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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,351 Documents
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Comparative leaf blade and petiole anatomy of selected Thai species of Helicteres (Malvaceae) WIROT KESONBUA; SEKSUN POOMPO; ANITTHAN SRINUAL
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 9 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270900

Abstract

Abstract. Kesonbua W, Poompo S, Srinual A. 2026. Comparative leaf blade and petiole anatomy of selected Thai species of Helicteres (Malvaceae). Biodiversitas 27 (9): d270921. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270921. Overlapping morphological characters can complicate the identification of Helicteres species (Malvaceae), particularly when reproductive structures are unavailable. This study evaluated the taxonomic utility of leaf-blade and petiole anatomy in nine of the 12 currently recognized Helicteres species in Thailand. Each species was represented by one natural population, with five individuals sampled per population and five fully expanded leaves examined per individual. Epidermal peels and transverse sections of the leaf blade and petiole were examined using light microscopy. All species possessed anomocytic stomata, dorsiventral mesophyll, collateral vascular bundles, druse crystals, mucilage-containing structures, and glandular trichomes, whereas several characters varied among taxa. Helicteres isora, Helicteres obtusa, Helicteres prostrata, and Helicteres thailandica were amphistomatic, while the remaining species were hypostomatic. Striate cuticles occurred only in H. isora and H. prostrata, and prismatic crystals were recorded in H. elongata and H. thailandica. Additional interspecific variation occurred in epidermal cell shape, stellate and simple trichomes, midrib outline, vascular-bundle number and shape, and petiole vascular-bundle/fiber-sheath organization. These character combinations were used to construct a provisional anatomical identification key for the nine examined species. Internal application of the key correctly assigned all 45 examined individuals; however, because the same specimens were used to establish the character states and construct the key, this does not constitute independent validation. The results demonstrate the potential of comparative leaf and petiole anatomy to complement morphological identification of Thai Helicteres, while broader applicability requires testing with independent specimens and replicated populations.
Population dynamics of invasive blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) in selected urban and mangrove-associated canals of Bangkok, Thailand WEERAWICH WONGROJ; KHANIN WONGROJ; ARIN NGAMNIYOM; RUTHAIRAT SIRIWATTANARAT
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 9 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270909

Abstract

Abstract. Wongroj W, Wongroj K, Ngamniyom A, Siriwattanarat R. 2026. Population dynamics of invasive blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) in selected urban and mangrove-associated canals of Bangkok, Thailand. Biodiversitas 27 (9): d270909. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270909. Invasive blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) is now widespread in Thailand, but information on its local population dynamics in urban-coastal canal networks remains limited. We examined temporal and spatial variation in abundance, size structure, length-weight relationships, size-adjusted body mass, and environmental associations over 12 months at four canal stations in Bangkok. A total of 6,132 fish were collected using 480 cast-net throws and 48 standardized 5-min scoop-net operations, which were analyzed separately because of differences in gear selectivity. Cast-net relative abundance varied significantly among months (χ²: 68.89, df: 11, p<0.001), while scoop-net catches showed station-specific temporal patterns. The probability that a captured fish belonged to the predefined small-size class (≤8.1 cm standard length), used as an operational recruitment proxy, also varied strongly through time and among stations in cast-net samples but showed no monthly effect among positive-catch scoop-net visits. At the evaluated standard lengths of 5, 10, and 15 cm, local allometric slopes exceeded the isometric expectation (b: 3) and varied with fish length and station; size-adjusted modeled body mass showed corresponding station- and size-specific differences. Within stations, dissolved oxygen (OR: 1.153, 95% CI: 1.028-1.294) and turbidity (OR: 1.172, 95% CI: 1.054-1.302) were positively associated with the small-size proxy in cast-net samples, whereas addition of these predictors did not improve the corresponding scoop-net model (joint p: 0.804), indicating that the environmental associations were gear specific. The findings demonstrate continued occurrence and marked population heterogeneity at these preselected invaded stations and provide a quantitative basis for local population monitoring.
Projected climatic refugia for Taxus wallichiana in Lam Dong Province, Southern Vietnam MAI-PHUONG PHAM; DINH DUY VU; THI HANH TONG; QUOC KHANH NGUYEN; PLUGATAR YURI VLADIMIROVICH; SHEVCHUK OKSANA MIKHAILOVNA; PAPELBU VLADIMIR VLADIMIROVICH; SAKHNO TATIANA MIKHAILOVNA; SMIRNOV VASILY ANDREEVICH; GERASIMCHUK VOLODYMYR NIKOLAEVICH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 9 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270910

