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BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
ISSN : 02156334     EISSN : 1907770X     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11598/btb
BIOTROPIA, The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology, is a scientific publication of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) – Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP). It publishes articles in the broad areas of tropical ecosystems and environmental impacts, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development and biotechnology.
Articles 520 Documents
THE THE EFFICACY OF BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL ANTAGONIST SUSPENSIONS IN CONTROLLING FOLIAR MILDEW DISEASE IN ZUCCHINI PLANTS: - Ramona, Yan; A. Line, Martin; Septiari, I Gusti Ayu Agung; Darmayasa, Ida Bagus Gede; Agung Panji Dwipayana, I Dewa; Shetty, Kalidas
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 August 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.2.2448

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Diverse microbial antagonists can be used as alternatives to control foliar disease - Microbial agents offer zucchini protection against downy mildew causing microbes- Biocontrol agents effectively control mildew infection in zucchini plants- Diverse microbial antagonists have potential to control foliar disease in zucchini - New bio-based strategy supports sustainable crop disease management- Diverse microbial antagonists are promising for controlling mildew in zucchiniABSTRACTDowny mildew is recognized as a major constraint in zucchini production, caused by obligate fungal-like pathogens that thrive under humid conditions. In this study, the efficacy of selected bacterial (Lysobacter antibioticus Bali G, Pseudomonas corrugata SAJ6) and fungal (Trichoderma sp. Td22) antagonists was evaluated for the management of this foliar disease on zucchini plants as an alternative to chemical fungicides. The efficacy of these bacterial and fungal antagonists against a suspected downy mildew pathogen was assessed on zucchini leaves in a glasshouse. It was found that the antagonists provided 22 - 83% protection (P < 0.05) against the pathogen two weeks after application. However, the level of protection declined over time, with 46 - 60% of leaves infected five weeks after pathogen exposure, regardless of treatment. The combination of Trichoderma sp. Td22, the most effective agent, with either Lysobacter antibioticus Bali G, Pseudomonas corrugata SAJ6, or both, was observed to reduce its overall effectiveness. Survival of the biological agents on leaf surfaces was low, although prior research has indicated that survival may not be essential for sustained disease control. Further investigation is required to determine the potential role of these agents in inducing systemic acquired resistance in crops such as grapes and poppies. For commercial application, repeated treatments may be necessary to maintain disease management. Notably, the protection provided by Trichoderma sp. Td22 was found to be comparable to that of chemical treatments, representing a promising step toward more sustainable agricultural practices.
DIET COMPOSITION AND FEEDING HABITS OF NAUJAN WHITE GOBY (Glossogobius aureus) IN NAUJAN LAKE, PHILIPPINES Guibone, Elsie; Sanchez-Escalona, Katherine; Balagtas, Abelle; Fiedalan, Fritz Dustin; Lomio, Kidelyn
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 August 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.2.2450

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- The Naujan White Goby (Glossogobius aureus) is an economically important commodity, valued locally for dried fish, making it vulnerable to overexploitation.- Domestication efforts attempt to lessen fishing pressure while conserving wild populations; however, the feeding ecology of this native fish in Naujan Lake is still unknown.- Understanding Glossogobius aureus’ diet composition and feeding habits from its natural habitat is critical for establishing its culture.Glossogobius aureus is a benthic carnivore that feeds primarily on shrimp, followed by fish and other prey items.ABSTRACTNaujan White Goby (Glossogobius aureus), commonly processed as dried fish, is a local delicacy in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. However, the product’s growing popularity and rising demand have raised concerns about the overexploitation of this economically valuable species. While efforts to domesticate G. aureus have been initiated as a conservation measure, information on its feeding ecology in Naujan Lake National Park is lacking. This study investigated the diet composition, feeding habits, feeding intensity, and seasonal and site-based variations in the diet of G. aureus in Naujan Lake by monthly sampling from February 2020 to January 2021. A total of 1,938 G. aureus comprising 1,094 males and 844 females were collected, ranging from 75 mm to 280 mm in total length. Glossogobius aureus is a benthic carnivore. Shrimp forms the bulk of its diet, followed by fish and other prey. Occasional opportunistic feeding was observed in June to August when the usual prey were scarce. Pairwise comparison showed a significantly high percentage occurrence of shrimp observed during the dry months (January to March) and rainy months (September to November) compared to the lowest ingestion recorded in June and July (P < 0.05). The dietary patterns varied significantly across the six sampling sites and seasonal periods. Feeding intensity was the highest before spawning and declined during the spawning period. Males exhibited greater feeding activity compared to females. The findings offer valuable insights into the feeding patterns of G. aureus, which could help optimize dietary strategies for its successful culture in captivity.
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF CURCUMIN AND ITS NANOFORMULATIONS: Bioactive role of curcumin in diseases prevention Nayila, Iffat; Sharif, Sumaira; sarwar, muhammad; atta khan, Faima; Zaheer, Saima; iqbal, aasma
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 August 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.2.2454

