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Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 24075825     EISSN : 24075825     DOI : https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v30i2.20890
Core Subject : Humanities,
Humanities
The journal publishes writings on (1) historiography, (2) philosophy of history, (3) history of education, and (4) history educaiton. Historiography means the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of critical examination. Historiography studies cover chronologically various themes, such as local history, social history, cultural history, economic history, political history, military history, intellectual history, environmental history, and other historical studies. Philosophy of history, the study either of the historical process and its development or of the methods used by historians to understand their material. History of education is a study of the past that focuses on educational issues. These include education systems, institutions, theories, themes and other related phenomena in the past. History education includes studies of how history teaches in school or society, curriculum, educational values in events, figures, and historical heritage, media and sources of historical learning, history teachers, and studies of textbooks.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 742 Documents
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History Curriculum Policy of Senior High School during Sukarno Era
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 30, No 2 (2020): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v30i2.23151

Abstract

This article aims to investigate the history curriculum policy of senior high school during the Sukarno era. The method used is qualitative research by using the historical approach. Also, this research used document study as the primary method. A document study was conducted to both the primary and secondary sources for the source triangulation. Additionally, the complementary approach used interviews with several practitioners and academics, including the practitioners of the Indonesia history curriculum. Data analysis used an interactive analysis model. The results show that during 1945-1951, the history curriculum of senior high school still used AMS (Algemene Middelbare School) curriculum as the inheritance from the Dutch Indies era, so it is directed to the political policy, and the materials are clearly oriented to politics, doctrine, national ideology. The philosophical foundation of history curriculum policy in senior high school during the Sukarno Era is based on Pancasila and UUD 1945. But its implementation refers to government politics and essentialism and perennialism philosophy. The position of history subject in senior high school during the Sukarno era has a strategic role in creating historical awareness and nationalism. However, Manipol USDEK indoctrination was very visible.  Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki kebijakan kurikulum sejarah SMA pada era Sukarno. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah. Selain itu, penelitian ini menggunakan studi dokumen sebagai metode utama. Studi dokumen dilakukan pada sumber primer dan sekunder untuk triangulasi sumber. Selain itu, pendekatan komplementer menggunakan wawancara dengan beberapa praktisi dan akademisi, termasuk praktisi kurikulum sejarah Indonesia. Analisis data menggunakan model analisis interaktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama tahun 1945-1951, kurikulum sejarah sekolah menengah atas masih menggunakan kurikulum AMS (Algemene Middelbare School) sebagai warisan dari jaman Hindia Belanda, sehingga mengarah pada kebijakan politik, dan materi yang jelas berorientasi pada politik, doktrin, ideologi nasional. Landasan filosofis kebijakan kurikulum sejarah di Sekolah Menengah Atas pada masa Sukarno berpijak pada Pancasila dan UUD 1945. Namun implementasinya mengacu pada filosofi politik pemerintahan dan esensialisme dan perenialisme. Kedudukan mata pelajaran sejarah di sekolah menengah atas pada era Soekarno memiliki peran strategis dalam menciptakan kesadaran sejarah dan nasionalisme. Namun, indoktrinasi Manipol USDEK sangat terlihat. 
TRADITIONAL INDUSTRIES IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD: THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE PEOPLE OF TEGAL IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 29, No 1 (2019): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v29i1.18611

