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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,351 Documents
 632   633   634   635   636 
The discovery of dendrophylliid scleractinian corals from Sempu Island, East Java, Indonesia OKTIYAS MUZAKY LUTHFI; DEWA GEDE RAKA WIADNYA; M. AZUREA BAHRI LUTHFI; ANDIK ISDIANTO; ADE YAMINDAGO; FERNAN P. TUPAS; SITI NURTAHIRAH JAAFAR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 9 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270902

Abstract

Abstract. Luthfi OM, Wiadnya DGR, Luthfi MAB, Isdianto A, Yamindago A, Tupas FP, Jaafar SN. 2026. The discovery of dendrophylliid scleractinian corals from Sempu Island, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (9): d270902. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270902. This study reports the first documented locality records of two dendrophylliid scleractinian corals, Duncanopsammia peltata and Turbinaria mesenterina, from the Sempu Island Nature Reserve and adjacent coastal waters, East Java, Indonesia. Previous coral surveys conducted within this protected area did not document either species, despite their widespread distribution throughout the Indo-Pacific region. Field surveys were conducted in November 2021 and July 2024 at seven reef-flat and reef-slope sites. Standardized searches were performed along 100-m transects covering approximately 200 m² per site, while snorkeling was used on the shallow reef flat at Kondang Merak Beach. Species identification was based on non-destructive in situ observations, scaled underwater photographs, and diagnostic skeletal characters, including colony growth form, corallite morphology, corallite diameter, septal arrangement, corallite density, and live colony coloration. A single juvenile colony of D. peltata was recorded on the shallow reef flat of Kondang Merak Beach, where it exhibited an encrusting form, tubular corallites, and a conspicuous dome-shaped columella. T. mesenterina was observed on sediment-influenced reef slopes, exhibiting encrusting, foliose, and vase-shaped growth forms with densely packed unifacial corallites. Visible sediment accumulation on several colonies further characterized the habitat conditions in which T. mesenterina occurred. Because no colonies or skeletal fragments were collected, identification relied exclusively on photographic and field-based morphological evidence. These records expand the documented coral inventory of the Sempu Island Nature Reserve and provide updated morphological documentation and baseline information to support field identification, biodiversity assessment, and future monitoring of dendrophylliid corals in tropical reef ecosystems.
Optimization of thermohalostable α-amylase production from a marine extremophile Geobacillus sp. PLS 41 using response surface methodology and enzymatic characterization VIVI MARDINA; FEBRIANI FEBRIANI; NURDIN SAIDI; SUKMAWAN F. SANTOSA; TEUKU M. IQBALSYAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 9 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270919

Abstract

Abstract. Mardina V, Febriani, Saidi N, Santosa SF, Iqbalsyah TM. 2026. Optimization of thermohalostable α-amylase production from a marine extremophile Geobacillus sp. PLS 41 using response surface methodology and enzymatic characterization. Biodiversitas 27 (9): d270919. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270919. α-Amylases are vital in many industries, but most conventional forms denature under the high temperatures and salinity common in industrial processes. This study optimized α-amylase production by the marine thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus sp. PLS 41 using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), followed by enzyme purification and biochemical characterization. Ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography were used for enzyme purification. The central composite design evaluated starch concentration, NaCl concentration, temperature, and incubation time. The validated optimum conditions were 2.5% (w/v) starch, 2.5% (w/v) NaCl, 65°C, and 36 h, yielding 38.53±3.00 U/mL, approximately 3.6-fold higher than the initial condition. Ammonium sulfate fractionation at 40-60% saturation produced the highest specific activity of 42.6 U/mg, while DEAE Sepharose chromatography increased the specific activity to 206.6 U/mg, corresponding to 12.07-fold purification and 1.0% yield. The purified enzyme indicated an apparent molecular mass of approximately 63 kDa. Maximum activity occurred at 65°C and pH 7.0. Activity increased to 139.5% in 3 M NaCl, while thermal preincubation retained 104.9% activity after 100 min and reached 122.0% after 80 min. Under 3 M NaCl, residual activity increased to 171.1% after 100 min. Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, and K⁺ enhanced activity, whereas EDTA and PMSF reduced it. Overall, the enzyme demonstrates strong thermo- and salt-tolerance under laboratory conditions, supporting further evaluation for detergent, starch-processing, kinetic, and scale-up applications.
Morphological and leaf epidermal analyses of banana (Musa spp.) cultivars from Ternate for biosystematic characterization SUPARMAN SUPARMAN; BAHTIAR BAHTIAR; POPI SEPTIANI; LENI LUKMAN; TASLIM D. NUR; ZAHROBATUL LIL ILMI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 8 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270820

