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Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 24075825     EISSN : 24075825     DOI : https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v30i2.20890
Core Subject : Humanities,
Humanities
The journal publishes writings on (1) historiography, (2) philosophy of history, (3) history of education, and (4) history educaiton. Historiography means the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of critical examination. Historiography studies cover chronologically various themes, such as local history, social history, cultural history, economic history, political history, military history, intellectual history, environmental history, and other historical studies. Philosophy of history, the study either of the historical process and its development or of the methods used by historians to understand their material. History of education is a study of the past that focuses on educational issues. These include education systems, institutions, theories, themes and other related phenomena in the past. History education includes studies of how history teaches in school or society, curriculum, educational values in events, figures, and historical heritage, media and sources of historical learning, history teachers, and studies of textbooks.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 742 Documents
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Local Wisdom-Based Character Values on Kawali’s Inscription In History Learning Pajriah, Sri; Suryana, Aan
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 31, No 2 (2021): History of Asia and Indonesia
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v31i2.25752

Abstract

This study aims to describe the character values of Kawali’s Inscription and the implementation of local wisdom-based character values on Kawali’s Inscription in history learning. This research method is descriptive qualitative with a case study strategy. Data collection was carried out by observation on history learning activities in the classroom and Kawali’s inscription; informant interviews were conducted by teachers, students and officers of the Astana Gede Kawali Site; and the analysis of documents, syllabus and lesson plans. Purposive sampling and time sampling were used in this study. To find data validity, data triangulation was used. Data analysis used interactive analysis consists of collecting, reducing, presenting data and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate the character values in Kawali’s Inscription consist of having the character values of just, hard-working, peace-loving, democratic, respectful, honest, independent, religious, tolerant, caring socially, caring for the environment. The syllabus and lesson plans reflect the implementation of character values based on local wisdom on Kawali’s inscription in learning history. The teacher designs and implements history learning by integrating historical subject matter with the surrounding environment to explore the potential of character values in Kawali’s Inscription to form better, adaptive and positive student characters to meet life’s needs and face challenges in solving everyday problems.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan nilai-nilai karakter Prasasti Kawali dan implementasi nilai karakter berbasis kearifan lokal pada Prasasti Kawali dalam pembelajaran sejarah. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan strategi studi kasus. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi terhadap kegiatan pembelajaran sejarah di kelas dan prasasti Kawali; wawancara informan dilakukan oleh guru, siswa dan petugas Situs Astana Gede Kawali; dan analisis dokumen, silabus dan RPP. Purposive sampling dan time sampling digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Untuk mengetahui validitas data digunakan triangulasi data. Analisis data yang digunakan analisis interaktif terdiri dari pengumpulan, reduksi, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai-nilai karakter dalam Prasasti Kawali terdiri dari memiliki nilai karakter adil, pekerja keras, cinta damai, demokratis, hormat, jujur, mandiri, religius, toleran, peduli sosial, peduli lingkungan. Silabus dan RPP mencerminkan penerapan nilai-nilai karakter berbasis kearifan lokal pada prasasti Kawali dalam pembelajaran sejarah. Guru merancang dan melaksanakan pembelajaran sejarah dengan mengintegrasikan materi pelajaran sejarah dengan lingkungan sekitar untuk menggali potensi nilai-nilai karakter dalam Prasasti Kawali untuk membentuk karakter siswa yang lebih baik, adaptif dan positif untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup dan menghadapi tantangan dalam memecahkan masalah sehari-hari.
The Influence of Javanese Political Concept of Power on President Sukarno Wardaya, Baskara T
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 31, No 2 (2021): History of Asia and Indonesia
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v31i2.28928