Abstract

During the colonial government, the emergence of an industrial sector in economic system cannot be separated from the desire to meet the needs of international commodities. Non-agricultural economic activities occupied by Tegal rural communities were grown and developed, especially those related to world markets. The purpose of this study is to uncover the industrial dynamics of the Tegal people, social conditions of the people in it, the synergy of the colonial industry with the people's industry. Historical method with the approach of the social sciences used as an analytical tool various conditions in rural areas. The results of the study show that non-agricultural people's economic activities in Tegal, had existed long before the colonial period and grew. Its existence is widely used for colonial interests. While the consideration of the colonial government placing various industries in Tegal is, strategic position, economic infrastructure, regional potential.Keywords: Colonial Government, Synergy, People's Industry Pada masa pemerintah kolonial, munculnya suatu sistem perekonomian sektor industri tidak bisa dilepaskan dari keinginan untuk mencukupi kebutuhan komoditas dunia internasional. Kegiatan ekonomi non pertanian, yang telah ditekuni oleh masyarakat pedesaan Tegal semakin ditumbuhkan, khususnya yang terkait dengan pasar dunia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengungkap dinamika industri rakyat Tegal, kondisi sosial masyarakat di dalamnya, sinergitas industri kolonial dengan industri rakyat. Metode historis dengan pendekatan ilmu-ilmu sosial, dipakai sebagai alat analisis berbagai kondisi di wilayah pedesaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan ekonomi rakyat non pertanian di Tegal, telah ada jauh sebelum masa kolonial dan tumbuh. Keberadaannya banyak  dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan kolonial. Sementara itu pertimbangan pemerintah kolonial menempatkan berbagai industri di Tegal adalah,  posisi yang strategis, infrastruktur ekonomi, potensi wilayah.Kata Kunci:  Pemerintah Kolonial, Sinergitas, Industri Rakyat    
POLA DEMOKRASI YANG DIKEMBANGKAN PENDIRI BANGSA
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 22, No 2 (2012): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v22i2.2117

Abstract

The founding fathers have concerned with democracy since the early struggle of nation independence. They have considered that Indonesian people could not develop their justice and prosperity without democracy. Colonialism and feodalism had influenced mentality and character of Indonesian people as an inferior personality. Considering those situation, the founding fathers attempted to develop a daily democratic system which is practiced in government system. In general, there are two existing models of democracy which is developing, that are, the cultural democracy and the radical democracy. The cultural democracy model tends to develop as a gradual process and their supporters could cooperate with the colonial government. On the contrary, the radical democracy model assumed that democracy, included economic and political aspects and also their supporter, could not cooperate with the colonial government. Keywords: The Founding Father’s, cultural democracy and radical democracy.   Para pendiri bangsa telah peduli dengan demokrasi sejak perjuangn awal kemerdekaan bangsa. Mereka menganggap bahwa orang Indonesia tidak bisa berkembang menuju keadilan dan kesejahteraan tanpa demokrasi. Kolonialisme dan feodalisme telah mempengaruhi mentalitas dan karakter bangsa Indonesia sebagai pribadi yang rendah. Melihat situasi tersebut para pendiri bangsa berusaha mengembangkan sistem demokrasi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari yang dipraktikkan dalam sistem pemerintah. Secara umum, model demokrasi yang berkembang dapat dibedakan dalam dua model, yang merupakan demokrasi budaya dan demokrasi radikal. Model demokrasi budaya cenderung berkembang sebagai rangkaian proses bertahap dan pendukungnya bisa kerjasama dengan pemerintah kolonial. Sebaliknya, model demokrasi radikal berasumsi bahwa demokrasi termasuk baik aspek ekonomi dan politik dan kerjasama pendukungnya tidak bisa dengan pemerintah kolonial. Kata kunci: pendiri bangsa, demokrasi kulrural, demokrasi radikal.  
ISLAMISASI DI SULAWESI SELATAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF SEJARAH
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 26, No 1 (2016): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v26i1.5148

