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BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
Published by Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology
ISSN : 02156334     EISSN : 1907770X     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11598/btb
Core Subject : Health, Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Veterinary
BIOTROPIA, The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology, is a scientific publication of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) – Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP). It publishes articles in the broad areas of tropical ecosystems and environmental impacts, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development and biotechnology.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 558 Documents
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TREE CARBON STOCK ESTIMATION AND MODELING OF PALSABANGON WATERSHED USING THE INVEST MODEL IN QUEZON PROVINCE, PHILIPPINES Raffy D. Gordula; Nelson M. Pampolina; Cristino L. Tiburan Jr.; Inocencio E. Buot Jr.
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 May 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.2.2553

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- First carbon mapping of Palsabangon watershed using InVEST model- Combines remote sensing and field data across four key vegetation types- Reveals mangroves store highest carbon per hectare among land covers- Secondary forests hold largest total carbon due to broader area coverage- Informs creation of carbon conservation zones in vulnerable watershed areasABSTRACTThe Palsabangon Watershed is primarily composed of young secondary forests, shrublands, agroforestry, and remnant mangrove stands that are increasingly threatened by land-use conversion, resource extraction, and natural disturbances. The watershed remains undeclared and unprotected by law in the southern Sierra Madre Mountain Range of Quezon Province, Philippines. Despite these pressures, the watershed continues to play an important role in carbon sequestration and climate regulation. To assess carbon stock, four vegetation types; secondary forest, shrubland, agroforestry, and mangrove were evaluated through quadrat sampling using thirteen 5 m × 40 m rectangular plots. Tree carbon was estimated using allometric equations, and land use/land cover maps were generated from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. The dominant vegetation cover was secondary forest, followed by shrubland, agroforestry, and mangrove forest. Carbon stock estimation was performed using the Carbon Storage and Sequestration model within the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) software. The estimates of tree carbon stock (C) in Palsabangon Watershed revealed that mangrove forests had the highest density (85.1 MgC/ha), followed by secondary forests (67.8 MgC/ha), agroforestry (50.4 MgC/ha), and shrublands (43.3 MgC/ha). Tree carbon stock in mangroves and secondary forests was attributed to the younger age and declining tree density of these ecosystems, caused by anthropogenic and natural factors. The total tree carbon stock of the watershed was estimated at 295,674 tonnes C, with secondary forests contributing the most (140,666.7 tonnes C). Despite the young age of the forest stands, the watershed demonstrates significant potential for carbon accumulation. To ensure long-term sustainability, we recommend the establishment of forest carbon conservation zones to protect and enhance carbon sequestration capacity of the watershed.
ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SETU RIVER POLLUTION USING SAPROBIC INDEX AND AQUATIC BIOTA DIVERSITY Kamtiyah Ningsih; Fuad Muhammad; Aris Mukimin
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 May 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.2.2569

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Combined saprobic index and plankton diversity assess Setu River pollution- Untreated batik wastewater affects river water quality and biodiversity- Eutrophic tolerant diatoms dominate polluted river sections- Benthic communities reflect persistent ecological disturbanceABSTRACTThe batik industry in Indonesia, especially in Pekalongan, has seen rapid growth since being recognized by UNESCO. However, this growth has brought increasing environmental concerns, particularly related to wastewater discharge from small-and medium-scale enterprises. This study assessed the ecological condition of the Setu River in South Pekalongan by integrating plankton diversity metrics and the saprobic index (SI) to evaluate the impact of batik effluents. Sampling was carried out in November 2024 at three representative locations selected to reflect different pollution gradients along the Setu River: upstream, the Jenggot Waste Water Treament Plant (WWTP) outfall, and downstream. Water quality showed a declining trend along the river, reflecting increasing anthropogenic pressures. Phytoplankton abundance ranged from 561 to 1,190 individuals/L, with dominant genera such as Navicula, Synedra, and Nitzschia, which are known indicators of organic pollution. Zooplankton was only observed at the downstream station, with a low diversity index (H’ = 0.6931), suggesting that water conditions were unfavorable for sensitive species. The saprobic index increased from 0.31 upstream to 0.93 downstream, indicating a light level of organic pollution. These findings indicate that the Jenggot communal WWTP may not be operating optimally, as reflected by the high concentrations of pollutant indicators near the outfall. Inadequate wastewater treatment exerts ongoing pressure on aquatic life, reducing biodiversity and disturbing ecological stability. This study emphasizes the urgency of improving wastewater management, particularly through the development of appropriate and low-cost technologies to support small-scale batik industries. Furthermore, plankton-based bioindicators offer a reliable, cost-effective method for monitoring ecological impacts in urban rivers subjected to industrial discharges.
POPULATION ASSESSMENT OF JAVAN BELIDA FISH (Notopterus notopterus) IN RAWA PENING LAKE, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA Waluyo waluyo; Santoso Budi Widiarto; Anhar Muslim; Linggar Dirgantara; Alyaa Farah Qonitah; Ela Anjarwati; Darmawan Darmawan
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 May 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.2.2713