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS- Curcumin shows strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects.- Nanoformulations improve curcumin’s stability, absorption, and effectiveness.- Curcumin nanoparticles may protect against cancer, heart, and brain disorders.- More clinical studies are needed to confirm curcumin’s full therapeutic potential. ABSTRACTResearchers have recently focused on the bioactive components present in natural products. Over the past two decades, curcumin, the active compound derived from the Curcuma longa plant, has been extensively investigated due to its therapeutic potential as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer agent. This review article aims to present the potential and therapeutic activities of curcumin based on its medicinal significance and targeted pathways. Its antibacterial, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anticancer properties are discussed in relation to the biological activities of curcumin. Despite the promising findings, sufficient evidence supporting the adjunctive use of C. longa and curcumin-based nanoparticles for the treatment of various inflammatory and infectious disorders is still lacking. Several nanoformulations have been developed, and their effectiveness has been demonstrated in preclinical studies; however, further validation through human clinical trials is required before their application in medicine can be established. In this context, the current review provides an overview of curcumin nanoformulations that may serve as effective alternatives for targeted therapies in the management of various human disorders. According to the reported literature, nano-gels, nanoemulsions, and nano-creams loaded with curcumin nanoparticles have been proposed for the management of several diseases. The information presented in this review has been compiled from approximately 300 preclinical and clinical research papers and review articles. Further studies should focus on optimizing the stability of nanoformulations, improving clinical translation, and enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin nanoparticles in order to evaluate their potential as candidates for novel drug development in the treatment of various diseases.
PROXIMATE, TANNIN, AND AMYLOSE IN SIX SORGHUM VARIETIES ACROSS TWO PLANTING SEASONS Muazam, Arif; Kristamtini, Kristamtini; Widyayanti, Setyorini; Nugraha, Yudhistira; Kasiamdari, Rina Sri; Setiadi Daryono, Budi
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 August 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.2.2461

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Sorghum nutrition varies across varieties and growing seasons- Dry season increases starch and amylose content in some varieties- Rainy season enhances protein levels in sorghum grains- Genotype-environment interaction affects sorghum nutritional quality- Sorghum adaptation supports food diversification and climate resilienceABSTRACTSorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a potential staple food in Indonesia, offering an alternative to rice and corn due to its adaptability to marginal lands and drought tolerance. However, research on the impact of environmental factors, particularly different growing seasons, to the nutritional composition of sorghum varieties are still lacking. This study aimed to analyze the proximate contents of tannin and amylose in six sorghum varieties cultivated in two different planting seasons (wet and dry seasons). A Completely Randomized Design with three replications was applied in this experiment. The tested varieties included three newly developed superior varieties (Bioguma, Samurai, and Kawali) and three local varieties (Black Bonteb, Red Glutinous Sorghum, and KD4). The results showed that proximate composition varied across varieties and seasons. Starch content was generally higher in the dry season, with the highest observed in Kawali (64.16%) and Bioguma (63.11%), while the lowest was in Black Wareng (11.99%). Similarly, protein content peaked in Black Wareng (7.68%) and Red Glutinous Sorghum (7.37%), but was the lowest in Samurai (4.48%). Tannin levels also fluctuated by season, where Bioguma, KD4, and Kawali exhibited higher tannin content in the dry season, whereas Samurai, Red Glutinous Sorghum, and Black Bonteb had lower tannin levels. Notably, amylose content was significantly higher in Red Glutinous Sorghum (4.72%) and Black Bonteb (4.62%) across both seasons, contributing to their fluffier texture when cooked. These findings highlight the influence of environmental conditions on sorghum nutritional quality, reinforcing its potential for food diversification, including processed sorghum flour as a substitute for wheat flour.
LICHEN SPECIES DIVERSITY AS BIOINDICATOR OF AIR QUALITY IN THE GUNUNG BIBI FOREST, MOUNT MERAPI NATIONAL PARK Nugroho, Irfan Agus; Romadhona, Ananda Briliana; Septianingtyas, Christabel Reviana; Ilma, Laila Nurul; Nugraha, Ari Satia; Pairah, Pairah; Untari, Ludmilla Fitri; Nugroho, Andhika Puspito
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 August 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.2.2470