Abstract

This article aims to describe how the islamization process in South Sulawesi takes place approximately 17th century reviewed from Islam history, particularly related to when, who, where, and from where. Islamization in South Sulawesi took place in approximately 16M, has made social change for local people.  The change at least occurs by religion shift among people from previously Hindu-Buddhist to new religion, that is Islam. Islamization in South Sulawesi using top down pattern. It means that for the initial stage, Islam is accepted by the king then society officially embraces Islam. In the islamization context in South Sulawesi, this area is a bit late accepting Islam compared with other areas in the eastern part of Indonesia such as Maluku, and Kalimantan. However, the trading relationship with other kingdoms has occured since long time ago. The area which initially embraces Islam in South Sulawesi is The Gowa-Tallo Kingdom. The kingdom is also the first which declares Islam as the official religion in the kingdom. Likewise, the clerics dan the king have extremely big role for islamization in  South Sulawesi. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana proses islamisasi di Sulawesi Selatan yang berlangsung sekitar abad ke 17 M ditinjau dari sejarah islam, terutama menyangkut kapan, siapa, di mana, dan dari mana. Islamisasi di Sulawesi Selatan yang berlangsung sekitar abad ke 16M, telah membawa perubahan  sosial terhadap masayarakat setempat. Setidaknya perubahan itu berlangsung melalui beralihnya agama masyarakat, dari agama yang sebelumnya bersifat Hindu-Budha ke agama baru, yaitu Islam.Islamisasi yang berlangsung di Sulawesi Selatan berlangsung melalui pola dari atas ke bawah (top down). Artinya, pada tahap awal Islam diterima oleh Raja, lalu setelah itu rakyat secara resmi memeluk agama Islam. Dalam konteks Islamisasi di Sulawesi Selatan, kawasan ini agak terlambat menerima agama Islam dibandingkan dengan kawasan lain di Timur Nusantara, seperti Maluku, dan Kalimantan. Namun hubungan perdagangan dengan kerajaan lainnya sudah berlangsung sejak lama.Adapun daerah Kerajaan yang lebih awal memeluk agama Islam di Sulawesi Selatan ialah Kerajaan Gowa-Tallo.Kerajaan ini juga yang pertama menjadikan Islam sebagai agama resmi kerajaan. Demikian juga peran Ulama dan Raja sangat besar peranannya dalam Islamisasi di Sulawesi Selatan. 
Cleric Depoliticization of the NU Pesantren in Former Karesidenan Surakarta at the New Order Era (1971-1997)
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 31, No 2 (2021): History of Asia and Indonesia
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v31i2.27051

Abstract

The study aims to explain the dynamics of the political life of NU pesantren ulama (clerics) in the Former Karesidenan Surakarta during the New Order era (1971-1997). The New Order regime attempted to maintain power and created political stability tends to use a repressive approach. One of the social groups that gained political pressure from the New Order regime was the NU pesantren ulama. The New Order Government assessed them as an interested social group seeking to uphold Islamic law and anti-government policy. NU pesantren ulama had experienced political pressure in the various situation in the Former Karesidenan Surakarta. It started from the regulations (Permen No. 12 the Year 1969 and PP No.6 the Year 1970) to the act of political intimidation ahead of the New Order election. From 1971 to the 1997 election, the New Order Regime tried to marginalize the NU Pesantren Ulama’s political role at the grassroots level. The New Order’s repressive policies made NU pesantren ulama in former Karesidenan Surakarta did some acts of experimentation to save the NU Organization and their NU pesantren survival. One of their activities is through the Khittah NU 1984, which provided personal freedom for NU pesantren ulama to choose their political affiliation. The conclusion of this paper shows that the New Order Government is an anti-political party regime that is ruling with an authoritarian approach.Tulisan ini menjelaskan dinamika kehidupan politik ulama pesantren NU di wilayah eks-Keresidenan Surakarta pada masa rezim Orde Baru tahun 1971-1997. Rezim Orde Baru dalam upaya mempertahankan kekuasaan dan menciptakan stabilitas politik cenderung menggunakan pendekatan represif. Salah satu kelompok masyarakat yang mendapatkan tekanan politik dari rezim Orde Baru adalah ulama pesantren NU. Mereka dinilai Pemerintah Orde Baru sebagai kelompok sosial yang berusaha menegakkan hukum Islam dan anti kebijakan pemerintah. Tekanan politik dalam berbagai situasi telah dialami ulama pesantren NU di wilayah eks-Keresidenan Surakarta. Mulai dari regulasi (Permen No. 12 Tahun 1969 dan PP No.6 Tahun 1970) hingga tindakan intimidasi politik menjelang pemilu-pemilu Orde Baru. Dari Pemilu 1971 sampai Pemilu 1997, rezim Orde Baru berusaha memarjinalkan peran politik ulama pesantren NU di akar rumput. Kebijakan represif Orde Baru ini membuat ulama pesantren NU di wilayah eks-Keresidenan Surakarta sering kali bereksperimentasi politik guna menyelamatkan organisasi NU dan kelangsungan hidup pesantrennya. Salah satunya melalui Khittah NU tahun 1984 yang memberikan kebebasan personal ulama pesantren NU dalam menentukan afiliasi politiknya. Kesimpulan tulisan ini menunjukkan usaha depolitisasi terhadap ulama pesantren NU memperkuat fakta bahwa Pemerintah Orde Baru merupakan rezim anti partai politik yang berkuasa dengan pendekatan otoriter.
PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN ISLAM DI BARRU
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 24, No 2 (2014): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v24i2.3121