Abstract

Abstract. Pham M-P, Vu DD, Tong TH, Nguyen QK, Vladimirovich PY, Mikhailovna SO, Vladimirovich PV, Mikhailovna ST, Andreevich SV, Nikolaevich GV. 2026. Projected climatic refugia for Taxus wallichiana in Lam Dong Province, Southern Vietnam. Biodiversitas 27 (9): d270910. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270910. Taxus wallichiana (Taxaceae) is an endangered montane conifer for which climate-resilient conservation areas need to be identified. This study evaluated long-term climatic refugia in Lam Dong Province, Vietnam, by integrating a field-survey dataset of 758 individuals with ecological niche modeling and an exploratory overlay of previously published population-genetic parameters. Long-Term Climatic Refugia (LTCR) were delineated from habitat-suitability projections based on 52 spatially thinned wild occurrence records, climatic and topographic predictors, and five CMIP6 GCMs under SSP2-4.5. Previously published He and Fis values from four populations were used only as an exploratory post-hoc overlay to support conservation interpretation rather than as SDM predictors or validated conservation-zonation data. The findings highlighted ecologically suitable areas located within BiDoup-Nui Ba National Park and Dalat Pine Forest, warranting priority attention for conservation and future genetic-resource management under five CMIP6 GCMs SSP2-4.5 (ACCESS-CM2, CMCC-ESM2, EC-Earth3-Veg, HadGEM3-GC31-LL, and MIROC6). Ecological niche modeling revealed that elevation and annual mean temperature were the dominant variables influencing model performance. Under random bootstrap partitioning, the presence-only workflow (M2) yielded higher internal discrimination metrics (AUC: 0.987±0.004) than the pseudo-absence workflow (M1; AUC: 0.724±0.021). Because the workflows differ in sampling design and random splits may retain spatial autocorrelation, these statistics are interpreted as internal, workflow-specific validation rather than independent external predictive accuracy. M2 was therefore used as the operational basis for LTCR mapping. Across the five GCMs, high-suitability habitat declined from 612.0 km2 (2.53% of Lam Dong Province) to an ensemble mean of 549.6 km2 (2.27%), a mean decline of 10.19%. The stricter intersection of current suitability with all five future GCMs delineated 250.0 km2 (1.03%) of persistent consensus refugia, 59.15% smaller than the current high-suitability baseline; this 59.15% value represents the strict persistence filter, not the mean projected habitat loss.
Phyllosphere bacterial communities associated with bacterial leaf blight symptoms and indigenous antagonistic bacteria against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae RIBKA YUNIA PUTRI; ADYATMA IRAWAN SANTOSA; ADY BAYU PRAKOSO; TRIWIDODO ARWIYANTO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 9 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270907

Abstract

Abstract. Putri RY, Santosa AI, Prakoso AB, Arwiyanto T. 2026. Phyllosphere bacterial communities associated with bacterial leaf blight symptoms and indigenous antagonistic bacteria against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Biodiversitas 27 (9): d270907. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270907. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB), may alter phyllosphere bacterial communities associated with rice health. This study characterized phyllosphere bacterial communities of healthy and BLB-symptomatic Mekongga rice plants and evaluated candidate phyllosphere bacteria for BLB suppression. Xoo was confirmed by phenotypic, pathogenicity, hypersensitive reaction, and Xoo3350-specific PCR assays. Phyllosphere bacterial communities were characterized using full-length 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding with Oxford Nanopore sequencing. The microbiome was dominated by Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, and Bacillota. Chryseobacterium was relatively more abundant in BLB-symptomatic plants, whereas Pseudomonas was relatively more abundant in healthy plants. Shannon diversity did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.1266), whereas Pielou’s evenness was lower in BLB-symptomatic plants (p = 0.0495). Given the small sample size (n = 3 per group), this finding should be considered preliminary and hypothesis-generating rather than definitive evidence of disease-associated changes in community evenness. Of 56 fluorescent bacterial isolates recovered under the selective culture conditions, 44 (78.57%) inhibited Xoo growth in vitro. Isolate P50 showed the strongest disease suppression under greenhouse conditions, with a final disease severity of 31.70%, an AUDPC of 506.06 %-days, and control efficacy of 63.96-64.64% across the two rice varieties. Molecular analysis affiliated P1 and P5 with Aquipseudomonas alcaligenes and P50 with the Pseudomonas putida group based on 16S rRNA sequences. P50 was associated with the healthy rice phyllosphere and showed consistent disease-suppressive activity across the two rice varieties, supporting its further evaluation as a candidate biological control agent against BLB.
Updated checklist and floristic composition of marine macroalgae and macroscopic Cyanobacteria in Phu Yen, Vietnam NGUYEN THI THU HANG
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 9 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270911