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- The study identified 36 lichen species from 14 different families.- The lichen composition differed between stations, indicating disparities in air quality.- Station II (1600-1700 masl) had better air quality than Station I (1600-1700 masl), which had a higher diversity index value and more lichen coverage. - Nitrogen emissions from farming may reduce the non-nitrophilic lichen diversity and abundance.- The diversity and abundance of lichen is affected by air temperature, humidity, light intensity, and the type of bark.ABSTRACTThe Mount Merapi ecosystem is distinguished by its considerable biodiversity potential, which has led to its designation as a national park and the protection of its unique ecological characteristics. A notable example of the Mount Merapi ecosystem is the Gunung Bibi forest, which has been designated as a Sanctuary Zone within the Mount Merapi National Park, with the primary objectives of biodiversity conservation, habitat preservation, and ecosystem protection. However, the Gunung Bibi forest is susceptible to the repercussions of volcanic eruptions and the pressure of agricultural activities from the surrounding area, which may potentially impact its air quality. Given the geographical area of the forest, the most efficient method for air quality monitoring is the use of lichens diversity as bio-indicators. This study aims to analyze the relationship between lichen species diversity and air quality in the Gunung Bibi forest area of Mount Merapi National Park, and the factors that influence it. Data collection was carried out by dividing the area into two research stations based on altitude. Data collection was carried out using a purposive sampling method with analysis including lichen abundance, lichen thallus cover area, and Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index measurement. Based on the research conducted, the results of lichen species diversity found at the research site include 36 species from 13 different families. The lichen composition at the two stations differs, indicative of disparities in air quality. Station II (1600-1700 masl) exhibited indications of better air quality in comparison to Station I (1500-1600 masl), which was distinguished by a higher diversity index value, as well as a greater lichen thallus covering area. The difference in air quality between the two research stations is probably due to nitrogen emissions from agricultural activities, which limit the diversity and abundance of non-nitrophilic lichen species Environmental factors affecting lichen species diversity and abundance are air temperature, humidity, light intensity, and bark type of lichen substrate.
Effect of Calcium Nitrate on Chlorophyll-Based Biotransducer Characterization of Arthrospira platensis Gomont Sari, Mulia Safrida; Putra, Rachmad Almi; Dwitya, Yonadiah; Fahril, M Ari
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 August 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.2.2480

