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Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 24075825     EISSN : 24075825     DOI : https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v30i2.20890
Core Subject : Humanities,
Humanities
The journal publishes writings on (1) historiography, (2) philosophy of history, (3) history of education, and (4) history educaiton. Historiography means the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of critical examination. Historiography studies cover chronologically various themes, such as local history, social history, cultural history, economic history, political history, military history, intellectual history, environmental history, and other historical studies. Philosophy of history, the study either of the historical process and its development or of the methods used by historians to understand their material. History of education is a study of the past that focuses on educational issues. These include education systems, institutions, theories, themes and other related phenomena in the past. History education includes studies of how history teaches in school or society, curriculum, educational values in events, figures, and historical heritage, media and sources of historical learning, history teachers, and studies of textbooks.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 742 Documents
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REKONSTRUKSI IDENTITAS KONFLIK KESULTANAN PEUREULAK
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 27, No 2 (2017): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v27i2.11159

Abstract

This present paper investigates the reconstruction of identity conflict in the history of Peureulak sultanate. The construction of history in the 20th century generally described the conflict splitting the Peureulak Sultanate into Peureulak Tonong and Peureulak Baroh as the feud between Ahlus-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah and Shi'ites. This paper wants to reinterpret the identity conflict between Ahlus-Sunnah wa al- Jama'ah and Shiites which seem to have failed in interpreting the conflict between exoteric and esoteric understanding. This study revealed a strong evidence that conflict in Peureulak Sultanate was not between Ahlus-Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah and Shiites. The study also found that (1) the title of ‘Meurah’ is not a title devoted to the royal son of the Peureulak Sultanate. The title is, in fact, a part of titles ascribed to the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad, and (2) The first Islamic kingdom in the archipelago is not Peureulak Sultanate, but Jeumpa Sultanate. Tulisan ini bertujuan melakukan rekonstruksi identitas konflik dalam sejarah Kesultanan Peureulak. Konstruksi sejarah yang dilakukan pada abad ke- 20 umumnya menggambarkan konflik yang memecahkan Kesultanan Peureulak menjadi Peureulak Tunong dan Peureulak Baroh adalah perseteruan antara Ahlus-sunnah Waljama'ah dan Syi'ah. Tulisan ini ingin mereinterpretasi identitas konflik dari pemahaman konflik Ahlus-sunnah Walja-ma'ah dan Syi'ah yang tampaknya memiliki kegalatan penafsiran sumber ke konflik antara pemahaman eksoterik dan esoterik. Selain menghasilkan bukti kuat bahwa konflik dalam Kesultanan Peureulak bukanlah konflik Ahlus-sunnah Waljama'ah dan Syi'ah, dalam proses penelitian, penulis juga menghasilkan beberapa temuan lain. Di antaranya: (1) gelar 'meurah' bukanlah gelar yang dikhususkan pada putra Peureulak asli, gelar tersebut ter-nyata adalah bagian dari ragam gelar yang disematkan kepada keturunan Nabi Muhammad, dan; (2) kerajaan Islam pertama di Nusantara bukanlah Kesultanan Peureulak, tetapi Kesultanan Jeumpa. 
USAHA-USAHA GURU UNTUK MEMBANGKITKAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR SEJARAH BAGI SISWA SMA: STUDI KASUS DI SMA NEGERI 2 TEMANGGUNG DAN SMA INSTITUT INDONESIA SEMARANG
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 21, No 1 (2011)
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v21i1.1029

Abstract

The main problem examined in this study is the extent to which high school students' interest in the subjects of history, learning how to develop design, application of learning methods to enhance motivation, and constraints in the teaching of history in the SMA Negeri 2 Temanggung and SMA Institut Indonesia Semarang. This study uses qualitative methods. Informants in the study are history teachers, students and the school. Data collection techniques done with interviews, observation and questionnaire. The results of this study indicate that the interest of students to study history at the SMA Negeri 2 Temanggung is about 40% and in SMA Indonesia Institute Semarang approximately 48%. The teachers in both high school also has developed a learning design that is used in teaching as Learning Implementation Plan, syllabus and other composition which is made in accordance with that determined by the Department of Education and Teachers Council made in Subjects. In addition, teachers in both high school still apply methods of lectures, but also have varied with other teaching methods such as discussion method, instruction method using an interactive CD as well as field trips.   Keywords: Motivation, Learning history  
NASIONALISASI PERUSAHAAN-PERUSAHAAN ASING MENUJU EKONOMI BERDIKARI
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 26, No 1 (2016): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v26i1.5146

