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BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
Published by Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology
ISSN : 02156334     EISSN : 1907770X     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11598/btb
Core Subject : Health, Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Veterinary
BIOTROPIA, The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology, is a scientific publication of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) – Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP). It publishes articles in the broad areas of tropical ecosystems and environmental impacts, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development and biotechnology.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 545 Documents
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PREDICTING THE FUTURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF ENDEMIC RATTAN CALAMUS JAVENSIS BLUME UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS CMIP 5 RCP 8.5 IN 2050 AND 2070 IN WEST JAVA: Predicting the future distributions of endemic rattan Wibowo, Andri; Warno Utomo, Suyud
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 2 August 2025
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Abstract

HIGHLIGHTSInformation on how climate change can shape Calamus javensis distributions is still lackingThe study used SDM with RCP 8.5 scenario for the years 2050 and 2070Suitable habitats for C. javensis are expected to decline by approximately 46.34%Suitable habitats for C. javensis are expected to be concentrated in western parts of West Java ABSTRACTC. javensis is an endemic rattan plant in West Java. While the information on how climate change can shape C. javensis distributions and how C. javensis can cope climate change conditions is still lacking. This information is required considering that C. javensis is an endemic plant in West Java. Then, the purpose of this study is to model the climate change impact on future C. javensis distributions. The study using species distribution modeling (SDM) covering nine locations across West Java with RCP 8.5 climate change scenario for year 2050 and 2070. The result show under the scenarios of climate change, the only appropriate habitats for C. javensis were concentrated in western parts of West Java. Within time series and climate change scenarios, the suitable habitats categorized as very high suitable for C. javensis were estimated to decline. From 2050 to 2070, suitable habitats for C. javensis will decline by around 46.34% from 1025 to 550 km2 in 2070.
EFFECTS OF PHOSPHATE-SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA FROM PROBIOTIC AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION ON JUICE CHARACTERISTICS OF BROWN MIDRIB SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L. MOENCH) Sriagtula, Riesi; Mardhiyetti, Mardhiyetti; Yanti, Gusri; Hellyward, James
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 3 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 3 December 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.3.2240

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS- Bacillus sp. probiotics can replace 100% inorganic phosphate fertilizer.- Sorghum stem diameter strongly correlates with juice volume.- Juice yield was not affected by phosphorus dose or Bacillus sp. colony size.- Sorghum juice sugar content reached 11.77–12.75% Brix.- Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria improved phosphorus availability in ultisol. ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to observe the effects of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) combined with different phosphorus fertilizer levels on the juice characteristics of the BMR sorghum mutant line. The research was carried out at the Edufarm of the Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Padang, using a randomized block design (RBD) with four treatments and four replications. The treatments were as follows: P0 = Urea + KCl + 0% TSP + PSB; P1 = Urea + KCl + 50% TSP + PSB; P2 = Urea + KCl + 75% TSP + PSB; and P3 = Urea + KCl + 100% TSP (control). The PSB used was obtained from Waretha Probiotics, consisting of Bacillus sp. culture at a dose of 10 mL per planting hole, equivalent to 10⁷ cfu/g. The parameters measured were sugar content (%Brix), volume of stem juice (mL), and the correlation of various parameters with stem juice volume. The results showed that the application of probiotic Bacillus sp. and different dosages of phosphorus fertilizer did not result in significant differences for all parameters (P > 0.05). Sugar content and juice volume ranged from 11.78 to 12.75 (%Brix) and 188.75 to 218.5 (mL/stem), respectively. The correlation coefficient analysis indicated significant positive correlations between stem diameter (r = 0.575*) and fresh stem weight (r = 0.504*) with the volume of sorghum stem juice. It was concluded that the application of PSB from Bacillus sp. can replace phosphorus fertilizer, producing sugar content and juice yield comparable to the 100% P fertilizer treatment. A correlation was observed between stem diameter and fresh stem weight with stem juice volume. PSB was found to play a crucial role in increasing phosphate availability to plants. The implications of this research include the potential production of forage sorghum with high Brix content for ruminant energy and Water-Soluble Carbohydrates (WSC) for silage production.
COMMUNITY BELIEFS ON ANIMAL SIGNALLING: EVIDENCE FROM WEST PAPUAN TRIBAL GROUPS Anjelus Iyai, Deny; Yustenci Runtuboi, Yubelince; A. Pattikawa, Vapriel; F. Haryati, Stepani; Prianka P., Azchar; Prasetya, Rizki; Sagrim, Meky; A. Arief, Fitri; R. Runtuboi, Ferawati; Riskayanti, Riskayanti; Amalia, Ditasari; C. Dami, Juni; Pakage, Stepanus
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 January 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.1.2405