Abstract

Barru is a composite of several kingdoms in ancient times. In the days of the Dutch East Indies, the region is included in the section Pare-Pare. In the early days of independence, this district is the autonomous region which is the former Selfbestuur four, namely: 1) Selfbestuur Mallusetasi, 2) former Selfbestuur Soppeng Riaja, 3) former selfbestuur Barru, and 4) the former Selfbestuur Tanete. This study aims to explore the kingdoms that exist in Barru in the past, the relationship with the royal kingdom of Gowa-Tallo, and reveal the growth and development of Islam in Barru (in this case the royal Tanete). This study uses historical method, which explains the issue from the perspective of historical research. The findings showed that there were several kingdoms in the past in Barru (ie the Kingdom Tanete, Berru, Soppeng Riaja, and Nepo. Barru entry of Islam in the past is the role of the Kingdom of Gowa-Tallo. Pioneer as for the spread of Islam in Barru in the early period of Islam is king La Ponci known as Petta SugiE or Palase-laseE Petta (1603-1625) who is assisted by a scholar named Daeng Matepu.Keywords: Islamization; Barru; Tanete, Berru, Soppeng Riaja, and Mallusetasi. Kabupaten Barru adalah  gabungan beberapa kerajaan pada zaman dahulu. Pada zaman Hindia Belanda, wilayah ini termasuk dalam wilayah afdeling Parepare. Di awal kemerdekaan, kabupaten ini adalah wilayah swapraja yang merupakan empat bekas Selfbestuur, yakni: Selfbestuur Mallusetasi, bekas Selfbestuur Soppeng Riaja, bekas selfbestuur Barru, dan bekas Selfbestuur Tanete. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menelusuri kerajaan-kerajaan yang ada di Kabupaten Barru pada masa lampau, hubungan kerajaan tersebut dengan kerajaan Gowa-Tallo, dan mengungkap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan Agama Islam di Kabupaten Barru (dalam hal ini kerajaan Tanete). Kajian ini menggunakan metode sejarah (metode historis), yang menjelaskan persoalan penelitian berdasarkan perspektif sejarah. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa kerajaan pada masa lampau di Kabupaten Barru (yakni Kerajaan Tanete, Berru, Soppeng Riaja, dan Nepo. Masuknya Islam di Kabupaten Barru pada masa lampau tidak lepas dari peranan Kerajaan Gowa-Tallo. Adapun yang menjadi pioneer penyebaran Islam di Kabupaten Barru pada Masa awal masuknya Islam adalah raja La Ponci yang dikenal dengan nama Petta SugiE atau Petta Palase-laseE (1603-1625) yang dibantu oleh seorang ulama yang bernama Daeng Matepu.Kata kunci: Islamisasi; Barru; Kerajaan Tanete, Berru, Soppeng Riaja, Mallusetasi.  
Gayo Highland Takengon from 1904 To 1942: A Historical Analysis of Coffee Plantations at the Era of Dutch Colonialism
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 30, No 1 (2020): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v30i1.21637