Abstract

Various studies have shown a strong connection between political leaders’ views and practices with the culture and tradition of their upbringing. The culture and tradition would then become a prism through which the leaders understand themselves and comprehend their political dynamics while trying to play a particular role in it.  This was also the case with Sukarno, the first president of Indonesia. Being born and raised on the island of Java, Sukarno was greatly influenced by the Javanese concepts of power, especially the concepts about a Javanese ruler’s self-understanding, domestic politics, and international relations. As expressed in many of his speeches and writings, Sukarno deeply understood the Javanese concept of power and tried to operate around the concept. Based on his understanding of the concept, for instance, he considered himself a Javanese ruler. As President of Indonesia, he implemented his knowledge of the Javanese concept of power in his domestic politics as well as in his relations with other nations on the world stage. The influence of the Javanese concept of power, however, was not static. It was as dynamic as to how Sukarno responded to the dynamics of Indonesian and international politics throughout his political career.  Using historical and cultural approaches to Sukarno's political life, this research intends to explore how the Javanese concept of power greatly influenced Sukarno’s political views and practices. It will show that the beliefs and practices helped Sukarno unify Indonesia and obtain international prominence. At the same time, it also led him to the uncelebrated last days of his political life.Berbagai studi telah menunjukkan adanya kaitan yang kuat antara pandangan dan praktik-praktik politik seorang pemimpin politik dengan budaya dan tradisi yang telah membesarkannya. Budaya dan tradisi itu kemudian menjadi semacam prisma yang digunakan oleh sang pemimpin politik untuk memahami diri-sendiri, untuk memahami dinamika politik di sekitarnya seraya berusaha memainkan peran khusus di dalamnya. Hal ini juga berlaku untuk Sukarno, Presiden pertama Indonesia. Sebagaimana akan ditunjukkan dalam tulisan ini, sebagai seseorang yang dilahirkan di Pulau Jawa, Sukarno amat dipengaruhi oleh konsep Jawa tentang kekuasaan, terutama konsep tentang pemahaman diri seorang penguasa Jawa, tentang politik dalam negeri dan tentang hubungan internasional. Sebagaimana terungkap dalam berbagai pidato dan tulisan-tulisannya, Sukarno tidak hanya sungguh-sungguh memahami konsep kekuasaan Jawa, melainkan juga mencoba untuk memparaktikkan konsep tersebut. Berdasarkan pemahaman atas konsep kekuasaan Jawa, misalnya, ia memandang diri sebagai seorang penguasa Jawa. Sebagai Presiden Indonesia ia juga mengimplementasikan pemahamannya akan konsep kekuasaan Jawa terkait politik dalam negeri maupun hubungan dengan negara-negara lain di panggung dunia. Namun demikian pengaruh itu sama sekali tidak bersifat statis. Pengaruh tersebut bersifat dinamis, seiring dengan respon Sukarno terhadap berbagai perkembangan politik yang ada, baik di tingkat dalam negeri mapun dalam kaitannya dengan perkembangan politik dunia pada umumnya. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan historis dan kultural atas kiprah politik Sukarno, tulisan ini bermaksud untuk mengekplorasi bagaimana pandangan dan kiprah politik Sukarno sangat kuat dipengaruhi oleh konsep kekuasaan Jawa. Tulisan ini juga akan menunjukkan bagaimana pandangan dan kiprah politik Sukarno telah membantunya dalam menyatukan Indonesia dan dikenal secara internasional. Pada saat yang sama pengaruh itu juga telah membawanya ke akhir kehidupan politik yang kurang menyenangkan.
Urban Sanitation Problems and the Efforts to Overcome it in Medan City, 1909-1930s Affandi, Kiki Maulana; Agustono, Budi; Zuska, Fikarwin
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 32, No 1 (2022): Local Figure and Local History
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31353