Abstract

Abstract. Hang NTT. 2026. Updated checklist and floristic composition of marine macroalgae and macroscopic Cyanobacteria in Phu Yen, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 27 (9): d270911. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270911. Records of marine macroalgae and macroscopic Cyanobacteria from Phu Yen Province, south-central Vietnam, are distributed among field surveys, historical publications, and sources that use different taxonomic systems. This study consolidated those records, updated their nomenclature, and examined variation in floristic composition along the provincial coast. Five sampling campaigns conducted between June 2017 and May 2019 covered 19 sites encompassing lagoons, estuaries, rocky shores, seagrass beds, and coral-associated habitats. The records were assigned to nine survey areas and analyzed as occurrence-nondetection data using Sørensen similarity, UPGMA clustering, and the Cheney index. The campaigns documented 167 reconciled taxon treatments: 81 Rhodophyta, 59 Chlorophyta, 23 Ochrophyta, and four Cyanobacteria. After nomenclatural reconciliation, integration of the field data with published and historical records resulted in a provincial checklist of 195 reconciled taxon treatments. Of these, 63 field-supported taxa were additions relative to the accepted-name-reconciled 2020 provincial checklist. Recorded richness varied from 10 to 127 taxa among survey areas. Pairwise Sørensen similarity ranged from 0.034 to 0.762 with a descriptive arithmetic mean of 0.251. UPGMA clustering summarized the main differences in floristic composition, while the Cheney index of 6.09 indicated a predominantly tropical floristic affinity. The revised checklist preserves the source of each record and provides a verifiable reference for taxonomic review, biodiversity monitoring, and subsequent surveys in south-central Vietnam.
Associated pathogen groups and contrasting disease patterns in Criollo tobacco under field conditions and grow-out assessment GITAPAWANA GITAPAWANA; ACHMAD AMZERI; M. RAFLY ABDUL AZIS
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 9 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270922

Abstract

Abstract. Gitapawana, Amzeri A, Azis MRA. 2026. Associated pathogen groups and contrasting disease patterns in Criollo tobacco under field conditions and grow-out assessment. Biodiversitas 27 (9): d270922. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270922. Criollo tobacco is an economically important cigar tobacco cultivar in Indonesia, yet information on associated pathogen groups and disease dynamics remains limited. This study characterized pathogen-associated groups, quantified disease incidence and population-level severity, and documented symptom development in plants derived from farmer-saved seeds. Seven field plots comprising 341 living plants were surveyed; symptomatic tissues were examined by direct microscopy and targeted PCR/RT-PCR, and 150 seedlings followed by 80 transplanted plants were evaluated in a grow-out assessment. Black shank was predominant, with incidence of 2.00-40.00% and population-level severity of 0.22-39.11%; mosaic and leaf curl incidences were 0.00-8.33% and 0.00-2.08%, respectively. Morphology supported the presence of Phytophthora sp., with morphology consistent with Phytophthora nicotianae and Alternaria-associated structures. TMV-specific RT-PCR produced an ~880-bp amplicon in 5/5 mosaic-symptomatic samples, whereas begomovirus-targeting PCR produced an ~657-bp amplicon in 4/5 leaf curl-symptomatic samples. No target disease-like symptoms occurred during the nursery stage. After transplanting, black shank-like symptoms occurred in 34/80 plants (42.50%) at 14 DAP and 57/80 plants (71.25%) at 21 DAPs. Because amplicons were not sequenced and grow-out symptoms were not laboratory-confirmed, these findings do not establish pathogen prevalence, begomovirus species identity, or seed transmission. They provide baseline information for disease diagnosis and broader epidemiological studies.
Multivariate phenotypic characterization for candidate parent selection in Indonesian tropical S5 maize (Zea mays) inbred lines RIZKA AL FAIQOH; ERLANGGA DWI ATMOJO; DARMAWAN SAPTADI; ARIFIN NOOR SUGIHARTO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 9 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270916