Abstract

This article analyzes the history of Coffee Plantations in Gayo Highland Takengon at the time of the Dutch Colonialism era from 1904 to 1942. This historical research aimed to reveal the social and economic background, history, and the labors' condition of Gayo Highland Takengon Coffee Plantations. The historical method, which consisted of five analytical stages, was used as the method to reconstruct the history of the coffee plantations in Gayo. The findings of the research show that the geographical factors supported Gayo Highland Takengon as the area of the coffee plantation. Coffee was firstly developed at Gayo Highland by Veenhuyzen in 1908. From 1908 to 1918, coffee was a non-commercial commodity and produced on a small scale. In 1918, after the establishment of Wilhelmina Blang Gele Coffee Plantation and other plantations managed by both private and state companies, coffee increasingly became a commercial commodity. Private and state-owned companies started to employ Javanese laborers or popularly known as Jawa Kontrak and Jawa Kolonisasi. The laborers were brought in gradually from Java and bounded by the Labor System based on the Staatsblad 1911 and Staatsblad 1915. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the geographical factors and the spirit of capitalism had driven the Dutch private and state companies to develop coffee plantations in Gayo Highland by employing the Javanese contract laborers.Tulisan ini merupakan kajian tentang analisis historis perkebunan kopi di Dataran Tinggi Gayo Takengon pada era kolonial Belanda (1904-1942). Tujuannya tidak lain untuk mengetahui faktor dibukanya perkebunan, sejarah perkebunan pertama dan buruh yang berkerja pada perkebunan kopi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode sejarah dengan menggunakan lima tahapan. Adapun hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara geografis Dataran Tinggi Gayo cocok dijadikan sebagai kawasan perkebunan kopi, hal tersebut telah mendorong adanya penerapan kapitalisme Barat. Tanaman kopi untuk pertama kalinya dikembangkan di Dataran Tinggi Gayo pada tahun 1908, pelopor pertamamnya seorang Belanda bernama Veenhuyzen. Tanaman kopi tersebut awalnya hanya sebagai tanaman non komersial dengan jumlah terbatas, namun sejak tahun 1918 dengan dibukanya perkebunan kopi Wilhelmina Blang Gele, tanaman kopi menjadi tanaman komersial baik yang dikelola oleh Belanda maupun swasta. Buruh yang diperkerjakan pada perkebunan baik Belanda maupun swasta merupakan buruh kontak orang-orang Jawa yang disebut sebagai Jawa Kontrak dan Jawa Kolonisasi. Para buruh tersebut didatangkan dari Pulau Jawa secara bergelombang dan terikat dengan sistem kontak yang mengacu pada staatsblad tahun 1911 dan staatsblad tahun 1915. 
PERKEMBANGAN PESANTREN DAN MADRASAH DI INDONESIA DARI MASA KOLONIAL SAMPAI ORDE BARU
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 23, No 2 (2013): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v23i2.2673

Abstract

The objective of this study is to examine the Islamic education in Indonesia seeing from the historical perspective, which is focusing on pesantren and madrasah (Islamic schools) from the colonialism era until new order era. Previously, Islamic education dealt with the spread of Islam (moslem) and the Islamized of Indonesian archipelago. It means that the Islamic education was, first, centralized on mosque, langgar or surau (smaller mosque). Next, it changes into other institutions from pesantren salafiyah into madrasah. The latest one has already adopted and applied the science curriculum and Islamic curriculum from the western classical system and school model, and also the best Islamic schools. All the changes in the Islamic schools bring many implications through the transmission of the Islamic thought which is based on the ilahiyah (tauhid) authority as the creator of human life. Keywords: madrasah, pesantren, Islamic education. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengkaji tentang pendidikan Islam di Indonesia dalam perspektif sejarah, khususnya mengenai pesantren dan madrasah sejak masa Kolonial sampai Orde Baru. Pendidikan Islam pada awalnya berhubungan dengan penyebaran Islam dan Islamisasi Nusantara. Hal ini menyebabkan pendidikan Islam semula berpusat di masjid, langgar, surau yang kemudian berkembang menjadi lembaga pendidikan dalam bentuk pesantren dan madrasah. Pendididikan Islam telah mengalami perubahan dari bentuk pesantren salafiyah kepada bentuk madrasah yang mulai mengadopsi sistem klasikal dan model pendidikan sekolah ala Barat sampai kepada sekolah Islam unggulan. Sementara pendidikan Islam di madrasah yang mulai mengadopsi sistem pendidikan Barat dengan model klasikal dan menerapkan kurikulum pengetahuan umum, di samping kurikulum keislaman. Seluruh perubahan yang berlangsung pada sistem pendidikan Islam membawa berbagai implikasi terutama berkaitan dengan transmisi pemikiran keislaman yang bertumpu pada otoritas ilahiyah (tauhid) sebagai pengatur kehidupan manusia. Kata Kunci: Madrasah, pesantren, pendidikan islam, kolonialisme, orde lama, orde baru.    
COAST, LOWLAND, AND HIGHLAND: A GEOGRAPHICAL UNITY IN SUPPORTING THE ECONOMY OF CIREBON FROM XIX-XX CENTURY
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 28, No 2 (2018): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v28i2.14663