Abstract

The growth of the city of Medan since the end of the 19th century had not only shown changes in terms of city infrastructure but also caused problems of urban sanitation such as slum settlements, industrial and household waste as well as river pollution. This study aims to explain sanitation problems in Medan City and the efforts to overcome them. This study used historical methods consisting of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The sources used are archives, documents, city reports, city sheets, meeting minutes, contemporary newspapers, and other sources relevant to this study. The results show that the city's sanitation problems are caused by the habits of residents, plantation companies and institutions in the city government itself. These various sanitation problems were solved by developing urban sanitation despite having a limited city budget. This city sanitation development effort was focused on the aspects of public bathroom projects for the natives and the construction of a sewer system.Pertumbuhan Kota Medan sejak akhir abad 19 memperlihatkan perubahan dari sisi prasarana kota namun juga memberikan permasalahan sanitasi kota seperti permukiman kumuh, limbah industri dan rumah tangga serta pencemaran sungai. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan permasalahan sanitasi di Kota Medan dan upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Sumber-sumber yang digunakan adalah arsip, dokumen, laporan kota, lembaran kota, notulen rapat, surat kabar sezaman, dan sumber lain yang relevan dengan studi ini. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa masalah sanitasi kota disebabkan oleh kebiasaan penduduk, perusahaan perkebunan dan institusi pada pemerintah kota itu sendiri. Berbagai permasalahan sanitasi tersebut diatasi dengan membangun sanitasi kota meskipun memiliki anggaran kota yang terbatas. Usaha pembangunan sanitasi kota ini memperlihatkan konsentrasi dan kepedulian dalam bidang proyek kamar mandi umum bagi penduduk bumiputra dan pembangunan sistem saluran pembuangan limbah kota.Cite this article: Affandi, K.M., Agustono, B., Zuska, F. (2022). Urban Sanitation Problems and the Efforts to Overcome It in Medan City, 1909–1930s. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 45-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31353 
The Potential of Web-Based Historical Sources as Learning Resources to Foster Students’ Historical Thinking Skills Widiadi, Aditya Nugroho; Sheehan, Mark; Shep, Sydney
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 32, No 1 (2022): Local Figure and Local History
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31048

Abstract

To foster students’ historical thinking in Indonesia, teachers should not merely use textbooks as the only learning resource. They must utilize primary sources in teaching history that are important to encourage students to think historically. Unfortunately, it was not easy to access primary sources in Indonesia. For that reason, this study explored alternative learning resources to overcome the main difficulty faced by history teachers in Indonesia in fostering students’ historical thinking skills. This study aimed to develop web-based historical sources as learning resources and evaluate its potential to foster students’ historical thinking skills in Indonesia. As evaluation research, this study applied educational research and development approach. The results of this study indicated that the website that had been developed had challenges and opportunities in fostering students’ historical thinking skills in Indonesia.Untuk menumbuhkan keterampilan berpikir sejarah siswa di Indonesia, guru sejarah seharusnya tidak hanya mengandalkan buku teks sebagai satu-satunya sumber belajar. Mereka juga harus memanfaatkan sumber-sumber primer dalam pembelajaran sejarah yang begitu penting dalam mendorong siswa berpikir secara historis. Sayangnya, tidak mudah untuk mengakses sumber primer di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi sumber belajar alternatif untuk mengatasi kesulitan utama yang dihadapi oleh guru sejarah di Indonesia dalam menumbuhkan keterampilan berpikir sejarah siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sumber belajar sejarah berupa website yang berisi sumber-sumber sejarah dan sekaligus mengevaluasi potensinya dalam menumbuhkan keterampilan berpikir sejarah siswa di Indonesia. Sebagai kajian evaluasi, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian dan pengembangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa website yang telah dikembangkan memiliki beberapa tantangan sekaligus kesempatan baik dalam menumbuhkan keterampilan berpikir sejarah siswa di Indonesia.Cite this article: Widiadi, A.N., Sheehan, M., Shep, S. (2022). The Potential of Web-Based Historical Sources as Learning Resources to Foster Students’ Historical Thinking Skills. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 138-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31048 
Weber’s Ideal Type and the Indonesian Historical Writing Akhyat, Arif
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 32, No 1 (2022): Local Figure and Local History
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.32171