Abstract

After Indonesia declared its independence, the management of the private companies became a big problem for a new government, Indonesia. Expropriation efforts for those western private plantation companies actually had been developed in the first year of the independence and it continued until the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference. There were three processes passed through companies’ transformation of the western private plantation in Indonesia, namely decolonization, Indonesia-nization and nationalization. Nationalization was legally based on the Indonesian Ordinance number 86 1958, but the real process occured since a year ago. Therefore,  Indonesia had to give financial compensation to the owner, but the reality was that this aspect was still unfinished until the end of Sukarno regime. The compensation had been continued in Suharto era and was fully paid in 2002. Setelah Indonesia menyatakan kemerdekaannya, manajemen perusahaan swasta menjadi masalah besar bagi pemerintahan baru, Indonesia. Upaya pengambilalihan bagi perusahaan perkebunan swasta Barat sebenarnya telah dikembangkan pada tahun pertama kemerdekaan dan itu berlanjut hingga Konferensi Meja Bundar Belanda-Indonesia. Ada tiga proses melewati transformasi perusahaan 'dari perkebunan swasta Barat di Indonesia, yaitu dekolonisasi, Indonesia-nization dan nasionalisasi. Nasionalisasi secara hukum berdasarkan jumlah Ordonansi Indonesia 86 tahun 1958, tetapi proses nyata terjadi sejak setahun yang lalu. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia harus memberikan kompensasi finansial kepada pemilik, tetapi kenyataannya adalah bahwa aspek ini masih belum selesai sampai akhir rezim Sukarno. Kompensasi telah berlanjut di era Soeharto dan telah dilunasi pada tahun 2002.  
Societeit de Harmonie: European Elite Entertainment Center In the 19th Century in Batavia
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 29, No 2 (2019): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v29i2.15418

Abstract

Major cities in Indonesia generally have landmarks or special features that symbolize the uniqueness and beauty of the city in question. One of the most important landmarks of the colonial city is the societeit building as an entertainment center. This study examines the function and role of Societeit de Harmonie in Batavia in the 19th century in the midst of the heterogeneous and multiethnic life of the Batavian city of Batavia. Through the study of documents and archives, the results of this study show that Societeit de Harmonie is the greatest building compared to other societeit buildings in Batavia in the 19th century. Therefore, this building is known by all citizens of the city although who can access and utilize this building is only limited. Only the European elite can enter and use the Societeit de Harmonie building. The presence of the place of entertainment also represents the entry of new values (West) that color and becomes an important part of the cultural development of the next city Batavia. These Western values are coupled with local values practiced by indigenous peoples living in the corners of the city of Batavia. The lifestyles of Europeans who lived in Batavia during the nineteenth century can be identified from their activities when gathered in the Societeit de Harmonie. Kota-kota besar di Indonesia pada umumnya memiliki landmark atau ciri khusus yang menjadi lambang keunikan dan keindahan kota yang bersangkutan. Salah satu landmark kota colonial yang terpenting adalah gedung societeit sebagai pusat hiburan. Penelitian ini mengkaji fungsi dan peran Societeit de Harmonie di Batavia pada abad ke-19 di tengah-tengah kehidupan masyarakat kota Batavia yang heterogen dan multietnis. Melalui studi dokumen dan arsip-arsip sezaman, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Societeit de Harmoni merupakan bangunan termegah dibandingkan bangunan societeit lainnya di Batavia pada abad ke-19. Oleh karena itu, bangunan ini dikenal oleh seluruh warga kota meskipun yang dapat mengakses dan memanfaatkan bangunan ini hanya kalangan terbatas. Hanya golongan elit Eropa saja yang dapat masuk dan menggunakan gedung Societeit de Harmonie. Kehadiran tempat hiburan itu juga merepresentasikan masuknya nilai-nilai baru (Barat) yang mewarnai dan menjadi bagian penting dari perkembagan budaya kota Batavia selanjutnya. Nilai-nilai Barat ini bersanding dengan nilai-nilai local yang dipraktikkan masyarakat pribumi yang tinggal di sudut- sudut kota Batavia. Gaya hidup orang-orang Eropa yang tinggal di Batavia selama abad ke-19 dapat dikenali dari aktivitas mereka ketika berkumpul di Societeit de Harmonie. 
ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN DAN PERUBAHAN SOSIAL PETANI DI GORONTALO 1980-1990
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 23, No 1 (2013): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v23i1.2496