Abstract

Since 14th and 15th century, the kingdoms located among the islands of archipelago, including Cirebon, have involved in trading activities among the islands of archipelago or even international. Started from the fall of Majapahit and Demak kingdoms, the northern coastal areas of Java mostly are dominated by the rulers and Moslem traders. In 17th century, by the equal disintegration of traditional politics and taking over of the power of Cirebon Palace by VOC and the system and direction of policy which are made by the Dutch government, the sector-based trade in the coastal area of Cirebon becomes increasingly advanced and widespread. Started from the coastal area, in its development, the developing center trade becomes in hand with the developing of agricultural sectors in the lowlands and plantation in the highlands. By the historical method and structural approach from Fernand Braudel, this research is trying to explain Cirebon’s Geography as a synthesis that plays a role in Cirebon economic activity. No less important, archaeological evidences will be included as an attempt to identify the historical fact. Because in reality, the three regions (coastal area, agriculture and plantation) are a unity of the mutually bounded and have a reciprocal relationship in its contribution to the economic progress of the Dutch. Semenjak abad ke-14 dan ke-15, kerajaan-kerajaan yang terletak di kawasan pesisir Nusantara, termasuk Cirebon, telah terlibat dalam perdagangan antarpulau Nusantara maupun perdagangan antarnegara. Dimulai semenjak runtuhnya Majapahit dan kejayaan Demak, kawasan pantai utara Jawa hampir seluruhnya dikuasai oleh para penguasa dan pedagang muslim. Memasuki abad ke-17, bersamaan dengan disintegrasi politik tradisional dan pengambil-alihan kekuasaan keraton Cirebon oleh VOC serta pola dan arah kebijakan yang dikeluarkan pemerintah Hindia Belanda, sektor perdagangan yang berpusat di kawasan pesisir Cirebon menjadi semakin mengikat dan meluas. Dimulai dari kawasan pesisir, dalam perkembangannya pengembangan pusat perdagangan menjadi beriringan dengan perkembangan pertanian di dataran rendah dan perkebunan di dataran tinggi. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah dan pendekatan struktur sebagaimana yang dilakukan Fernand Braudel, penelitian ini mencoba mendeskripsikan geografis Cirebon sebagai sebuah sintesa yang berperan besar dalam kegiatan ekonomi Cirebon. Karena dalam kenyataannya tiga kawasan di atas merupakan suatu kesatuan yang saling terikat dan memiliki hubungan timbal balik dalam sumbanganya terhadap perkembangan ekonomi Hindia Belanda. 
KONFLIK TANAH DI ARSO PAPUA 1980-2002
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 22, No 1 (2012): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v22i1.1845

Abstract

A land problem in Indonesia, including Papua, is very complex. The complexity of the problem is caused by the existence of the fundamental distinction about the land rights between the customary society and government. As the consequence, this disagreement brings about a conflict. The cause of the land conflict in Arso is government policy in development disregarding the existence and role of the customary society as the land owner. Since the government planned to build an oil palm estate using the customary land and doing a land acquisition, the existence of the society has continued to be ignored. The land acquisition has caused a social disturbance. In addition, the government policy tends to district the customary institution by setting aside the role of the yuskwondur which is an independent institution and appointing a new yuskwondur which is just the accomplice of the government in releasing the customary land. Keywords: land conflict, Arso, policyMasalah tanah di Indonesia, termasuk Papua, sangat kompleks. Kompleksitas masalah ini disebabkan oleh keberadaan perbedaan mendasar tentang hak atas tanah antara masyarakat adat dan pemerintah. Sebagai konsekuensinya, perselisihan ini menyababkan konflik. Penyebab konflik tanah di Arso adalah kebijakan pemerintah dalam pengembangan mengabaikan keberadaan dan peran masyarakat adat sebagai pemilik lahan. Sejak pemerintah berencana untuk membangun perkebunan kelapa sawit menggunakan tanah adat dan melakukan akuisisi tanah, keberadaan masyarakat terus diabaikan. Akuisisi lahan telah menyebabkan gangguan sosial. Selain itu, kebijakan pemerintah cenderung menghilangkan peran lembaga adat dengan menyisihkan peran yuskwondur yang merupakan instution independen dan menunjuk seorang yuskwondur baru yang hanya kaki ta-ngan pemerintah dalam melepaskan tanah adat. Kata Kunci: konflik lahan, Arso, kebijakan

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