Abstract

Abstract. Suparman, Bahtiar, Septiani P, Lukman L, Nur TD, Ilmi ZL. 2026. Morphological and leaf epidermal analyses of banana (Musa spp.) cultivars from Ternate for biosystematic characterization. Biodiversitas 27 (8): d270820. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270820. Banana (Musa spp.) exhibits high morphological diversity, yet cultivar characterization remains challenging due to environmental influences on external traits. This study applies morphometric analyses complemented by leaf epidermal anatomical observations to characterize banana cultivars from Ternate Island, Indonesia. Fourteen cultivars were characterized using 50 morphological descriptors and analyzed through UPGMA clustering and principal component analysis (PCA). Leaf epidermal traits, including stomatal size, stomatal index, and epidermal cell morphology, were examined using the cyanoacrylate replica method. Morphology-based UPGMA clustering and PCA revealed three major phenetic groups (PC1: 40.392%, PC2: 22.227%); these relationships represent phenetic patterns based on morphological variation and have not been genetically validated. Characters with relatively high PCA loadings included pseudo-stem color, male bud shape, fruit morphology, and petiole canal structure. Leaf epidermal traits, particularly stomatal variation and differences in epidermal cell morphology, provided complementary descriptive information for cultivar characterization alongside conventional macromorphological traits. The inclusion of the locally recognized Pisang Boki cultivar expands the previous cultivar inventory reported for North Maluku and further highlights the underdocumented diversity of local banana germplasm. Overall, morphological analyses provided the primary basis for phenetic grouping, while leaf epidermal observations contributed complementary descriptive information for biosystematic assessment of Musa cultivars. However, broader sampling and molecular validation are required to further evaluate cultivar relationships and the consistency of epidermal traits across cultivars.
Diversity, distribution, and environmental conditions of Caulerpa spp. in an eastern Indonesian intertidal zone ALFRED G. O. KASE; FANNY IRIANY GINZEL; YOHANES MERRYANTO; DONNY MERCYS BESSIE; WILSON L. TISERA; JAMES NGGINAK; ARDY ANDREAS BERNARD KASE; MATEUS SALVADOR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 9 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270908

Abstract

Abstract. Kase AGO, Ginzel FI, Merryanto Y, Bessie DM, Tisera WL, Ngginak J, Kase AAB, Salvador M. 2026. Diversity, distribution, and environmental conditions of Caulerpa spp. in an eastern Indonesian intertidal zone. Biodiversitas 27 (9): d270908. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270908. Caulerpa is a green macroalgal genus widely distributed in tropical coastal ecosystems and plays important ecological roles in shallow marine habitats. However, information on its distribution patterns and diversity in eastern Indonesian intertidal ecosystems remains limited. This study aimed to analyze the distribution patterns, diversity, and environmental conditions of Caulerpa spp. in the intertidal zone of Tablolong Beach, Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Field sampling was conducted from August to September 2023 using transect-quadrat methods across four sampling sites. Morphological identification was based on thallus characteristics, while spatial distribution patterns and species diversity were analyzed using the Morisita index (Id) and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’). Environmental parameters including temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen were also measured. Three species were identified, namely Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa lentillifera, and Caulerpa sertularioides, occurring predominantly in sandy intertidal habitats with varying degrees of seagrass association. All species exhibited clustered distribution patterns (Id>1), indicating aggregation within specific microhabitats. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′<1) indicated low diversity across all sampling sites. C. lentillifera showed the highest mean percentage composition among the observed species. These findings suggest that localized habitat characteristics and environmental context may contribute to observed variation in spatial distribution and species composition of Caulerpa in tropical intertidal ecosystems. This study provides baseline ecological data for understanding Caulerpa communities and may support biodiversity conservation and sustainable coastal management in eastern Indonesia.
Compatibility of Microplitis manilae with reduced concentration microbial biopesticides under pre- and post-parasitization laboratory conditions NURSYIFA NADA HARIYADI; RULY ANWAR; NINA MARYANA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 9 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270913