Abstract

This paper explains subject–object relations in Max Weber's idealist-structural concept.  A sociologist and philosopher of history, Weber argued that social change cannot be separated from structural and dialectic thought as well as the ideal type behind its structural creations. Examining various historical cases offers a perspective on objectivity and subjectivity. Subject– object relations create dialectical relationships that reconstruct knowledge and awareness of historical reality. Historical reality, thus, is the final step in the creation of  knowledge that comes from the subject. The paper seeks to understand how Weber's concept of ideal type has influenced historical philosophy in general and Indonesian historiography in particular. This article concludes that historians no longer simply describe and explain facts, but also provide alternative "new constructions": ethical, moral, and superstructural values that determine historical patterns and trends.Tulisan ini menjelaskan relasi subjek-objek dalam konsep structural-idealisme Weber. Sebagai sosiolog dan filsuf sejarah, Weber berargumentasi bahwa perubahan social terjadi sebagai akibat hubungan struktur dan proses-proses dialektik sebagai bentuk idealisme dibalik semua proses social yang terjadi. Relasi subjektivitas dan objektivitas membentuk struktur dialektik yang kemudian memunculkan pengetahuan tentang apa yang disebut realitas sejarah. Realitas sejarah dengan demikian merupakan proses pengetahuan yang dibentuk dari relasi subjektivitas-objektivitas. Tulisan ini menjelaskan bagaimana konsep Ideal Weber itu dipahami dan pengaruhnya terhadap penulisan sejarah Indonesia? Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa sejarawan Indonesia, langsung atau tidak langsung, menggunakan konsep ideal Weber  dalam karyanya yang tidak hanya berbicara deskripsi dan narasi dalam menjelaskan sejarah, namun ada konstruksi baru pengaruh nilai-nilai, etika dan suprastruktur yang kuat dan menjadi cara menentukan pola dan kecendrungan sejarah.Cite this article: Akyat, A. (2022). Weber’s Ideal Type and the Indonesian Historical Writing. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 86-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.32171 
Rubber, Oil Palm and Accumulation in Rural West Kalimantan, 1910s - 2010s Semedi, Pujo
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 32, No 1 (2022): Local Figure and Local History
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.29470

Abstract

The article argues that social tensions in Indonesian oil palm cultivation have social origins internal to the communities that have adopted oil palm, and it traces some of these origins back across several processes of land conversion. In the early 20th century, the adoption of rubber among West Kalimantan farmers led to the privatization of land tenure and wealth accumulation in the hand of village traders, tokeh, that eventually caused social tension within the community. More money has come to the farmers following the conversion of land from rubber to oil palm since the 1990s, and the money is accompanied by a quicker pace of land accumulation in the hands of the village rich and plantation companies. This process opens a path for the grow of local, village-based capitalism.Artikel ini menyampaikan bahwa ketegangan sosial berkaitan dengan budidaya sawit di Indonesia bersumber dari dari dinamika sosial  di dalam masyarakat petani saat mereka mengadopsi tanaman pasar ini. Pada awal abad ke-20, adopsi karet di kalangan petani Kalimantan Barat menyebabkan privatisasi penguasaan tanah dan penumpukan kekayaan di tangan pedagang desa, tokeh, yang akhirnya menimbulkan ketegangan sosial di dalam masyarakat. Uang  dalam jumlah yang lebih besar diterima para petani setelah mereka mengganti karet dengan sawit sejak tahun 1990-an. Kedatangan uang tersebut dibarengi dengan laju akumulasi tanah yang lebih cepat di tangan orang-orang kaya desa dan perusahaan perkebunan. Proses ini membuka jalan bagi tumbuhnya kapitalisme lokal berbasis pedesaan.Cite this article: Semedi, P. (2022). Rubber, Oil Palm and Accumulation in Rural West Kalimantan, 1910s - 2010s. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 33-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.29470 
Space Politics and Policies: Chinese-Javanese Ethnic Segregation in Parakan and Integration Effort Sodiq, Ibnu; Santoso, Eko
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 32, No 1 (2022): Local Figure and Local History
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31389