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Indigenous communities read animal signs as early warnings for nature events Shared experiences shape how different animal behaviours gain meaning Local wisdom shows animals as sensitive partners in human survival   ABSTRACTObserving animal behavior and daily activities can help humans gain knowledge and derive practical benefits. A mixed-method approach, combining desk-based study and telephone interviews, was employed to collect data from seven major Papuan tribal groups. The desk study involved the collection of approximately 2,000 references published between 1980 and 2020 using keyword-based searches conducted with specialized software. Data were also provided by leaders from the seven major communities. The collected data were analyzed using Rayyan, VoS Viewer, Crammer’s Phi, and Microsoft Excel. The principal findings indicate that 14 publications addressed topics related to animal signaling and community beliefs. The animals recognized by the seven major tribal group as exhibiting signals included mammals (52%), fish (8%), reptiles (12%), amphibians (8%), birds (4%), and insects (16%). Animals were reported to convey signals through vocalizations (sounds), appearance, body parts, wastes, tracks, constructed objects, and odors. The result of Crammer’s Phi analysis showed (168) = 219.48, P = 0.0046, df = 168,  = 0.05 and 0.01, and φc = 0.0105 (1%). This results indicate a significant association between perceived values in interpreting animal signals and tribal community groups in West Papua. A Cartesian graph demonstrated low-to-high levels of both animal signaling and beliefs. Beliefs and practices related to animal sensitivity and communication vary across cultures and communities worldwide. Many indigenous communities maintain a deep spiritual connection with nature and animals, viewing them as sentient beings with their own forms of communication and sensitivity.
ALGINATE-SEED ENCAPSULATION CONTAINING ENDOPHYTIC Bacillus cereus BTH21 FOR BIOCONTROLLING WILT DISEASE IN EGGPLANT Purnawati, Arika; Prasetyawati, Endang Triwahyu; Aditya, Haidar Fari; Saefur Rohman
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 3 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 3 December 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.3.2410

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTSSeed encapsulation using alginate and B. cereus BTH21 for biocontrol of wilt disease in eggplant.ABSTRACTBacterial wilt is a major plant disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum that infects important crops, such as eggplant, causing wilt, stunted growth, and reduced yield. The biocontrol of the pathogen can be done by employing antagonistic bacteria, yet direct inoculation into the soils are often ineffective due to low population of the pathogen in the soils, which also easily washed away by watering activity. Seed encapsulation technique, using alginate, zeolite and peat, containing antagonistic bacteria Bacillus cereus BTH21 to control R. solanacearum is the novelty proposed in this research. Hence, this research aimed to develop alginate seed-encapsulation technique containing Bacillus cells as a mean to biologically control R. solanacearum in eggplant. Endophytic Bacillus cereus BTH21 strains was isolated from healthy eggplant tissue obtained from Kediri, East Java Province, Indonesia. Subsequent isolation, purification and molecular identification confirmed the identity of the strain. Three seed-encapsulation formulations were made: a) control (no encapsulation); b) alginate + zeolite + Bacillus (Al+Z+B); and c) alginate + peat + Bacillus (Al+P+B). A field experiment was designed in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) where the alginate-encapsulated eggplant seeds were sown along with deliberate R. solanacearum inoculation (107 cfu/mL) into the soils. Observations were carried out every 7 days from 0 – 49 days after sowing (DAS) on several parameters, i.e., incubation period, infection rate, germination percentage, plant height, and number of leaves. The data were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test at a significance level of P < 0.05. The results showed that both seed encapsulation formulations prolonged incubation period (15 and 13 DAS) compared to the control (10 DAS), reduced infection rate, increased germination rate, as well as higher agronomic performances (plant height, number of leaves) compared to the control at 7 – 49 DAS. Overall, this results indicated the potential of alginate seed-encapsulation techniques containing biocontrol agents to control plant diseases.
ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Castanopsis tungurrut (BLUME) A. DC ALONG THE ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT IN CIBODAS BIOSPHERE RESERVE Nurdiana, Dian Ridwan; E. Buot, Jr, Inocencio
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 3 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 3 December 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.3.2414