Abstract

Abstract. Hariyadi NN, Anwar R, Maryana N. 2026. Compatibility of Microplitis manilae with reduced concentration microbial biopesticides under pre- and post-parasitization laboratory conditions. Biodiversitas 27 (9): d270913. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270913. Heavy reliance on synthetic insecticides for managing the invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda underscores the urgency of integrating biological control agents, particularly the indigenous endoparasitoid Microplitis manilae, with microbial entomopathogens. This study evaluated the compatibility of commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis and Metarhizium anisopliae, applied at half the recommended field concentrations, based on the biocontrol efficacy and pre-adult parameters of M. manilae. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD), analyzed via Linear Mixed-effects Models (LMM), in which the time cohort defined as a random effect. Based on the parasitization-rate reduction criteria set by the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), both biopesticides were classified as Class 1 (Harmless). However, significant sublethal effects were observed. Pre-parasitization exposure to M. anisopliae significantly prolonged the egg-larval and pupal development stages compared to the control, it also induced a strong male-biased sex ratio, reducing the female proportion to 28.60%. Conversely, a significant reduction in adult female longevity was observed following post-parasitization exposure to B. thuringiensis, with a mean longevity of 21.46 days compared to 26.84 days in the control group. Preliminary qualitative observations revealed rare physical malformations affecting the distal antennal segments of two eclosed female adults in the post-parasitization treatment. These laboratory findings provide an initial indication that post-parasitization application may be less disruptive at reduced concentrations, thereby offering a safer integration strategy in sustainable pest management programs for S. frugiperda.
Arthropod community structure and spatial dynamics of Diaphorina citri in Soe keprok (Citrus reticulata cv. Soe) orchards of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia JOHANES UR IBURUNI; HERMANU TRIWIDODO; I WAYAN WINASA; NINA MARYANA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 8 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270817

Abstract

Abstract. Iburuni JU, Triwidodo H, Winasa IW, Maryana N. 2026. Arthropod community structure and spatial dynamics of Diaphorina citri in Soe keprok (Citrus reticulata cv. Soe) orchards of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (8): d270817. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270817. Citrus farms in eastern Indonesia face growing threats from the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), which spreads huanglongbing-associated bacteria. This study examined arthropod diversity, community composition, and the spatial distribution of D. citri in Soe keprok citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Soe) orchards in Timor Tengah Selatan District, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Sampling comprised 60 tree-level observations across dry and rainy seasons, aggregated to 40 site × season community observations. Community composition was assessed using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, PERMANOVA, PERMDISP, and NMDS, while alpha diversity was evaluated using richness, Shannon, and Simpson indices. Arthropod alpha diversity varied significantly among locations (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.001) but not between seasons (p: 0.794). Community composition differed significantly among districts (PERMANOVA, R²: 0.351, F: 4.86, P: 0.0001), with a smaller seasonal effect (R²: 0.026, P: 0.0037) and significant multivariate dispersion (PERMDISP, F: 6.91, P: 0.0047). Shannon diversity was highest in Batu Putih and lowest in Kota Soe. Mollo Utara showed a distinct assemblage enriched in predators (Araneae, Coccinellidae), while parasitoids were closely linked to the Highland and Lowland zones (IndVal: 0.920, p: 0.005). Beta-diversity was driven more by nestedness (βSNE: 0.383) than turnover (βSIM: 0.175; βSOR: 0.557). D. citri abundance showed significant positive spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I: 0.421, p: 0.006). These results indicate that arthropod communities and D. citri populations are structured more strongly by spatial than seasonal factors, supporting district-level, site-specific approaches to pest management and natural-enemy conservation in Soe keprok orchards.
Comparative phytochemical profiling of leaves from three Indonesian Vitex species using spectrophotometry, HP-TLC, and LC-HRMS SRI LULIANA; FADLINA CHANY SAPUTRI; SARINI ABDULLAH; RATNA SURYA ALWI; PUTU GITA MAYA W. MAHAYASIH; CHOO CHEE YAN; ABDUL MUN’IM
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 9 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270906