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Calcium nitrate is utilized to enhance the growth and chlorophyll quality of Arthrospira platensis Gomont, aiming to maximize its potential as a biotransducer molecule.- Biomass productivity was monitored every three days during a 15-day cultivation period, with specific attention to biomass accumulation and specific growth rates during the stationary phase.- Chlorophyll concentrations (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll) were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 648 nm and 664 nm.- Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed on chlorophyll extracts to assess molecular binding capacity, reinforcing Arthrospira platensis Gomont’s potential as a biotransducer.- A concentration of 4.5 g/L of calcium nitrate, in combination with 35 ppt salinity, was found to be optimal for enhancing chlorophyll production during cultivation.ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to investigate the potential of calcium nitrate as a specific nutrient capable of enhancing the chlorophyll content and optimizating the biotransducer characterization in Arthrospira platensis Gomont. The experimental design employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with Two Factors, consisting of 12 treatments and 3 replications. Each research group was conditioned with varying salinity levels: 15 ppt (S15), 25 ppt (S25), and 35 ppt (S35). In the treatment groups, calcium nitrate was added at different concentrations: 2.5 g/L (P1), 3.5 g/L (P2), and 4.5 g/L (P3). Biomass accumulation and specific growth rate were monitored and data were collected throughout the experiment. At the end of the treatment period, chlorophyll was extracted and its concentration was measured using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and FTIR analysis. The results indicated that the addition of calcium nitrate 4.5 g/L combined with 35 ppt salinity increased the average biomass productivity over 15 days by 5.1 g/L, with a specific growth rate in the stationary phase of 0.12 per day. Supplementation of calcium nitrate 4.5 g/L in 35 ppt salinity was found to increase total chlorophyll concentration to 70.15 μg/mL, further supporting its potential as a supplementary nutrient to enhance the biotransducer properties with five key functional groups for the stability and binding affinity of analyte molecules in SPR application.
EFFICACY OF THE BIOFLOC SYSTEM WITH THE ADDITION OF CHITOSAN ON TIGER PRAWN (Penaeus monodon) PRODUCTIVITY Maulianawati, Diana; Amien, Muhammad; Pardi, Yusriadi; Hafid, Hafid; Rifai, Muhammad Aditya`; Raoda, Andini Aisyah Nur; Luthfiyana, Novi; Syahril, Syahril
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 August 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.2.2482

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS- Biofloc technology with chitosan addition improved the growth performance of Penaeus monodon, increased floc volume and heterotrophic bacteria, and reduced Vibrio-like bacteria.- Biofloc technology with chitosan addition enhanced water quality and microbial community, supporting P. monodon growth.P. monodon in a biofloc system with chitosan had higher weight gain, growth rate, and survival rate. - The study provides insights for sustainable intensive shrimp farming using biofloc technology.- Findings contribute to improving productivity and maintaining environmental conditions in shrimp aquaculture. ABSTRACTPenaeus monodon farming failures are often found from Post Larva's initial distribution phase until harvest. High mortality rates of P. monodon post-larvae are often observed after stocking. A disease attack in the second month during the rearing period eventually causes failure in extensive ponds. The primary objective of this research was to investigate the impacts of adding chitosan on on the yield of P. monodon within a biofloc technology (BFT) culture system. The experiment was carried out in triplicate using three distinct treatment options. Post-larval P. monodon (PL-10) that were visually healthy and disease-free were obtained from a hatchery and then stocked at a density of 40 individuals per 100 liters. Shrimps, and fed a commercial diet four times daily for 40 days. A statistically significant difference was observed (p-value < 0.05) in weight gain (0.213-0.299 g), average daily growth (0.0054-0.0074 g/day), and specific growth rate (13.4-14.3 %/day) of shrimp were found among the treatments. The inclusion of chitosan in the biofloc system led to a prominent rise in floc volume and heterotrophic bacterial populations, while simultaneously reducing the number of Vibrio-like bacteria (VLB) colonies. No notable variations were noted in food conversion ratio (FCR), total length, survival rate, total nitrite-N, nitrate-N, and total ammonia nitrogen levels. Biofloc technology supplemented with chitosan is found to boost the growth rate of P. monodon by enhanced both water quality and the microorganisms present within it, according to the study.
INTEGRATING TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN TELUK BINTUNI DISTRICT: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Agustinus Andyratnah Rumayomi, Nimrod; Murdjoko, Agustinus; Ungirwalu, Antoni; Mulyadi, Mulyadi; Mikael Hendrik Benu, Nithanel; Aristone Djitmau, Dony
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 August 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.2.2486