Abstract

This research describes in depth about farmers’ social change after their farmland turned into sugar cane plantations which had an impact on the economic condition, social roles, social stratification, employment, and business opportunities among farmers of Gorontalo. The change was reflected in the increase in the labor force that moved out of agricultural sector. It also occurred in the status component in society between those who owned the land and the landless people. Landowners still had a social stratification position higher when compared to farmers who did not own any land, even those who had no land increasingly had narrower opportunities to improve their lot because they only remained becoming the farm-workers. Alternatively the government needs to implement regulations on function conversion of agricultural land which is fertile and productive because the phenomena that happen nowadays are the problems of agricultural land which start being narrowed or reduced every year.Keywords: function change, social change, farmers  Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan secara mendalam tentang perubahan sosial petani setelah lahan pertaniannya beralih menjadi lahan perkebunan tebu yang berdampak pada kondisi ekonomi, peran sosial, stratifikasi sosial, dan kesempatan kerja serta kesempatan berusaha di kalangan petani Gorontalo. Perubahan tercermin pada terjadinya peningkatan tenaga kerja yang bergerak di luar sektor pertanian. Perubahan terjadi pula pada komponen status dalam masyarakat antara orang yang memiliki lahan dengan orang yang tidak memiliki lahan. Pemilik lahan tetap memiliki posisi stratifikasi sosial yang lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan petani yang tidak memiliki lahan, bahkan orang yang tidak memiliki lahan semakin memiliki peluang yang semakin sempit dalam memperbaiki nasibnya karena hanya tetap bertahan pada buruh tani. Sebagai alternatifnya adalah pemerintah perlu menerapkan regulasi terhadap alih fungsi lahan-lahan pertanian yang subur dan produktif sebab fenomena yang terjadi sekarang ini adalah masalah lahan pertanian setiap tahun mulai menyempit atau berkurang. Kata kunci: perubahan fungsi, perubahan sosial, petani
BRITISH CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND THE COMPETITION AGAINST GERMAN BUSINESS ACTIVITIES IN THE NETHERLANDS INDIES
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 28, No 1 (2018): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v28i1.11410

Abstract

After World War I German business activities in Netherlands Indies became a seriously earnest threat according to British Chamber of Commerce because the British firms were anxious that this would menace their market in the Dutch colony. In their publications during 1920-1923, the features and editorial comments of Netherlands Indies Review frequently exposed the rivalry between Britain and Germany. The approach of this paper is business history that narrates to what extent the commercial competition happened between the two industrial countries as it was shown by the Netherlands Indies Review, a monthly journal issued by the British Chamber of Commerce. Eventually, the British Chamber of Commerce concluded that Germany’s efforts to strengthen her commercial position in Netherlands Indies after the Great War was not meeting with any success. Pasca Perang Dunia I aktivitas-aktivitas bisnis Jerman di Hindia Belanda menjadi ancaman serius menurut Kamar Dagang Inggris dikarenakan Inggris cemas bahwa mereka akan mengancam distribusi produk-produk industri Inggris di koloni Belanda tersebut. Dalam publikasi Netherlands Indies Review pada kurun waktu 1920-1923 berbagai berita editorial yang dimuat oleh jurnal milik Kamar Dagang Inggris ini sering mengulas persaingan bisnis yang sengit antara Inggris dan Jerman. Pendekatan dalam makalah ini adalah sejarah bisnis yang bertujuan untuk menarasikan sejauhmana persaingan bisnis antara kedua negara industri ini sebagaimana dipublikasikan oleh Netherlands Indies Reviews. Kamar dagang Inggris kemudian menyimpulkan bahwa upaya Jerman untuk memperkuat posisi komersialnya di Hindia Belanda setelah Perang Dunia I tidak berjalan dengan sukses. 
NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN PADA PEMBERONTAKAN RAKYAT SUMATERA BARAT PADA AWAL TAHUN 1927
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 21, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v21i2.1039

