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BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
Published by Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology
ISSN : 02156334     EISSN : 1907770X     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11598/btb
Core Subject : Health, Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Veterinary
BIOTROPIA, The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology, is a scientific publication of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) – Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP). It publishes articles in the broad areas of tropical ecosystems and environmental impacts, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development and biotechnology.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 548 Documents
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PLANT SPECIES COMPOSITION OF THE FLOODPLAIN VEGETATION IN THE SONGKHLA LAKE BASIN Cheechang, Anusit; Sridith, Kitichate
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 January 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.1.2592

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Floodplain vegetation in the Songkhla Lake Basin comprises 109 vascular plant species grouped into five community types.- Inundation depth and human disturbance are the main factors shaping plant community composition.- The flora is dominated by perennial terrestrial and helophytic (marsh) plants.- Human activities accelerate secondary succession in floodplain areas.- This process causes a decline of rare native species.- Urgent conservation measures are needed to protect native plants and maintain aquatic refugia.ABSTRACTThis study examined plant diversity in the threatened Songkhla Lake Basin floodplain, a vital yet degrading wetland. Carried out from September 2022 to January 2024 across ten plots using the Braun-Blanquet method and cluster analysis, the research aimed to document floristic composition, identify influencing factors, and assess the conservation status. As many as 109 vascular plant species (91 genera, 55 families) were identified in this study, mainly represented by Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Perennial terrestrial plants (64%) and helophytes (24.2%) were dominant. Five distinct vegetation communities were classified based on inundation depth. Results showed that human disturbances, such as agriculture and irrigation, speed up secondary succession, resulting in permanent habitat loss, decline of rare native species, and increased invasion by alien species. The findings emphasized an urgent need to conserve these remaining floodplain ecosystems.
ECOLOGICAL ROLES OF MERCURY ACCUMULATION IN MANGROVE FORESTS OF SEKOTONG, WEST NUSA TENGGARA, INDONESIA Syakiratur Rizki, Anis; Candri, Dining Aidil; Ghazali, Mursal
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 January 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.1.2614

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Examines mercury accumulation in leaves and roots of nine mangrove species near gold mines- Shows mangroves can stabilize, extract, and accumulate mercury- Evaluates translocation, bioaccumulation, and phytoremediation potential- Identifies mangroves as indicators of mercury contamination- Supports selecting suitable mangrove species for reforestation of contaminated coastsABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the ability to analyze the accumulation of mercury heavy metals in mangrove organs (leaves and roots) and sediments in potentially polluted areas of the coastal mangrove ecosystem of Sekotong, West Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This research was conducted on mangrove ecosystems adjacent to conventional gold processing areas. Mercury content analysis was carried out on nine types of mangroves found (Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Clerodendrom inerme, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Scyphiphora hydrophyllaceae, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Lumnitzera racemosa) including leaves, mangrove roots and sediments found under the stands of each type. Sample testing using the AAS (Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer) method. The results showed that the content of mercury heavy metals in the lower substrate of each type of mangrove showed an average of 0.30±0.122 ppm, which was on average lower than the average accumulation of mercury in leaves (0.48±0.716 ppm) and roots (0.33±0.204 ppm). Further analysis showed that four mangroves had the ability to phytostabilize against mercury heavy metals with an average value of TSFs of more than one (Bruguiera gymnorrihza, Clerodendrom inerma, Lumnitzera racemosa, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea), and five others as phytoextractors (Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, and Rhizophora stylosa) with the value of TSFs>1. The interval of leaf BAFs was between 0.02-15.73 with an average of 2.65±4.961 leaf BAFs and root BAFs between 0.04-4.33 with an average of 1.45±1.280 while the FTD value of Sekotong mangrove leaves at the interval (-0.48)-8.12 with an average of 1.10±2.275 and the root FTD at the interval (-5.55)-3.87 with an average of -0.10±2.449. Root FTD values showing a negative mean value (-0.10±2.449) indicate that the distribution of mercury tends to be higher in the upper part of the plant (leaves).
The SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF BENTHIC MACROALGAE ALONG UJUNG GENTENG COAST, SUKABUMI, WEST JAVA Indarjani, Raden; Rizky, Muhamad; Jannah, Miftahul
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 January 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.1.2634

