indicating robust taxonomic structure across hierarchical levels. Overall, L. plantarum InaCC-B1028 is the most effective inoculant for improving fermentation efficiency, nutrient preservation, and microbial stability, highlighting its potential for enhancing silage quality in tropical forage systems.
Local wisdom of the Lingga Malay Community in harvesting and transporting sago in Lingga District, Riau Islands, Indonesia PRIMADHIKA AL MANAR; ERVIZAL A.M. ZUHUD; NURI ANDARWULAN; ANAS MIFTAH FAUZI; MOCHAMAD HASJIM BINTORO; AGUS HIKMAT; SYAWALNI HERMANIDA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270415

Abstract

Abstract. Al Manar P, Zuhud EAM, Andarwulan N, Fauzi AM, Bintoro MH, Hikmat A, Hermanida S. 2026. Local wisdom of the Lingga Malay Community in harvesting and transporting sago in Lingga District, Riau Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270415. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270415. Sago (Metroxylon sagu) plays an important role in the food system, culture, and ecological resilience of coastal communities in Indonesia, including the Lingga Malay Community in the Riau Islands, Indonesia. However, systematic documentation of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) related to sago harvesting and transportation in this region remains limited. This study aimed to analyze local wisdom practices associated with sago harvesting and transportation among the Lingga Malay Community. A qualitative approach was applied through in-depth interviews with 100 informants across ten villages, participatory observation, and a literature review. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis supported by coding and triangulation techniques. The results reveal that the community possesses a well-developed TEK system for identifying harvestable sago palms based on morphological indicators and ecological conditions. Harvesting practices combine traditional techniques with selective semi-mechanized tools adapted to local environmental constraints. In addition, transportation systems are primarily water-based, using rakit and small motorized boats (pompong), reflecting adaptive strategies to the archipelagic and riverine landscape of Lingga. The utilization of sago residues further demonstrates resource-efficient practices embedded in local socio-ecological systems. These findings highlight the role of traditional knowledge in supporting adaptive resource management and sustaining local livelihoods in island ecosystems.
Porphyromonas gingivalis prevalence and gyrA gene detection linked to mercury exposure in periodontitis among gold miners HELENA JELITA; HARUN ACHMAD; SYAMSUL ARIFIN; DAHLIA HERAWATI; IRENE EDITH RIEUWPASSA; RASMIDAR SAMAD; ANDI ROFIAN SULTAN; HANASIA HANASIA; FIRDAUS HAMID
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270437

Abstract

Abstract. Jelita H, Achmad H, Arifin S, Herawati D, Rieuwpassa IE, Samad R, Sultan AR, Hanasia, Hamid F. 2026. Porphyromonas gingivalis prevalence and gyrA gene detection linked to mercury exposure in periodontitis among gold miners. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270437. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270437. The oral cavity is a dynamic ecosystem hosting diverse anaerobic microorganisms that influence oral health. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a key Gram-negative anaerobe, is strongly implicated in periodontitis pathogenesis. Chronic mercury (Hg) exposure, particularly among artisanal gold miners, has been associated with microbial dysbiosis and antibiotic resistance genes. This study investigated the relationship between salivary Hg levels, subgingival anaerobic bacteria, detection of P. gingivalis and gyrA in periodontitis among gold miners. A cross-sectional design included 60 participants (30 gold miners and 30 non-gold miners). Subgingival plaque was cultured anaerobically and identified using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS); Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detected P. gingivalis and gyrA. Salivary Hg concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry with a Mercury Vapor Unit (AAS-MVU). Median salivary Hg levels were significantly higher in miners than non-miners (0.09 µg/L [0.03-0.22] vs. 0.03 µg/L [0.03-0.03]; p<0.001), although all values remained below the 5 µg/L salivary threshold. Culture recovery was low, identifying Prevotella denticola and P. melaninogenica among miners and Bifidobacterium sp. among non-miners. PCR detected P. gingivalis in 80.00% of miners and 63.33% of non-miners (p = 0.152). In contrast, gyrA detection was higher in miners (19/30, 63.33%) than in non-miners (10/30, 33.33%, p = 0.020). Mann–Whitney analysis showed no significant differences between salivary Hg and detection of P. gingivalis (p = 0.420) or gyrA (p = 0.953). However, a significant association between P. gingivalis and gyrA was observed using the Chi-square test (χ² = 22.191, p<0.001; φ = 0.61). Although P. gingivalis prevalence did not differ significantly, chronic low-dose Hg exposure was associated with higher gyrA detection and distinct anaerobic bacteria in miners, suggesting Hg may be associated with resistance-related microbial dynamics in periodontal biofilms. Larger studies using quantitative PCR and metagenomic approaches are needed to clarify underlying mechanisms.

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