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS- Castanopsis tungurrut prefer mid-altitude forest habitat- The population show clumped pattern on steep slopes- Vegetation cluster shift with altitudinal gradient- Cisarua is the highest density of Castanopsis tungurrut ABSTRACTCastanopsis tungurrut is an endangered species that has received limited attention in terms of research, with scarce ecological information and description of its native distribution area, the Cibodas Biosphere Reserve. This study aimed to investigate the ecological characteristics, vegetation clusters, population structure, and habitat preferences of C. tungurrut along the altitudinal gradient. To assess the vegetation, a total of 41 plots were used, with dimensions of 20 × 20 m for trees, 10 × 10 m for poles, 5 × 5 m for saplings, and 2 × 2 m for wildings. The results revealed that the vegetation in four different locations (Cibodas, Bodogol, Cisarua, and Selabintana) within the altitude range of ca. 750 - 1800 meters above sea level (m asl) could be grouped into three distinct zone clusters based on the dominant species. These clusters were named Zone I (ca. 500 - 1,000 m asl), Castanopsis-Lithocarpus and Schima wallichii forest characterized by the dominance of Castanopsis tungurrut, Maesopsis eminii, and Schima wallichii; Zone II (ca. 1,000 -1,500 m asl), Castanopsis and Schima wallichii forest, dominated by Castanopsis (Fagaceae forest) and Schima wallichii; and Zone III (ca.1,500-2,400 m asl), Schima wallichii, Castanopsis, and Altingia excelsa forest where Schima wallichii, Castanopsis, and Altingia excelsa were prevalent. C. tungurrut was found to dominate at elevations between ca. 750 and 1,500 m asl, gradually decreasing in higher elevations or even absent. It exhibited a clumped distribution pattern, favoring steep to highly steep habitats. The highest population density was observed in Cisarua (53.1 individuals/ha), followed by Bodogol (25 individuals/ha), Cibodas (10.7 individuals/ha), and Selabintana (5 individuals/ha). These findings emphasize the species' selective habitat preferences, particularly with regard to altitude and slope factors, which should be taken into consideration when planning conservation efforts.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT IN PEEL EXTRACTS OF FOUR BANANA CULTIVARS FROM INDONESIA (Musa spp.) Arliani, Hida; Supriyadi, Supriyadi; Sri Kasiamdari, Rina; S. Daryono, Budi
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 3 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 3 December 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.3.2426

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS- Wild banana morphology links to high peel flavonoid content.- Klutuk banana peel has the highest antioxidant potential.- Morphological traits can predict nutraceutical value in bananas.- Banana peel waste is a valuable source of natural antioxidants.- Conservation of wild germplasm is crucial for bioactive compounds.ABSTRACTBanana is a commodity with high genetic diversity in Indonesia, often leading to identification issues due to synonymy and homonymy. Accurate morphological characterization is essential for germplasm management and breeding programs. Concurrently, high consumption of banana generates significant banana peel waste, which is a potential source of bioactive compounds like flavonoids. This study aimed to characterize the morphology of four banana varieties (Cavendish, Kepok, Raja, Klutuk) from the Yogyakarta Banana Germplasm Garden and analyze the total flavonoid content (TFC) in banana peels. Morphological characterization was conducted following the IPGRI descriptor list, and TFC was measured spectrophotometrically and expressed as mg Quercetin Equivalent per gram (mgQE/g). The results revealed distinct morphological profiles for each variety, with the wild-type Klutuk banana exhibiting the tallest pseudostem and seedy fruit. The TFC analysis showed a significant variation, where Klutuk peel had the highest content (0.453 mg QE/g), followed by Kepok (0.386 mg QE/g), Cavendish (0.146 mg QE/g), and Raja (0.139 mg QE/g). The high flavonoid content in the morphologically distinct Klutuk variety suggests a correlation between its wild morphological traits and enhanced production of defensive phytochemicals. These findings underscore the value of morphological data for identifying cultivars with high nutraceutical potential, promoting the utilization of banana peel waste as a source of natural antioxidants.
CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN THE INTESTINE OF HEALTHY DOMESTIC DUCKS : MICROBIAL COMMUNITY AND FATTY ACIDS PROFILE IN DUCKS INTESTINE Susanti, R; Rahayu Utami, Nur; Dafip, Muchamad
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 January 2026
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.1.2451