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- The study in Ujung Genteng coast presents clear evidence of moderate macroalgae diversities and community structure linked to environmental parameters and substrate type- The biological indices scores illustrated a spatial distribution pattern of macroalgae assemblages- Understanding these ecological dynamics of macroalgae is crucial for both conservation and sustainable seaweed cultivation.ABSTRACTThe study of benthic macroalgae in Ujung Genteng aimed to describe the spatial distribution pattern of benthic macroalgae based on various parameters that support their growth and influence the health status of the marine ecosystem. The study was conducted from May to December 2023. The observation sites were selected using a purposive sampling method across three coastal areas, chosen based on the physical landscape structure and distinct substrate types. The line transect quadrat method was used for data collection. The study identified 41 species of benthic macroalgae from 28 genera and 19 families. The bubble green algae Boergesenia forbesii emerged as the dominant species, accounting for 16.8% of the assemblages, although this difference was not statistically significant. The distribution pattern of macroalgae showed noticeable spatial variation, with the East Zone, located in the eastern part of the coastal area, considered the most favourable habitat, harbouring 32 species with 312 individuals. The health status of the marine ecosystem in Ujung Genteng was relatively good, indicated by moderate Diversity Index (H’) values around 2.52 to 2.70, high Evenness Index (E) values (0.73 to 0.82), and low Dominance Index (D) values (0.09 to 0.11). The measured abiotic factors also fell within ranges that support the growth of benthic macroalgae. Keywords: benthic macroalgae, spatial, distribution patterns, Ujung Genteng
FROM COEXISTENCE TO MUTUALISM: MAINSTREAMING BIODIVERSITY IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: Repositioning Biodiversity as the Foundation for All Development Goals Suryawinata, Ari Budi; Darmayani, Mariel Tania; Suhargo, Listyani
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 January 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.1.2652

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Mutualism paradigm aligns biodiversity with sustainable development. - Biodiversity acts as a driver for prosperity rather than a constraint. - Integrated policy mixes unlock powerful synergies for global goals. - Reciprocal benefits are vital to moving beyond mere coexistence.ABSTRACTMainstreaming biodiversity into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is currently hampered by a prevailing “coexistence” paradigm, which treats conservation and economic development as separate, often conflicting domains. This fragmentation leads to persistent policy silos and unresolved trade-offs, undermining long-term sustainability. This study aimed to critically diagnose the structural limitations of this approach and proposes a transition toward “mutualism”—a framework where biodiversity and development objectives are mutually reinforcing. Adopting a critical review methodology, we synthesized evidence from policy, economic, and scientific sectors. We analyzed specific instruments, such as Nature-based Solutions (NbS) and Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES), to identify the institutional, financial, and social barriers currently constraining their effectiveness. The novelty of this paper lies in the conceptualization of ‘mutualism’ not merely as an ecological metaphor, but as an operational framework for the SDGs that moves beyond the traditional “do no harm” principle to actively engineering reciprocal benefits. We concluded that while existing instruments show promise, they fail to achieve systemic change due to a lack of strategic alignment. To operationalize mutualism, we recommend a strategic shift focusing on three pillars: implementing coherent policy mixes that integrate regulatory and fiscal instruments, establishing inclusive governance to manage trade-offs, and mobilizing finance that rewards verifiable ecological and social synergies.
GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LONG-TAILED PARAKEETS (Psittacula longicauda modesta Fraser, 1845) FROM ENGGANO ISLAND Adipraja Mahmuda; Jarulis; Astuti, Dwi
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 January 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.1.2721