Abstract

Each incident in history contain high values that can be taken and utilized as the guidance for the next generation to be the guide for their life in the future. The history lesson will become really significant if each history teacher always invest the values of education from each kind of history material that is taught to the pupil. The West Sumatera riot revolt at the beginning of 1927 at least contain three values of education that that is good to be socialized to students, firstly, the disintegration of the West Sumatera community contain the value of the importance of the spirit of unity, secondly, authoritarianism the colonial Dutch government in undertaking his authority in West Sumatera contain the value of democracy of the importance of social, political, economic and cultural life, thirdly, tactics of Indonesian Communist Party in inciting the West Sumatera community to carry out the revolt show us the importance of the value of vigilance towards the disturbance and the threat to himself, the community, the nation.   Keywords:, values ​​education, historical events, popular uprising   Setiap kejadian dalam sejarah mengandung nilai-nilai yang tinggi untuk diambil dan memanfaatkan sebagai pedoman bagi generasi berikutnya sebagai panduan untuk hidup mereka di masa depan. Pelajaran sejarah akan menjadi benar-benar signifikan jika setiap guru sejarah selalu menanamkan nilai pendidikan dari materi sejarah yang diajarkan kepada murid. Pemberontakan rakyat di Sumatera Barat pada awal tahun 1927 setidaknya mengandung tiga nilai-nilai pendidikan yang yang baik sebagai bahan pelajaran dan internalisasi nilai murid-murid, pertama, disintegrasi masyarakat Sumatera Barat mengandung nilai pentingnya persatuan, dua, otoritarianisme pemerintah kolonial Belanda dalam melaksanakan kekuasaannya di Sumatera Barat mengandung nilai pentingnya demokrasi dalam kehidupan sosial, politik, ekonomi dan budaya, tiga, taktik PKI dalam menghasut masyarakat Sumatera Barat untuk melaksanakan pemberontakan dapat sarat dengan nilai kewaspadaan terhadap gangguan dan ancaman terhadap dirinya, masyarakat, bangsa.   Kata Kunci:, nilai-nilai pendidikan, peristiwa sejarah, pemberontakan rakyat  
INDONESIA IN THE GLOBALIZATION TRAP: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 27, No 1 (2017): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v27i1.9185

Abstract

By using historical approach, this article intends to examine the problems faced by Indonesia as a developing country in connection to the strengthening process of globalization. The rapid process of globalization has been responded aggresively by Indonesia without considering internal readiness. Since the New Order period, Indonesia has been very eager to appear as a modern nation by coping with the demand of globalization and economic liberalization as has been campaigning by the developed countries. Indonesia has responded excessively to liberalization through the jargon of globalization and regionalization. That is, Indonesia is very open to free competition with the outside world while the internal condition has not been well prepared. Internal conditions include the bureaucracy and other institutions as well as the quality of human resources. Since the New Order government, dozens of bilateral, multilateral, and international agreements have been signed by the Indonesian government for performing economic liberalization in the field of investment, trade, and labor which in turn causing what the so called ‘globalization trap’. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan historis, artikel ini bermaksud untuk meneliti masalah yang dihadapi oleh Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang sehubungan dengan proses    penguatan globalisasi. Proses cepat globalisasi telah direspon agresif oleh Indonesia tanpa mempertimbangkan kesiapan internal. Sejak masa Orde Baru, Indonesia sudah sang-at bersemangat untuk tampil sebagai bangsa modern dengan mengatasi permintaan globalisasi dan liberalisasi ekonomi seperti telah berkampanye oleh negara-negara maju. Indonesia telah menanggapi secara berlebihan liberalisasi melalui jargon globalisasi dan regionalisasi. Artinya, Indonesia sangat terbuka untuk persaingan bebas dengan dunia luar sementara kondisi internal belum siap. Kondisi internal meliputi birokrasi dan lembaga lainnya serta kualitas sumber daya manusia. Sejak pemerintah Orde Baru, puluhan perjanjian bilateral, multilateral, dan internasional telah ditandatangani oleh pemerintah Indonesia untuk melakukan liberalisasi ekonomi di bidang investasi, perdagangan, dan tenaga kerja yang pada gilirannya menyebabkan apa yang disebut 'globalisasi perangkap'. 
ASTHA BRATA DAN PRANATA MANGSA: ALAM DAN RELASI KUASA DALAM KONTEKS AGRARIA DI JAWA
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 25, No 2 (2015): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v25i2.5138