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Healthy duck gut shows rich bacterial diversity dominated by Firmicutes.- Duck intestine is enriched in saturated fatty acids compared to the feed.- Short chain fatty acids in duck intestine greatly exceed those in the feed.- Genera Lactobacillus and Ruminococcus are key markers of duck gut health.- Palmitic, stearic, and vaccenic acids emerge as major intestinal lipids.ABSTRACTFatty acids exhibit antibacterial properties and serve as metabolic substrates for intestinal bacteria, shaping the composition of the microbiota and the synthesis of microbial metabolites. This study aimed to analyze the duck intestinal microbiota community and its fatty acid profile. This study utilized 25 healthy domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) sourced from an intensive laying farm in Central Java, Indonesia. An exploratory observational research design was employed to analyze data obtained from this study. The intestinal bacteria of duck samples were analyzed using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), and fatty acid components using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Duck feed samples were analyzed for nutritional composition using proximate analysis and fatty acid composition using GC-MS. The Simpson and Shannon indices revealed rich microbial diversity in the duck intestine. The abundance of bacteria was dominated by several phyla, such as Firmicutes (82.58%), Actinobacteria (12.25%), and Bacteroidetes (4.27%). The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was 19.32, with the intestine containing greater proportion of saturated fatty acids (74.32%) compared to unsaturated fatty acids (33.62%). Additionally, the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the duck’s intestine was 15.72 times greater than that found in the feed. Microorganisms, including Bacteroides (2.88%), Faecalibacterium (0.16%), Prevotella (0.08%), Butyricicoccus (0.67%), Ruminococcus (2.2%), Oscillospira (0.02%), and Mucisspirillum (0.018%) are genera that produce SCFA. Bacteria capable of synthesizing medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) were identified, namely Ruminococcaceae UGC-005 (1.85%) and Acinetobacter (0.005%). Bacteria producing saturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) were identified, namely Lactobacillus (12.12%), Prevotella (0.08%), and Alistipes (0.13%). Bacteria capable of producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) metabolites including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) were identified, namely Propionibacterium (0.004%), Lactobacillus (12.12%), and Bifidobacterium (0.21%). In summary, the intestinal microbiota of healthy ducks exhibits considerable diversity and a high diversity index. Various bacterial genera contribute to the production of SCFA, MCFA, and LCFA, as well as the conversion of PUFA into CLA and CLnA metabolites. This baseline microbiota–fatty acid profile can guide microbiota-informed feed optimization and candidate probiotic selection to support SCFA production, gut health, and productivity, and it provides a reference for monitoring dysbiosis and evaluating dietary interventions in intensive duck production systems.
CYTOTOXICITY AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ANALYSIS IN THE RIGHT-WING OF Musca domestica Osabel, Rommel; J. Domingo, Princess; R. Guroalim, Jea Farida; Lumogdang, Leonel
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 1 January 2026
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.1.2455

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Studies on Musca domestica secondary metabolites remain limited.- BSLA results showed significant cytotoxicity in all extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, and 50:50 aqueous–ethanolic).- Extracts contained amides, alcohols, amines, and alkenes.- Amides and alkenes may contribute to cytotoxic activity.- The right wing of the housefly shows potential for future bioactive compound and drug discovery studies.ABSTRACTThe housefly (Musca domestica) is a disease vector, yet its survival in pathogenic environments suggests an effective innate immune system. The right wing, often overlooked, is hypothesized to serve as a reservoir for secondary metabolites and has been shown to inhibit pathogen colonization. This study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity and identify functional groups in the right wing of M. domestica to elucidate their significance. Three extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, and 50:50 aqueous-ethanolic) were tested using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA) for cytotoxicity screening. The BSLA results showed that all three extracts were toxic after 24 hours, with the aqueous extract exhibiting the highest toxicity value, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was performed on the most toxic-the aqueous extract-and confirmed the presence of amide, alcohol, amine, and alkene functional groups. The presence of these groups supports the existence of previously isolated bioactive compounds in the right wing, such as antimicrobial peptides and 1-lysophosphatidylethanolamine. These functional groups, particularly amides and alkenes, are known to enhance cytotoxicity. In conclusion, the right wing of M. domestica is a potential bioactive source for drug discovery, with its extracts proving cytotoxic and containing key functional groups. For further study, comparative analyses across different maturity stages of M. domestica are recommended to determine the most suitable stage for medicinal use.
IN SILICO STUDY OF JATI (Tectona grandis) LEAF CONSTITUENTS AS TRADITIONAL WOUND CARE Krisnamurti, Gabriella Chandrakirana; Sukmaningsih, Anak Agung Sagung Alit; Primiani, Cicilia Novi
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 3 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 3 December 2025
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.3.2456