Abstract

Abstract. Luliana S, Saputri FC, Abdullah S, Alwi RS, Mahayasih PGMW, Yan CC, Mun’im A. 2026. Comparative phytochemical profiling of leaves from three Indonesian Vitex species using spectrophotometry, HP-TLC, and LC-HRMS. Biodiversitas 27 (9): d270906. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270906. The genus Vitex is widely used in traditional medicine, yet comparative phytochemical data integrating quantitative assays and metabolite profiling for Indonesian collections remain limited. This study compared leaf extracts from three Indonesian Vitex collections representing Vitex pinnata, Vitex negundo, and Vitex trifolia. Leaves were extracted with 70% ethanol using microwave-assisted extraction. Extraction yield, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were determined from three independent extraction batches (n = 3), while HP-TLC and LC-HRMS were used for qualitative phytochemical profiling. V. pinnata showed the highest extraction yield (34.77±1.54%), TPC (424.31±24.48 mg GAE/g extract), and TFC (32.03±2.01 mg QE/g extract). HP-TLC revealed distinct chromatographic fingerprint patterns among the three collections. LC-HRMS yielded 79 putatively annotated features (MSI Level 2), comprising 43 annotations in V. pinnata, 28 in V. negundo, and 39 in V. trifolia. All three collections shared seven features, while 10 were shared only by V. pinnata and V. trifolia, four by V. pinnata and V. negundo, and three by V. negundo and V. trifolia; 22, 14, and 19 features were unique to the respective collections. Flavonoids were most prominent in V. pinnata, iridoid-related annotations were comparatively abundant in V. negundo, and V. trifolia showed relatively high phenolic and terpenoid annotation counts. These findings provide a preliminary comparative phytochemical reference for Indonesian Vitex materials. Because each species was represented by a single geographically distinct collection, the observed differences should be interpreted at the collection level. Multisite sampling and confirmation using authentic standards are required to establish robust species-associated markers.
First karyotypic characterization of the three Hemidactylus species (Gekkonidae, Squamata) from Thailand PHONLUANG CHUMPOL; ALONGKLOD TANOMTONG; LAMYAI NEERATANAPHAN; NATTASUDA DONBUNDIT; SUKHONTHIP DITCHAROEN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 9 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270915

Abstract

Abstract. Chumpol P, Tanomtong A, Neeratanaphan L, Donbundit N, Ditcharoen S. 2026. First karyotypic characterization of the three Hemidactylus species (Gekkonidae, Squamata) from Thailand. Biodiversitas 27 (9): d270915. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270915. This study reports the first karyotypic descriptions of Hemidactylus murrayi and Hemidactylus parvimaculatus and the first cytogenetic characterization of Hemidactylus garnotii from two provinces in Thailand. Chromosomes were prepared from bone marrow. Conventional Giemsa staining and Ag-NOR banding techniques were used for chromosomal analysis. These approaches enabled comparative evaluation of chromosome number, morphology, fundamental number, and the distribution of nucleolar organizer regions among the three examined species. H. garnotii had a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 38 with a Fundamental Number (FN) of 46, heteromorphic chromosomes tentatively interpreted as a putative ZW system and a karyotype formula of 2n(38) = 6m + 30t + ZW, while H. murrayi and H. parvimaculatus showed diploid numbers of 2n = 40 and FN = 74 and 64, respectively. Their karyotype formulae were 2n(40) = 8m + 6sm + 20a + 6t for H. murrayi and 2n(40) = 12m + 2sm + 10a + 16t for H. parvimaculatus. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were localized near the centromere on one homolog of chromosome pair 4, while H. murrayi and H. parvimaculatus showed the NOR loci near the telomere on pairs 14 and 13, respectively. The observed variation in chromosome morphology and NOR position further demonstrates cytogenetic differentiation among these closely examined taxa. These cytogenetic findings expand the comparative karyological information available for Hemidactylus species and provide a foundation for future molecular cytogenetic and taxonomic studies within the genus.
Coastline change and mangrove dynamics on Nias Island, North Sumatra, Indonesia, using Google Earth Engine 2002-2024 ELING TUHONO; ZULKIFLI NASUTION; DELVIAN DELVIAN; NISFARIZA BINTI MOHD NOOR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 8 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270812