Abstract

The presence of the ruler and its authority in people’s daily life is an interesting talk especially when it is related to welfare case. The understanding of the meaning of authority relation is manifested into government leadership practice, which at the same time, is connected to concern on maintaining the balance of nature. Based on the phenomena existence, this writing discusses about the problem of people’s authority relation position as exploitation object by the King in pactice. Does people accept their position and authority relation as necessity since they were born as servant. Or, instead, through people’s resignation accepting their destiny, they become more creative emerging local wisdom and knowledge based on environment. At this same time, people apply work management system called season regulation ‘pranatamangsa’. Pranatamangsa is manifestation of harmonious relation among human being – nature – God. Javanese farmer has faith that, like any other traditional ethnic people, the way God does arrange the nature is through the nature’s sign, as part of cosmological balance. Kehadiran penguasa dan kekuasaannya dalam keseharian kehidupan rakyatnya adalah hal yang menarik untuk dibicarakan terutama bila dihubungkan dengan kesejahteraan. Pemahaman tentang relasi kuasa di sini adalah yang termanifestasi dalam praktek kepemimpinan pemerintahan, yang pada saat yang sama, tersambung dengan kepedulian untuk menjaga keseimbangan alam. Berdasarkan fenomena yang ada, problematika yang ingin dibahas dalam tulisan berikut ini adalah bagaimana relasi kuasa rakyat yang dalam prakteknya diposisikan sebagai obyek eksploitasi oleh Raja. Adakah rakyat menerimanya sebagai sebuah keniscayaan atas kelahiran mereka sebagai kawula. Ataukah justru dalam kepasrahan menerima garis nasib mereka justru menjadi lebih kreatif dengan memunculkan kearifan dan pengetahuan lokal berbasis lingkungan.  Pada saat sama, dalam masyarakat berlaku sistem pengaturan kerja yang disebut pranata mangsa. Pranata mangsa merupakan wujud harmonisasi hubungan antara manusia-lingkungan alam-dan Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Keyakinan petani Jawa, dan masyarakat tradisional pada etnis lain, adalah bentuk keyakinan atas cara Tuhan bekerja mengatur alam melalui tanda-tanda alam, sebagai bagian dari keseimbangan kosmologis. 
Prabu Siliwangi Between History and Myth
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 31, No 1 (2021): Maritime and Socio-Economic History of Indonesia
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v31i1.25049

Abstract

Abstract: Prabu Siliwangi is a historical figure, not a fairy tale or a mythical figure, although his figure is loaded with mythical things. Its existence is supported by several sources, both written and oral sources. Besides, the character of Prabu Siliwangi is also supported by social facts and mental facts. Prabu Siliwangi was the ruler who brought glory to the Sunda kingdom, so it is seen as the greatest king in the history of the Sunda kingdom stood. Nevertheless, from the manuscript, Carita Parahiangan (15th century), which contains information of the rulers of the Sunda kingdom, no king of Sunda is named Prabu Siliwangi. Then, who is Prabu Siliwangi? To answer the question, a historical study was conducted by implementing a historical research method that is operationally composed of four phases, namely Heuritsik, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results showed that Prabu Siliwangi was a historical figure-Legendary. The people in Tatar Sunda very emotionally remember the people. There are various opinions on the identification of this character. Some argue that this nickname refers only to one character, but some have the opinion of the four figures and more. From the various sources of the manuscript used in this article, the identification of Prabu Siliwangi led to Prabu Sri Baduga Maharaja (1482-1521), the ruler of the Sunda kingdom who is domiciled Pakwan Pajajaran. Abstrak: Prabu Siliwangi adalah seorang tokoh sejarah, bukan dongeng atau tokoh mitos walaupun sosoknya sarat dengan hal-hal yang bersifat mitos. Keberadaannya didukung oleh beberapa sumber, baik sumber tertulis maupun lisan. Selain itu karakter Prabu Siliwangi juga didukung oleh fakta sosial dan fakta mental. Prabu Siliwangi adalah penguasa yang membawa kejayaan kerajaan sunda, sehingga dipandang sebagai raja terbesar dalam sejarah kerajaan sunda berdiri. Namun demikian, dari naskah Carita Parahiangan (abad ke-15) yang memuat informasi tentang para penguasa kerajaan Sunda, tidak ada raja Sunda yang bernama Prabu Siliwangi. Lalu, siapakah Prabu Siliwangi? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut maka dilakukan studi sejarah dengan menerapkan metode penelitian sejarah yang secara operasional terdiri dari empat tahap yaitu heuritsik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Prabu Siliwangi adalah seorang tokoh sejarah-Legendaris. Orang-orang tersebut sangat diingat secara emosional oleh orang-orang di Tatar Sunda. Ada berbagai pendapat tentang identifikasi karakter ini. Ada yang berpendapat bahwa julukan ini hanya mengacu pada satu tokoh, tetapi ada pula yang berpendapat tentang empat tokoh dan banyak lagi. Dari berbagai sumber naskah yang digunakan dalam artikel ini, identifikasi Prabu Siliwangi mengarah pada Prabu Sri Baduga Maharaja (1482-1521), penguasa kerajaan Sunda yang berdomisili di Pakwan Pajajaran.  

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