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHT- Belida population in the lake is low and nearing threatened status.- Belida size data show weak population recovery.- Conservation action is needed to protect belida stocks.- Habitat pressure increases belida vulnerability and limits protection.- Findings support stronger conservation for threatened belida.ABSTRACTThe conservation status of belida fish in Indonesia is regulated under the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2021 concerning Protected Fish Types, which includes four species: Bornean Belida (Chitala borneensis), Sumatran Belida (Chitala hypselonotus), Lopis Belida (Chitala lopis), and Java belida (Notopterus notopterus). The Javan belida fish (Notopterus notopterus) is currently classified as Least Concern (LC) to facilitate data collection on protected fish species and those listed in the Appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). However, intensive harvesting for human consumption may lead to continued population declines in Java. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the population size and status of the Javan belida fish, providing a scientific basis for government recommendations, particularly by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, regarding its conservation status. Field sampling was conducted in situ in Rawa Pening Lake during three sampling periods (January, February, and March 2024) using bamboo blinds, traps, and lift nets. The collected data were analyzed to estimate population abundance, length-weight relationships, length-frequency distribution, sex ratio, gonad maturity stage, and catch per unit of effort. A total of 47 belida fish were caught, all identified as Javan belida (Notopterus notopterus). The estimated population density in Rawa Pening Lake was 32 individuals per 1,400 m2, equivalent to 229 individuals per ha. Based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) vulnerability criteria, the belida population in Rawa Pening Lake is considered near threatened.
OCCURRENCE OF POWDERY MILDEW CAUSED BY Podosphaera sp. ON INVASIVE WEED Ageratum houstonianum IN NEPAL Hari Sharan Adhikari; Lal Bahadur Thapa; Sanjay Kumar Jha
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 May 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.2.2505

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS- First report of Podosphaera sp. on invasive Ageratum houstonianum in Nepal.- Pathogen identified by unique cask-shaped conidia, chasmothecia and fibrosin bodies.- Potential biocontrol agent discovered for managing this invasive weed.- This weed can act as a pathogen reservoir; monitoring is essential to protect nearby crops.ABSTRACTAgeratum houstonianum is an invasive annual weed in Nepal that grows in diverse habitats such as fallow areas, crop fields, and roadsides. This study reported a powdery mildew disease on this weed species, which causal agent was identified as Podosphaera sp. Pathogen identification was based on symptomatology and micromorphological observations. The pathogen was characterized by slightly dark, branched and septate hyphae with nipple-like appressoria; straight and unbranched conidiophore; hyaline and cask-shaped conidia with fibrosin-like bodies. Immature chasmothecia with mycelium-like appendages were also observed. The asci were ellipsoidal with a thin oculus. Based on the literature, the fungus was first reported in Nepal on Ageratum houstonianum. This report expands the known geographical distribution and host range of this powdery mildew pathogen in South Asia and highlights the pathogen as a potential biocontrol agent for this invasive weed. Additionally, A. houstonianum is common in agroecosystem, thus, it can serve as a reservoir of Podosphaera sp. facilitating spread to crop plants. Therefore, careful utilization, monitoring, and management of the pathogen are essential both to control the host weed and to limit the spread of pathogen to crops.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CULTURE MEDIA ON THE GROWTH AND CHLOROPHYLL-a CONTENT OF Navicula sp. and Synechococcus sp Haslianti; Wa Ode Nilda Arifiana Effendy; Suwarjoyowirayatno; La Ode Baytul Abidin; Muhaimin Hamzah; Asmariani; Fatmawati; Wa Ode Intiyani Mangurana; Herlan Hidayat; Asjun
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 May 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.2.2708