Abstract

This study aims to describe the history of the dynamic relationship between Chinese and Javanese in Parakan, Temanggung Regency, Central Java. The method used is the historical research method which consists of four stages. These are heuristics, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. The study used qualitative analysis with a phenomenological approach. The ethnic Chinese-Javanese relationship in Parakan had ups and downs, especially during the colonial period until after the G30S incident. As a minority group, the Chinese were often racially discriminated against. Discrimination and negative sentiment are also driven by the inequality of socio-economic conditions between Chinese-Javanese. Moreover, the state, through various regulations, has contributed to strengthening this segregation, in the form of space politics and policies. That is, Parakan City is divided into two sub-districts, Parakan Kulon (Kauman) and Parakan Wetan (Chinatown). The colonial government also contributed to the existence of a different socio-economic stratification, prioritizing the ethnic Chinese as a higher stratum. This construction was preserved until the New Order era. These differences created disharmonious relationship, often ending in conflict. Moreover, the exclusive and elitist attitude were held by most of the ethnic Chinese. Some of these things eventually become the inhibiting factors for the integration process of perfect segregation. In the end, the eternal Javanese sentiment with the Chinese ethnicity hindered the process of recognizing the same national identity. Even there is an integration effort.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengurai sejarah dinamika hubungan etnis Tionghoa dengan masyarakat Jawa di Parakan, Kabupaten Temanggung, Jawa Tengah. Metode yang digunakan ialah metode penelitian sejarah yang terdiri dari empat tahapan. Yakni heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi dan historiografi. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Hubungan etnis Tionghoa-Jawa di Parakan mengalami pasang surut dari masa ke masa, terutama periode kolonial hingga pasca peristiwa G 30 S. Sebagai kelompok minoritas, etnis Tionghoa acapkali mengalami diskriminasi rasial. Diskriminasi dan sentimen negatif juga didorong adanya ketimpangan kondisi sosial-ekonomi antara Thionghoa-Jawa. Terlebih negara, melalui berbagai regulasi turut mengokohkan segregasi tersebut dalam bentuk politik ruang dan kebijakan. Bentuknya, Kota Parakan dibagi menjadi dua wilayah yaitu kelurahan Parakan Kulon (Kauman) dan Parakan Wetan (Pecinan). Pemerintah colonial juga turut membidani lahirnya stratifikasi social-ekonomi yang berbeda di antara keduanya, dengan memprioritas etnis Tionghoa sebagai strata yang lebih tinggi. Konstruksi yang demikian ini dikekalkan hingga masa pemerintahan orde baru. Berbagai perbedaan ini yang membuat ketidakharmonisan hubungan keduanya seringkali memuncak dalam bentuk konflik. Terlebih, adanya sikap eksklusif dan elitis yang dipegang sebagian besar etnis Tionghoa. Beberapa hal ini akhirnya menjadi faktor penghambat proses integrasi atas segregasi yang kadung mapan. Pada akhirnya sentimen Jawa terhadap etnis Tionghoa yang lestari menghambat proses pengakuan atas identitas kebangsaan yang sama. Sekalipun upaya pengintegrasiaan itu ada. Cite this article: Sodiq, I. Santoso, E. (2022). Space Politics and Policies: Chinese-Javanese Ethnic Segregation in Parakan and Integration Effort Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 78-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31389 
Bhairawa Puja Ritual Practice in Pujungan Bali Nasution, Nasution
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 32, No 1 (2022): Local Figure and Local History
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.22580