Abstract

Abstract. Al Faiqoh R, Atmojo ED, Saptadi D, Sugiharto AN. 2026. Multivariate phenotypic characterization for candidate parent selection in Indonesian tropical S5 maize (Zea mays) inbred lines. Biodiversitas 27 (9): d270916. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270916. Identifying suitable candidate parental lines is an essential first step for improving hybrid maize breeding efficiency. This study evaluated nine S5 maize inbred lines from a single breeding population maintained by CV. Blue Akari, Indonesia. The study used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at one location and season in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. Fourteen traits were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Genotype × Trait (GT) biplot analysis, hierarchical clustering, and the Multi-trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI), with cluster and ranking stability verified through Euclidean-distance, leave-one-block-out, and trait-inclusion robustness checks. ANOVA detected significant genotype effects for ten of fourteen traits (p<0.05). PCA explained 72.05% of total variation (PC1 = 51.92%, PC2 = 20.13%), with PC1 associated mainly with plant architecture and ear-biomass traits and PC2 with flowering traits. Hierarchical clustering grouped the lines into three phenotypic clusters: G6 in the highest-biomass cluster, and G2 grouped with G1 and G3, though G2's separation from the high-biomass cluster proved more robust to methodological choice than the exact three-way partition. Under a nominal 15% selection intensity (a realized proportion of 11.1%), MGIDI identified G6 as closest to the predefined ideotype, achieving its stated objective for seven of ten traits, a ranking that remained stable when trait selection was varied but favored G4 marginally over G6 under an alternative, moderate-height ideotype. G6 and G2 are proposed as priority candidates for future crossing and combining-ability evaluation, with G4 as a secondary candidate, representing phenotypically rather than genetically complementary profiles. These findings provide a preliminary, single-environment framework for prioritizing candidate parental lines in early-stage hybrid maize breeding, pending multi-environment and testcross confirmation.
GIS-based biophysical screening for agroforestry in the volcanic highland landscape of Selo, Central Java, Indonesia AWWALIN ROSITA AISYAHTUNNISA; AQIL HAIDAR RABBANI; ASMA NADIAPUTRI ZAIN; ARENDRA DWI PURWA SAPUTRA; MUHAMMAD INDRAWAN; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; DIANTI DIANTI; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 8 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270819

Abstract

Abstract. Aisyahtunnisa AR, Rabbani AH, Zain AN, Saputra ADP, Indrawan M, Sugiyarto, Dianti, Setyawan AD. 2026. GIS-based biophysical screening for agroforestry in the volcanic highland landscape of Selo, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (8): d270819. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270819. Agroforestry is widely promoted for production and soil conservation in intensively cultivated highlands, yet a suitability map is only as reliable as the data and assumptions used to build it. We examined the volcanic highland landscape of Selo Sub-district, Central Java, Indonesia, using a screening-level GIS model rather than a parcel-scale prescription. Five biophysical criteria were combined by weighted linear combination: a soil-fertility proxy based on soil organic carbon and cation-exchange capacity (40%), slope (30%), rainfall (10%), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI; 10%), and elevation (10%). The soil surface came from inverse-distance interpolation of 10 published observations; elevation and slope were derived from DEMNAS, rainfall from mean annual CHIRPS precipitation for 2015-2024, and NDVI from a June 2024 Sentinel-2 Level-2A scene. Of the 6,080.75-ha analytical footprint, 3,077.15 ha (50.60%) fell in S3, 2,426.67 ha (39.91%) in S2, 395.90 ha (6.51%) in N, and 181.03 ha (2.98%) in S1. The S1-S2 area totaled 2,607.70 ha (42.88%), concentrated mainly in central and eastern Selo. Rainfall became spatially non-discriminating after reclassification. The mapped classes matched 42 of 48 field reference labels (87.5%; Wilson 95% CI: 75.3-94.1%; kappa = 0.833), but these observations were not an independent probability-based validation of agroforestry performance. The map is best used to identify broad zones for further assessment. Decisions at farm or parcel level still require legal, hazard, land-use, tenure, socioeconomic, and system-specific information.
An exploratory survey of flower-visiting insect records and floral associations from three agricultural case sites in Central Java, Indonesia RESSA KARINA; MUHAMMAD NUR FITRIAWAN; DANIEL ABILEON ALYODYA; HERLINA NOFITASARI; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 6 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270629