Abstract

Abstract. Tuhono E, Nasution Z, Delvian, Noor NBM. 2026. Coastline change and mangrove dynamics on Nias Island, North Sumatra, Indonesia, using google earth engine 2002-2024. Biodiversitas 27 (8): d270812. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270812. Mangrove forests provide important ecological functions, support coastal community livelihoods and contribute to coastal protection. Nias Island is a tectonically active coastal environment where shoreline change may influence mangrove distribution. This study assessed shoreline configuration, abrasion, accretion, and mangrove-cover dynamics using Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery from 2002, 2004, and 2006 and Landsat 9 OLI-2 imagery from 2024, processed in Google Earth Engine (GEE). Shorelines were extracted using the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index, while mangrove cover was classified using a Random Forest model. Extracted coastline length increased from 1,416.7 km in 2002 to 1,506.9 km in 2006, then declined to 1,442.1 km in 2024. Direct comparison of the 2002 and 2024 shorelines identified 10,957.46 ha of accretion and 1,154.92 ha of abrasion, equivalent to annualized mapped-area rates of 498.07 and 52.50 ha/year, respectively. Mangrove cover decreased from 2,278.81 ha in 2002 to 1,736.91 ha in 2006 and then increased to 2,148.62 ha in 2024, producing a net decline of 130.19 ha (5.71%) over the full study period. Overall accuracy ranged from 89.28% to 94.23% for land-water classification and from 87.34% to 93.47% for mangrove mapping. Spatial overlays indicated that some accretion areas coincided with mangrove-cover gain, whereas some abrasion areas coincided with mangrove-cover loss; these patterns represent spatial associations rather than causal relationships. Interpretation is limited by Landsat’s 30 m resolution, uncorrected tidal variation, residual cloud and SLC-off effects, and incomplete historical field validation. The results provide a regional baseline for future tide-normalized, field-validated, and higher-resolution coastal monitoring, while site-specific management decisions require additional field, tidal, hydrodynamic, and sedimentary data.
Morphological and molecular authentication of black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) from Lai Chau Province, Northwest Vietnam DIEU HIEN NGO THI; MINH-DUNG TRUONG; VU THANH NGUYEN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 9 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270914

Abstract

Abstract. Thi DHN, Truong M-D, Nguyen VT. 2026. Morphological and molecular authentication of black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) from Northwest Vietnam. Biodiversitas 27 (9): d270914. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270914. Black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) is a medicinally important Zingiberaceae species whose rhizomes are valued for methoxyflavone-related bioactivity. Because it closely resembles congeners and is commonly traded as dried or powdered material, reliable authentication is essential. This study authenticated one representative voucher accession collected from Sin Ho, Lai Chau Province, Northwest Vietnam, by integrating morphological, anatomical, and DNA-barcoding evidence. Morphological characters were compared with the protologue and published descriptions, while leaf, petiole, and root anatomy were examined microscopically. Three molecular regions rbcL, matK, and an ITS2-containing partial ITS region were analyzed using BLASTn, Kimura 2-Parameter distances, and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic inference. The leaf, flower, and purple-fleshed rhizome were consistent with K. parviflora, whereas anatomical characters supported placement within Zingiberaceae but were not species-specific. The rbcL and matK sequences placed the accession within Kaempferia but did not reliably distinguish K. parviflora from closely related congeners; the matK placement received 98% bootstrap support. In contrast, the nuclear ITS2-containing sequence matched K. parviflora at 100% identity, with a K2P distance of 0.0000 to the closest reference. The combined evidence therefore supports authentication of this Northwest Vietnamese accession as K. parviflora. The deposited sequences provide a voucher-backed molecular reference from Northwest Vietnam, while broader population sampling is required to assess intraspecific genetic and chemical variation.

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