Abstract

This research examines the Puja Bhairawa teachings development in Hindu Bhairawa in Pujungan Bali, especially the stages of ritual transformation and traces of the remaining practices of them which are still carried out as the Indonesian society traditions. The Research Methods include interview, observation, and documentation. The research results are the remaining teachings of the Pancamakara Puja practice that still exist such as Bhairawa puja ritual in Pujungan Bali. Hindu Bhairawa in Pujungan was brought to life by a man named I Nengah Gatot Kaca. The Bhairawa puja ritual is used as a short cut problem weapon to solve world problems. The Bhairawa puja ritual at Pujungan is placed in a quiet Pujungan coffee garden area away from the crowds. The ceremony leader of the ritual is I Nengah Gatot Kaca/Gede Gatot Bhinawa Rata who has the title of Diksa Bheru Baba. In the coffee garden area, two black stones (linggams) were placed as the embodiment of Bhairava and Bhairavi. The Bhairawa puja ritual procession began with prepare ritual facilities for male goat blood, alcohol, flowers, fruits and other ingredients. After all the ritual facilities were ready and the ritual participants were present, the ritual procession begins by summoning the spirits of Bhairawa and Bhairawi which was done by making offerings such as the blood of a sacrificial animal which is sprinkled on two lingams as the embodiment of Bhairava and Bhairavi while accompanied by chanting of mantras by the priest, followed by other offerings such as alcoholic beverages, fragrances, and flowers on the Linggam. At that time, some participants will feel the presence of Bhairava and all ritual participants can do whatever prayer or invocation they want.Penelitian ini mengkaji perkembangan ajaran Puja Bhairawa dalam Hindu Bhairawa di Pujungan Bali, khususnya tahapan transformasi ritual dan jejak sisa praktiknya yang masih dilakukan sebagai tradisi masyarakat Indonesia. Metode Penelitian meliputi wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian adalah sisa ajaran dari praktik Puja Pancamakara yang masih ada seperti ritual puja Bhairawa di Pujungan Bali. Bhairawa Hindu di Pujungan dihidupkan kembali oleh seorang pria bernama I Nengah Gatot Kaca. Ritual puja bhairawa digunakan sebagai senjata jalan pintas untuk memecahkan masalah dunia. Ritual puja Bhairawa di Pujungan ditempatkan di area kebun kopi Pujungan yang tenang jauh dari keramaian. Pemimpin upacara ritual tersebut adalah I Nengah Gatot Kaca/Gede Gatot Bhinawa Rata yang bergelar Diksa Bheru Baba. Di areal kebun kopi ditempatkan dua buah batu hitam (linggam) sebagai perwujudan Bhairava dan Bhairavi. Prosesi ritual puja bhairawa dimulai dengan menyiapkan sarana ritual untuk darah kambing jantan, alkohol, bunga, buah-buahan dan bahan lainnya. Setelah semua sarana ritual siap dan peserta ritual sudah hadir, prosesi ritual dimulai dengan pemanggilan arwah Bhairawa dan Bhairawi yang dilakukan dengan cara memberikan sesaji berupa darah hewan kurban yang dipercikkan pada dua lingam sebagai perwujudan dari Bhairava dan Bhairavi sambil diiringi dengan pembacaan mantra oleh pendeta, dilanjutkan dengan sesaji lainnya seperti minuman beralkohol, wewangian, dan bunga di Linggam. Pada saat itu, beberapa peserta akan merasakan kehadiran Bhairava dan semua peserta ritual dapat melakukan doa atau doa apa pun yang mereka inginkan.Cite this article: Nasution. (2022). Bhairawa Puja Ritual Practice in Pujungan Bali. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 97-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.22580 
The Contribution of Western Humanism Ideas Towards Education Policy in The Dutch East Indies (1817-1942) Surya, Riza Afita; Fikriya, Rif'atul
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 32, No 1 (2022): Local Figure and Local History
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.30787

Abstract

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the contribution of Western humanism ideas towards education policy in the Netherland Indies or Dutch East Indies. This study engaged historical method with four stages, namely heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Humanism ideas that initially appeared in Italy obtained significant impact on European history afterwards. Thinkers as Rousseau, Montesquieu, Hobbes, and so on brought humanitarian ideas towards children, education as well as policy towards colonies as the result of humanisms movement. Those ideas clarify how children should be perceived and be treated that spread almost in many countries of Europe. At the time, many Europeans colonized several countries in Asia and Africa. Therefore, the ideas of humanism also encouraged the changes of colonial policy regarding how they should treat colonies in the sense of humanitarian thoughts. As many Southeast Asian countries were controlled by the western, Indonesia experienced several occupations of Europeans after initially colonized by the Portuguese, followed by Dutch, France and British. Officially, Indonesia under the realm of Dutch government since 1817 experienced the changes and shifts upon colonial treatment. After the collapse of VOC, Dutch colonial policy was affected by humanism movement. In term of education, there were policies being established such as Nativism, Concordantie, and Ethical Politic. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh gagasan humanisme Barat terhadap kebijakan politik di Hindia Belanda. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri atas, heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Gagasan humanisme pertama kali muncul di Italia memberikan dampak signifikan terhadap sejarah Eropa pada periode berikutnya. Para pemikir seperti Rousseau, Montesquieu, Hobbes, dan lain-lain berusaha membawa gagasan humanism terhadap peserta didik, pendidikan, serta kebijakan pendidikan terhadap wilayah jajahan sebagai konsekuensi gerakan humanisme. Gagasan humanisme memberikan penjelasan bagaimana seharusnya peserta didik dilihat dan diperlakukan menyebar ke hampir seluruh negara di Eropa. Pada waktu yang bersamaan, banyak bangsa Eropa yang melakukan penjajahan di kawasan Asia dan Afrika. Dengan demikian, gagasan tentang humanisme juga mendorong perubahan kebijakan penjajah tentang bagaimana mereka memperlakukan koloni berdasarkan gagasan humanitarian. Beberapa kawasan di Asia Tenggara di kuasai bangsa Barat, Indonesia mengalami serangkaian pengalaman penjajahan setelah pertama kali dijajah oleh Portugis, kemudian Belanda, Perancis, Inggris, dan Jepang. Secara resmi, Indonesia dijajah oleh pemerintah Belanda pada tahun 1817 mengalami berbagai perubahan kebijakan. Setelah pembubaran VOC, kebijakan colonial Belanda juga dipengaruhi oleh gerakan humanisme. Dalam konteks pendidikan, pengaruh gagasan humanisme terhadap kebijakan colonial tertuang dalam kebijakan Nativisme, Konkordansi, dan Politik Etis.Cite this article: Surya, R.A., FIkriya, R. (2022). The Contribution of Western Humanism Ideas Towards Education Policy in The Dutch East Indies (1817-1942) . Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 107-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.30787 
Chatib Sulaiman: Patriotic Fighter from Nagari Sumpur, West Sumatra Fatimah, Siti; Lionar, Uun
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 32, No 1 (2022): Local Figure and Local History
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31579