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Walne medium significantly enhances microalgae growth and chlorophyll-a content.- F2+Si medium effectively supports Navicula sp. growth in cultivation.- Urea+NPK limits microalgae due to nutrient deficiency.- Optimal media selection is crucial for tropical microalgae cultivation. ABSTRACTThis research addressed a critical knowledge gap regarding the optimal cultivation conditions for indigenous microalgal strains from high-biodiversity tropical marine ecosystems, offering insights into their physiological responses to varied nutrient regimes. In particular, this study focused on evaluating the effect of three different culture media (Walne, F2+Si, and Urea+NPK) on the growth and chlorophyll-a content of local microalgae isolates, Navicula sp. and Synechococcus sp., isolated from Southeast Sulawesi waters. The isolates were cultivated at a laboratory scale in January 2025 using 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL of media, under continuous aeration at room temperature (26 - 30 °C) and constant illumination (90 µmol photons/m²/s). Growth was monitored every two days. The results demonstrated that Walne medium yielded the highest cell density and chlorophyll-a content for both species. In Walne medium, Navicula sp. reached a peak density of 8,656,000 ± 53,777 cells/mL with a specific growth rate (SGR) of 1.1453 ± 0.033, while the density of Synechococcus sp. reached 4,965,833 ± 16,646 cells/mL with an SGR of 0.8297 ± 0.032. The F2+Si medium also supported good growth, particularly for Navicula sp. (SGR of 1.0967 ± 0.003). However, the Urea+NPK medium consistently produced the lowest results for all parameters due to limitations in micronutrient and vitamin. One-Way ANOVA revealed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between Walne and F2+Si media for the growth of Navicula sp., but Walne medium was significantly superior for Synechococcus sp. This study concluded that the choice of the culture medium is crucial for optimizing microalgal growth. Walne medium is recommended as the optimal medium for cultivating both Navicula sp. and Synechococcus sp., whereas F2+Si serves as an effective alternative for Navicula sp. The findings underscore the importance of comprehensive nutrient formulations for maximizing biomass yield in local isolates and provide a foundation for developing cost-effective cultivation strategies in tropical regions.
SPECIES DIVERSITY AND CARBON STOCK OF DECIDUOUS DIPTEROCARP FOREST UNDER THAILAND COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT Boontida Moungsrimuangdee; Yodsaphon Phuengchiam; Nutchanat Plodkrathok; Prapatsorn Yodsa-Nga; Panya Waiboonya
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 May 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.2.2780

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS- Although Ban Yod Udom Community Forest is classified as a secondary dipterocarp forest, it shows considerable diversity in woody species.- Ban Yod Udom Community Forest is dominated by several economically important tree species found in Southeast Asia and Thailand, including Sindora siamensis, Xylia kerrii, and Pterocarpus macrocarpus, as evidenced by their high density, frequency, and basal area values.- The biomass and carbon stock in Ban Yod Udom Community Forest is lower than that of other deciduous dipterocarp forests in the same region; however, species richness and density are comparatively higher.ABSTRACTSustainable and efficient forest management is widely recognized as an effective strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which are a primary driver of global warming. This study investigated woody species composition and diversity, and estimates carbon stocks in the deciduous dipterocarp forest managed under the community forestry scheme at Ban Yod Udom Community Forest, Sa Kaeo Province, Eastern Thailand. A total of 55 sampling plots were systematically established at 100 m intervals throughout the community forest area. Each plot measured 20 m × 20 m for tree assessment, 4  m × 4 m for saplings, and 1 m × 1 m for seedlings. Species composition and diversity were assessed using density, frequency, dominance, and diversity indices, as well as importance value index (IVI). Biomass was estimated using allometric equations, while carbon stock and carbon absorption were calculated accordingly. A total of 55 species from 26 families were identified, with the Fabaceae family exhibiting the highest species richness, with 9 species. Tree, sapling, and seedling densities were 1,014.09; 4,931.81; and 38,602.94 stems/ha, respectively. Sindora siamensis, Memecylon scutellatum, Xylia kerrii, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, and Lannea coromandelica were identified as ecologically significant trees based on the highest IVI. M. scutellatum was the most dominant sapling, while S. siamensis was the most prevalent among seedlings. The Shannon–Wiener index ranged from 1.31 to 2.16, indicating low diversity. Dominant woody species at various growth stages contributed greater biomass, carbon stocks, and carbon absorption than other species. The total tree biomass in the community forest was 52.26 tonnes/ha, corresponding to a total carbon stock of 24.56 tonnes C/ha and a total carbon absorption of 90.06 tonnes CO2/ha. Saplings contributed a total biomass of 2.98 tonnes/ha, a total carbon stock of 1.40 tonnes C/ha, and a total carbon absorption of 5.13 tonnes CO2/ha. To enhance species diversity and carbon storage in this community forest, it is recommended to increase enrichment planting and implement protective measures, such as wildfire management and regulation of non-timber forest products (NTFP) utilization.
UNCOVERING GENETIC PATTERNS OF THE BARRED MUDSKIPPER ALONG THE WEST COAST OF BENGKULU USING THE COI GENE Fanni Khoirillah; Zuliyati Rohmah; Rury Eprilurahman; Tuty Arisuryanti
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 May 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.2.2783