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Genetic variation found in long-tailed parakeets native to Enggano Island- Genetic information shows population differences among island parakeets- Enggano Island population displays unique genetic characteristics- Results support conservation efforts for long-tailed parakeets on Enggano IslandABSTRACTThe Enggano Long-tailed Parakeet is considered as an agricultural pest by farmers on Enggano Island, leading to a continuing decline in its wild population. This study investigated the genetic characteristics, nucleotide composition, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), species-specific barcodes, genetic distances, and phylogenetic relationships of this subspecies using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Fourteen blood samples were collected from community-owned captive birds. Total genomic DNA was extracted using the DNeasy® Blood and Tissue Kit following the Qiagen Spin-Column Protocol. DNA amplification was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using specific primers at the Zoology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bengkulu. The amplified DNA was separated on a 2.4% agarose gel and visualized under ultraviolet light. Samples displaying clear DNA bands were subsequently sequenced by Apical Scientific. Sequence data were processed and aligned using MEGA version 11.0, resulting in a 665 bp COI fragment suitable for analysis. A total of 19 SNPs and 12 species-specific barcode sites were identified, indicating a distinct genetic signature in the Enggano population. Conserved sites were highly dominant (97.14%), while variable sites accounted for only 2.86%. Nucleotide composition analysis revealed a higher GC content (50.50%) than AT (49.47%). Genetic distance analysis showed 6 – 11.3% divergence between Psittacula longicauda modesta and other Psittacula species. Phylogenetic reconstruction placed all Enggano individuals in a well-supported monophyletic cluster (bootstrap value = 100), confirming their genetic separation from other parakeet species. These findings indicate low genetic diversity within the Enggano population, likely resulting from geographic isolation and small population size. The identified barcode sites underscore the strong diagnostic potential of the COI gene for molecular identification and taxonomic differentiation. Overall, this study establishes the first genetic baseline for Psittacula longicauda modesta, expands molecular resources available for the genus Psittacula, and provides valuable insights for conservation planning and taxonomic assessment of this endemic subspecies.
ASSESSMENT OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS DISTRIBUTION IN THE SEDIMENT AND WATERS OF LANGAT RIVER Charles Rajaram, Micheal; Mustafa, Muskhazli; Abd Aziz, Nor Azwady; Hashim, Noor Haza Fazlin; Mohd Fazli, Bashirah; Garba Jega, Bilyaminu
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 May 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.2.2440

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Langat River water and sediment quality deteriorate toward downstream.- Dissolved organic phosphorus increases near agricultural areas.- Sediment phosphate retention dominated by non-labile organic phosphorus.- Downstream pollution linked to sediment sorption and nearby agriculture.ABSTRACTThe Langat River traverses rapidly developing urban areas in Malaysia and is significantly affected by anthropogenic activities. The introduction of excessive phosphorus into rivers poses a significant ecological issue. Water and sediments were sampled from nine stations at Langat River to evaluate the current and potential impacts of organic phosphorus. The water quality parameters indicate a progressive decline downstream, attributed to allochthonous sources from tributaries and land use practices, particularly agriculture. Inorganic substances are the principal cause of pollution in the river while degradation of organic pollution biologically is reduced. Dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) plays a significant role at stations that are either relatively unpolluted or adjacent to agricultural areas, serving as a potential source of bioavailable phosphorus. The total organic phosphorus in the sediment increased downstream, predominantly comprising non-labile fractions (67–78%). The labile fractions exhibit strong correlations with dissolved oxygen (DO) (r = -0.797), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) (r = 0.931), and conductivity (r = 0.837), suggesting internal loading to the water column. Increased non-labile fractions indicate the sediment's capacity to retain organic phosphorus. The downstream stations exhibit elevated risk owing to high sorption capacity and proximity to agricultural sources of organic phosphorus.
MICROSATELLITE-BASED GENETIC VARIATION IN Rhizophora apiculata AND Rhizophora mucronata FROM EAST KALIMANTAN Widyasari, Adristi Shafa; Chasani, Abdul Razaq; Prihatini, Istiana; Atmoko, Tri; Mukhlisi; Adman, Burhanuddin; Sitepu, Bina Swasta
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 May 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.2.2715