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS- Traditional knowledge plays a crucial role biodiversity conservation. - In Teluk Bintuni District, local regulations support the integration of traditional knowledge, promoting collaboration for sustainable resource management. - The study highlights the need for community engagement, capacity building, and education to effectively utilize traditional ecological.- Successful conservation initiatives require collaboration to balance economic growth with environmental stewardship and social inclusivity, ultimately fostering sustainable development. ABSTRACTTraditional knowledge is vital for wildlife management and forest conservation in tropical regions and is passed down through generations.  Thus, this research was designed to identify the challenges and opportunities encountered in implementing Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) during regional development, particularly in relation to natural resource management in Teluk Bintuni District.  The data were collected through interviews with local people and a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) involving government officials, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and local figures.  The results revealed that the government had enacted Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2019 to recognize the customary rights of seven tribes, i.e., the Kuri, Wamesa, Irorutu, Sebyar, Simuri, Sougb, and Moskona tribes, thereby protecting traditional communities.  The regulations emphasize the prioritization of people's rights in development, supported by the establishment of LMA Tujuh Suku (a Traditional Community Institution of Seven Tribes).  The tribes have been utilizing TEK to deal with social and environmental issues, integrating the issues into development procedures to foster conservation and economic growth.  The challenges, such as poor infrastructure, political instability, and low community engagement, hinder effective implementation.  The strengths include accessible natural resources and international funding for conservation.  The study highlighted the importance of education, stakeholder collaboration, and technology in documenting and incorporating TEK into conservation planning through participatory research, capacity building, and adaptive management. 
THE POTENTIAL OF Enhalus acoroides AS A BIOSTIMULANT TO ENHANCE MAIZE GROWTH AND DROUGHT TOLERANCE Pharmawati, Made; Wrasiati, Luh Putu; Wijaya, I Made Anom Sutrisna; Siddique, Kadambot.H.M.
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 August 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.2.2487

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS- Biostimulant Potential of Enhalus acoroides- Positive Effects of E. acoroides on Maize Growth- Reduction in H2O2 (Oxidative Stress) by Enhalus acoroides extractABSTRACTDrought poses a significant challenge to crop productivity, with maize particularly vulnerable. Enhancing maize tolerance to drought stress is crucial, and one promising approach involves using biostimulants derived from natural sources. The seagrass Enhalus acoroides is a potential biostimulant due to its rich phytochemical composition, including phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and pigments such as chlorophyll, lutein, pheophytin, and beta-carotene. These compounds exhibit antioxidant activity, suggesting their potential role in enhancing plant resilience to drought stress. This study evaluated the effects of E. acoroides extract on maize growth under drought conditions during the seedling phase and analyzed biochemical changes in maize plants treated with the extract. The extract was prepared using 10% dried E. acoroides leaves with a chloroform-to-ethanol solvent ratio of 9:1 (v/v) and subsequently dissolved in distilled water for final concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, and 0.25%. The results demonstrated that E. acoroides extract enhanced plant height, increased shoot and root fresh and dry weights. Additionally, plants sprayed with E. acoroides extract exhibited higher total sugar and protein content in the shoots as compared to non-sprayed plants. Under 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress, control plants showed severe leaf wilting, whereas extract-treated plants only had mild wilting. The chlorophyll, reducing sugar, total N, and tocopherol contents were also higher in extract-treated plants under PEG stress than in untreated controls. These findings indicate the potential of E. acoroides extract as a biostimulant for improving drought tolerance in maize.
PREDICTING THE FUTURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF ENDEMIC RATTAN CALAMUS JAVENSIS BLUME UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS CMIP 5 RCP 8.5 IN 2050 AND 2070 IN WEST JAVA: Predicting the future distributions of endemic rattan Wibowo, Andri; Warno Utomo, Suyud
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 August 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTSInformation on how climate change can shape Calamus javensis distributions is still lackingThe study used SDM with RCP 8.5 scenario for the years 2050 and 2070Suitable habitats for C. javensis are expected to decline by approximately 46.34%Suitable habitats for C. javensis are expected to be concentrated in western parts of West Java ABSTRACTC. javensis is an endemic rattan plant in West Java. While the information on how climate change can shape C. javensis distributions and how C. javensis can cope climate change conditions is still lacking. This information is required considering that C. javensis is an endemic plant in West Java. Then, the purpose of this study is to model the climate change impact on future C. javensis distributions. The study using species distribution modeling (SDM) covering nine locations across West Java with RCP 8.5 climate change scenario for year 2050 and 2070. The result show under the scenarios of climate change, the only appropriate habitats for C. javensis were concentrated in western parts of West Java. Within time series and climate change scenarios, the suitable habitats categorized as very high suitable for C. javensis were estimated to decline. From 2050 to 2070, suitable habitats for C. javensis will decline by around 46.34% from 1025 to 550 km2 in 2070.

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