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS- T. grandis leaf methanolic extract contains 82 compounds, with 17 being predominant.- Epigallocatechin 3-O cinnamate, epigallocatechin 3-O-p-coumarate, and tectograndinol predicted as the potential bioactive compounds in wound healing- Molecular docking suggests inhibitory activities against NF-κB, MMP-2, and MMP-9, and stimulatory activity against EGFR-1 that comparable to commercial drugs. ABSTRACTWound-healing process involves a physiological cascade to restore skin integrity, which includes inflammatory response, cell proliferation, and tissue reconstruction. Prolonged inflammation in wound-healing process may lead to a chronic wound stage. Proper wound care is needed to prevent wound-caused mortality. Several studies showed the potential of T. grandis leaf in wound-healing process. However, the bioactive compounds and the molecular mechanism of T. grandis leaf remains unknown. This study aimed to identify bioactive compounds and biological activity contained in T. grandis leaf extract as well as analyze its molecular mechanism in wound-healing process by conducting in silico study using NF-κB, MMP-2, MMP-9, and EGFR-1. Bioactive compounds of T. grandis leaf extract were identified with LC-MS. Three potential compounds, epigallocatechin 3-O cinnamate, epigallocatechin 3-O-p-coumarate, and tectograndinol, were selected based on the Pa score screening with the PASS prediction. Drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics properties of the selected compounds were virtually identified by SwissADME and Protox. The interactions of T. grandis bioactive compounds toward NF-κB, MMP-2, MMP-9, and EGFR-1 were compared to those of curcumin, phenytoin, and nitrofurazone as control. Molecular docking to identify the protein-ligand interaction was performed by Autodock Vina integrated in PyRx v.0.8. Among 82 bioactive compounds detected in the LC-MS analysis, epigallocatechin 3-O-cinnamate, epigallocatechin 3-O-p coumarate, and tectograndinol exhibited anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, free radical scavenger, and MMP-9 inhibitor activities. According to Lipinski’s rule of five, bioactive compounds are possible to be administered as medication. Molecular docking showed that bioactive compounds potentially bound to the active sites of NF-κB, MMP-2, and MMP-9, resulting in proteins inhibition. This study suggested that the wound-healing mechanism of T. grandis bioactive compounds were driven by EGFR-1 stimulation indicated by the ability of bioactive compounds to interact with EGFR-1 in similar manner to those of nitrofurazone. We concluded that bioactive compounds of T. grandis leaf extract has significant potential to be used as traditional wound treatment and therapy. These compounds demonstrated wound-healing activity in silico by interacting with the key molecular targets, including NF-κB, MMP-2, MMP-9, and EGFR-1.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF WAXY GENE MARKERS IN SORGHUM CROSSES KD4 AND BONTEB GUNUNGKIDUL Muazam, Arif; Kristamtini, Kristamtini; Widyayanti, Setyorini; Nugraha, Yudhistira; Sri Kasiamdari, Rina; Budi Setiadi Daryono
BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 3 (2025): BIOTROPIA Vol. 32 No. 3 December 2025
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2025.32.3.2457

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS- Local sorghum crosses show unique fixation of the waxy starch gene allele- Only Wxc allele is expressed, while other waxy alleles are not detected- Waxy allele expression strongly relates to low amylose grain quality- Marker-based selection supports breeding of soft-textured sorghum- Findings enhance sorghum use for food, feed, and industrial applicationsABSTRACTSorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a food crop exhibiting resilience to extreme environmental conditions and potential to develop as an alternative food source. Quality of sorghum seeds is significantly influenced by starch composition in endosperm regulated by waxy (Wx) gene. This gene has several major alleles: Wxa, Wxb, and Wxc, playing roles in amylopectin and amylose syntheses. The purpose of study is to analyze the expression of Wx alleles in the crossbreeding of sorghum cultivars KD4 and Bonteb Gunungkidul. Main method used was molecular marker-based PCR method. Leaf and seed samples of sorghum were collected and extracted using the CTAB method to obtain high-quality genomic DNA. PCR reactions were performed with specific primers for each allele, and the amplification results were analyzed through 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. Statistical analysis was performed to ensure result significance through: Chi-Square Test to determine relationships between waxy allele expression with genetic segregation within cross populations, Allele Frequency Analysis to determine distribution of waxy genotypes within populations by comparing counts showing expressions of Wxa, Wxb, and Wxc, and Pearson Correlation Test to evaluate relationships between waxy gene expression with specific agronomic traits (e.g., amylose content). Main findings showed that only Wxc allele did exhibit a clear amplification band, while Wxa and Wxb did not show significant expression. Further studies are needed to understand the regulation of Wx gene expression and its potential implications to molecular selection, ultimately enhancing sorghum quality for both food and industrial applications.

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