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS- Microsatellite markers were used to study population genetic variation in Rhizophora- Molecular systematic analysis showed moderate genetic diversity with low heterozygosity- Population genetic structure was dominated by within-population variation (AMOVA)- Phenetic analyses revealed weak clustering among Rhizophora populations- Genetic patterns supported connectivity within Rhizoporaceae populations in East KalimantanABSTRACTMangroves of the family Rhizophoraceae are pantropical, with the genus Rhizophora forming a major component of tropical mangrove ecosystems. Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata are widely distributed in the Paser region, Balikpapan Bay, and the Mahakam Delta of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study examined genetic diversity and population structure of both Rhizophora species using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The results showed moderate genetic diversity but relatively low heterozygosity in both species. Most genetic variation occurred within populations, as indicated by AMOVA, while R. apiculata exhibited lower genetic differentiation among populations and lacked private alleles, and R. mucronata showed higher population differentiation and possessed private alleles, suggesting localized genetic variation. Cluster and principal coordinate analyses revealed extensive overlap among populations for both species, indicating weak population structure and ongoing gene flow across the study area. Overall, the findings suggest that populations of R. apiculata and R. mucronata in East Kalimantan function as genetically connected units rather than as strongly differentiated populations. These results highlight the importance of maintaining habitat connectivity and protecting genetically unique populations to support the long-term resilience and sustainable management of mangrove genetic resources in East Kalimantan.
HERPETOFAUNA DIVERSITY IN MID-SUCCESSIONAL FORESTS OF MT. BANAHAW DE LUCBAN, PHILIPPINES: Herpetofauna in Mid-successional forests of Mt. Banahaw de Lucban Ronald C. Garcia; Amalia E. Almazol; Dennis E. Pulan; Almar John A. Luna; Liam Karl C. Manago; Francisco N. Beltran; Eraldwin A. Dimailig; Daniel S. Galeon; John Louis S. Narinay; Gracelle L. Ann Zoleta; Judy Ann Develuz
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 2 May 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.2.2434

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS- Active forest restoration via reforestation hastens forest cover re-establishment and recovers ecosystem health.- Due to the sensitivity of herpetofauna to environmental changes, they are a good indicator of ecosystem health.- This study compares herpetofauna diversity in reforestation areas and natural secondary growth mid-successional forests to determine the impacts of active forest restoration and conservation initiatives in promoting ecosystem recovery and health. - The results can assist decision makers in formulating sustainable forest and ecosystem health restoration strategies.ABSTRACTHerpetofauna are sensitive to environmental changes, making them good indicators of ecosystem health. This study assessed the diversity of herpetofauna species in the mid-successional forest consisting of 30-year reforestation areas and natural secondary-growth forests of Mount Banahaw de Lucban (MBdL) to determine the impacts of forest restoration and conservation initiatives in promoting ecosystem recovery and health. A combination of belt transects following forest trails and purposive sampling was employed where samples were captured via net or hand-picked. Results revealed 26 herpetofauna species composed of 11 amphibians and 15 reptiles, including snakes and lizards. These findings are significantly higher than previously reported. Herpetofauna had moderate diversity at 2.219 and 1.903 in the Shannon Diversity Index (H’) for amphibians and reptiles, respectively. Species richness (Ra) was 7.091 for amphibians and 3.533 for reptiles, with dominance (D) values of 0.110 and 0.260 and evenness (J’) values of 0.925 and 0.703, respectively. Using the Chi-square test for Independence, however, these differences between reforestation and secondary forest were found significant (X2 = 12.64, P = 0.002, d = 2) for species abundance but not for species richness. Platymantis banahao, P. luzonensis, Gonocephalus semperi, Boiga angulata, Ptyas luzonensis, and Malayopython reticulatus were threatened species. Results imply that the reforestation, forest protection, and conservation efforts for more than 30 years have increased forest cover, and improved ecosystem health favoring herpetofauna species.

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