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- First genetic baseline for mudskipper in western Sumatra- One shared lineage links Bengkulu to southern Java- High connectivity along an open, shallow coastline- Coastal tides and currents shape genetic patterns- Findings support regional scale conservation planningABSTRACTThe barred mudskipper, Periophthalmus argentilineatus, is an amphibious gobiid fish that exhibits fully terrestrial behavior during low tides. Previous research has suggested the presence of cryptic species within this taxon, complicating species identification due to highly similar morphological traits. Despite its ecological importance in intertidal ecosystems, information on the genetic variation and population structure of P. argentilineatus in Sumatra remains limited, and no such data have been reported from the West Coast of Bengkulu. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of P. argentilineatus along this coastline using the mitochondrial COI gene. A total of 30 individuals were collected from three locations, i.e., Air Hitam Coast, Baai Mangrove Forest, and Teluk Sepang Coast. The COI gene was amplified (approximately 660 bp), and a final aligned fragment of 630 bp was used for genetic analyses. Phylogenetic reconstruction placed all Bengkulu samples within a single lineage corresponding to Clade C previously reported from southern Java. Clades A and B were not detected in the study area. Genetic distances among individuals ranged from 0.00 – 0.80%, indicating close relatedness within this lineage. Sequence analysis identified nine variable sites, including two parsimony-informative positions, resulting in nine haplotypes. Haplotype diversity was moderate (Hd = 0.708), whereas nucleotide diversity was low (π = 0.00182). Negative Tajima’s D values suggest recent demographic expansion or ongoing connectivity among populations. AMOVA and Fst analyses indicated low or undetectable genetic differentiation among sampling sites, consistent with substantial gene flow along the coastline. These findings establish a baseline genetic reference for P. argentilineatus in Bengkulu and contribute to understanding regional population connectivity along the western Indonesian coastline.
AGRONOMIC AND GRAIN YIELD TRAITS OF RICE VARIETIES UNDER SEASONAL VARIATION IN TROPICAL LOWLANDS Muhammad Muharram; Agus Suryanto; Sudiarso; Anna Satyana Karyawati
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 September 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.3.2765

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS- Planting time in the wet season changed rice growth and grain yield.- Mid rainy season planting reduced grain yield in all tested rice varieties.- Hybrid Intani 602 recorded the highest yield in late rainy season planting.- Grain yield increased with greater plant biomass and faster crop growth.- Longer flowering and maturity were associated with lower grain yield.ABSTRACTRice (Oryza sativa L.) is a strategic crop in Southeast Asia, where seasonal variation strongly influences its growth, physiology, and yield. This study evaluated the agronomic performance and yield components of three rice genotypes representing local (Pandan Wangi), improved (Inpari 32), and hybrid (Intani 602) types across three planting periods within the wet season (early, mid, and late rainy season) in tropical lowland fields of East Java, Indonesia, during 2023 – 2024. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design within each planting period, and data were analyzed using combined ANOVA, correlation analysis, and genotype by trait (GT) biplot. Results indicated that genotype and planting period significantly affected most agronomic and yield traits, with significant genotype × planting period interactions observed for several key variables. Grain yield was positively associated with biomass accumulation and growth efficiency (DW and CGR) and supported by canopy development (LAI), whereas phenological duration (DTF and DTM) showed negative associations with yield under the tested wet season conditions. GT biplot analysis explained 77.95% of the total variation (PC1 = 64.48%, PC2 = 13.47%) and indicated that hybrid combinations in the late rainy season planting period were closely associated with major yield and biomass traits, while Inpari 32 in the early rainy season planting period was more closely associated with radiation use indices (EPA and RUE) and tiller related traits. Pandan Wangi combinations were positioned nearer to phenological and vegetative traits with lower yield levels. Overall, the findings provide a site-specific basis to interpret varietal suitability and planting period sensitivity within the wet season in tropical lowland rice systems.

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