Abstract

This paper belongs to historical research or biographical research of a figure. In contrast to biographical research that has been done by other historians and researchers which generally emphasized on the history and role of a figure, this paper looks at the existence of a figure, named Chatib Sulaiman, from the geospatial setting of his birthplace, Sumpur, located on the lakeside of Lake Singkarak, West Sumatra. Chatib Sulaiman is quite different from other local figures in Minangkabau. This study aims at analyzing the process of character building of Chatib Sulaiman that is influenced by the spatial conditions of his birthplace in relation to the dynamics of his life and struggles. The results indicate that the existence of Chatib Sulaiman cannot be separated from the geospatial of Nagari Sumpur, his birthplace, which then has a very significant influence on the building of his character as a fighter. The existence of Nagari Sumpur with an egalitarian and democratic style has built the character of Chatib Sulaiman as an independent and open-minded person. Through the western education he has received, Chatib Sulaiman became a smart and skilled young man. He was at the forefront of opposing the practice of colonialism in West Sumatra. In his struggle, Chatib Sulaiman once led the Regional People's Defense Council, served as the secretary of the National Defense Front, and was the most prominent young man in West Sumatra when the physical revolution took place, especially during the PDRI (Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia) period.Tulisan ini termasuk penelitian sejarah atau penelitian biografis seorang tokoh. Berbeda dengan penelitian biografi yang telah dilakukan oleh para sejarawan dan peneliti lain yang pada umumnya menekankan pada sejarah dan peran seorang tokoh, tulisan ini melihat keberadaan seorang tokoh bernama Chatib Sulaiman, dari setting geospasial tempat kelahirannya, Sumpur, terletak di tepi danau Danau Singkarak, Sumatera Barat. Chatib Sulaiman cukup berbeda dengan tokoh-tokoh lokal lainnya di Minangkabau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis proses pembentukan karakter Chatib Sulaiman yang dipengaruhi oleh kondisi spasial tempat kelahirannya dalam kaitannya dengan dinamika kehidupan dan perjuangannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan Chatib Sulaiman tidak lepas dari geospasial Nagari Sumpur, tempat kelahirannya, yang kemudian berpengaruh sangat signifikan terhadap pembentukan karakternya sebagai seorang pejuang. Keberadaan Nagari Sumpur dengan gaya egaliter dan demokratis telah membangun karakter Chatib Sulaiman sebagai pribadi yang mandiri dan berpikiran terbuka. Melalui pendidikan barat yang diterimanya, Chatib Sulaiman menjadi pemuda yang cerdas dan terampil. Ia berada di garda terdepan menentang praktik kolonialisme di Sumatera Barat. Dalam perjuangannya, Chatib Sulaiman pernah memimpin Dewan Pertahanan Rakyat Daerah, menjabat sebagai sekretaris Front Pertahanan Negara, dan merupakan pemuda paling terkemuka di Sumatera Barat ketika terjadi revolusi fisik, terutama pada masa PDRI (Pemerintahan Darurat Republik Indonesia). Republik Indonesia) periode.Cite this article: Fatimah, S., Lionar, U. (2022). Chatib Sulaiman: Patriotic Fighter from Nagari Sumpur, West Sumatra. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 11-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31579 

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