Abstract

Abstract. Karina R, Fitriawan MN, Alyodya DA, Nofitasari H, Setyawan AD. 2026. An exploratory survey of flower-visiting insect records and floral associations from three agricultural case sites in Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (6): d270629. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270629. Flower-visiting insects contribute to agroecosystem functioning, yet the composition of local visitor assemblages and their floral associations remains incompletely documented in many tropical smallholder landscapes. We surveyed one home garden, one corn field, and one citrus orchard in Central Java, Indonesia, as three exploratory case sites. Direct roaming observations were made for six days in June 2024 during morning and afternoon sessions. Only insects that contacted anthers or stigmas were counted, so the records indicate potential pollinators rather than confirmed pollination events. The survey produced 167 records representing 3 orders, 8 families, and 32 species. Lepidoptera dominated the observations with 148 records (88.62%), compared with 14 Hymenoptera and 5 Diptera. The home garden yielded 70 records and the highest Shannon diversity (H′: 2.56). Species richness was 15 in both the home garden and corn field and 11 in the citrus orchard; evenness ranged from 0.88 to 0.95, while Simpson dominance ranged from 0.09 to 0.14. Jaccard similarity between pairs of sites was low (0.13-0.20), showing marked turnover in the recorded assemblages. The floral-association summary contained 16 flowering plant species from 11 families. These results describe a short seasonal snapshot rather than a general effect of agricultural setting because each setting was represented by one site, observations covered only six days in one month, and floral abundance and plant-level observation effort were not standardized. Even with these constraints, the dataset provides a baseline for selecting sites, taxa, and floral resources for future work. Replicated surveys across seasons, with standardized effort and direct measures of pollination effectiveness, are needed to determine whether the patterns observed here extend beyond these three case sites.
Bird community structure across contrasting habitat-elevation settings in Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia ALYA ADYSTI REVALITHA; ARUM NUR MUKARROMAH; ASFI DZIHNI; HAFIZH MUHAMAD ZEN; ROSITA DEWI; DIANTI DIANTI; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; MUHAMMAD INDRAWAN; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 6 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270628

Abstract

Abstract. Revalitha AA, Mukarromah AN, Dzihni A, Zen HM, Dewi R, Dianti, Sugiyarto, Indrawan M, Setyawan AD. 2026. Bird community structure across contrasting habitat-elevation settings in Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (6): d270628. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270628. Bird communities in tropical uplands reflect both elevation and land use, but these drivers cannot be separated when each site represents a different habitat. This study compared bird assemblages at an upper-montane tourism-agriculture landscape (Sikunir; 2,270 m asl), a mid-elevation agricultural mosaic (Blederan; 973 m asl), and lower-elevation agroforestry (Karangsambung; 655 m asl) in Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia. Five fixed-radius points were surveyed per station during repeated morning and afternoon observations in October 2024. The station-level encounter-count matrix was reconciled before calculating richness, Shannon diversity, Pielou evenness, Simpson dominance, Sørensen similarity, and feeding-guild proportions. The survey recorded 514 bird detections of 43 species from 21 families and 9 orders. Recalculated richness was 28, 34, and 35 species at S1-S3, whereas cumulative detection counts were 151, 251, and 113. Agroforestry had the highest Shannon diversity (3.290) and evenness (0.925) and the lowest dominance (0.047). Pairwise Sørensen similarity ranged from 0.710 to 0.812. Insectivores dominated all stations (73.6-87.3% of detections); granivores and omnivores were most prominent in the agricultural mosaic, whereas nectarivores reached their largest proportion in agroforestry. Three endemic species were recorded: Halcyon cyanoventris (Java–Bali endemic), Centropus nigrorufus (Java endemic), and Dicaeum trochileum (Indonesian endemic). Two conservation-priority taxa were also recorded, namely Centropus nigrorufus (VU) and Aerodramus vulcanorum (NT). The results distinguish an agriculturally productive mosaic with high detection totals from a more equitable agroforestry assemblage. Because only three unreplicated habitat-elevation settings were sampled and counts were pooled by station, the findings are descriptive rather than causal. Maintaining montane vegetation patches, riparian and field-margin cover, scattered trees, and multi-strata agroforestry is recommended for landscape-scale bird conservation.

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