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Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 24075825     EISSN : 24075825     DOI : https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v30i2.20890
Core Subject : Humanities,
Humanities
The journal publishes writings on (1) historiography, (2) philosophy of history, (3) history of education, and (4) history educaiton. Historiography means the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of critical examination. Historiography studies cover chronologically various themes, such as local history, social history, cultural history, economic history, political history, military history, intellectual history, environmental history, and other historical studies. Philosophy of history, the study either of the historical process and its development or of the methods used by historians to understand their material. History of education is a study of the past that focuses on educational issues. These include education systems, institutions, theories, themes and other related phenomena in the past. History education includes studies of how history teaches in school or society, curriculum, educational values in events, figures, and historical heritage, media and sources of historical learning, history teachers, and studies of textbooks.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 742 Documents
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Socio-Historical Media Tourism Promotion Study during the Dutch East Indies Period of 1930 - 1940
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 30, No 2 (2020): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v30i2.20890

Abstract

This study discusses the media of tourism promotion in the Dutch East Indies period, in the form of lithographic print art images. The purpose of this research is to determine the meaning of visual language in the promotional media images. Promotional objects in question are pictures of lodging, photos of exotic cultural and natural products of the colonies insulinde printed between 1930 and 1940. With socio-historical methods consisting of social and historical studies, data obtained from literature studies, literature studies, and field observations will be analyzed using Teun A. van Dijk’s critical discourse approach. Furthermore, the results of the study will be interpreted descriptive qualitatively and presented with a historiographic approach. The findings of this study are there had been a process of Westernization in visual culture in the colonial period. The conclusion of this research is the portrayal of media promotion tourism during the Dutch East Indies of 1930-1940, which has given birth to traces of art deco style lithographic print as an effort of modernization in supporting modernity and developing a modernistic Dutch colonialist tourism aimed at European travelers. Penelitian ini membahas tentang media promosi wisata di masa kolonial Belanda, berupa gambar seni cetak litografi. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui makna bahasa rupa yang ada dalam gambar media promosi tersebut. Objek promosi yang dimaksud adalah gambar penginapan, gambar hasil budaya dan alam eksotik pedalaman tanah jajahan insulinde yang dicetak antara tahun 1930 hingga 1940. Dengan metode sosio historis yang terdiri dari kajian sosial dan sejarah, data yang diperoleh dari studi literatur, kajian pustaka dan observasi lapangan akan dianalisis dengan pendekatan wacana kritis Teun A. van Dijk. Selanjutnya berdasarkan data yang ada, hasil penelitian akan diintepretasikan secara deskriptif kualitatif dan dipaparkan dengan pendekatan historiografi. Hasil temuan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa telah terjadi proses pembaratan dalam budaya visual di masa kolonial. Adapun kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu penggambaran media promosi wisata masa Hindia Belanda 1930 - 1940, telah melahirkan jejak seni cetak litografi bergaya art deco sebagai upaya modernisasi dalam mendukung modernitas dan memajukan pariwisata kolonialis Belanda yang modernistik di Hindia Belanda yang ditujukan bagi pelancong orang-orang Eropa. 
AGRARIAN REFORM AS A NATIONALISM ISSUE FROM COLONIAL TO REFORMASI ERA
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 29, No 1 (2019): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v29i1.13633

Abstract

Agrarian reform has always been regarded as a communism-related issue in Indonesia as it is often associated with the one-side action BTI (Indonesian Farmers' Union)/ PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) in the first mid of 1960s. The stigma is still attached to this present time. Whereas, agrarian reform is actually a policy that relates with various ideologies to reach different objectives. The step to conduct agrarian reform has been started since 1926 when Perhimpunan Indonesia (PI) or Indonesian Association, an organization led by Mohammad Hatta in the Netherland created the land restructured program as a part of Indonesian independence plan. In 1948, Mohammad Hatta as the Prime Minister prepared a draft of National Agrarian Law. The target was only then achieved 12 years later through the legalization of the Principal Law of Agrarian of 1960. This study employed a historical comparative study to explore the agrarian reform in Indonesia postcolonial country as a nationalism-related issue used to strengthen the national sovereignty and to improve the life of the citizens.Keyword: agrarian reform, nationalism, colonialism, post-colonial era. Reformasi agraria selalu dianggap sebagai masalah yang berkaitan dengan komunisme di Indonesia karena sering dikaitkan dengan aksi satu sisi BTI (Barisan Tani Indonesia) / PKI (Partai Komunis Indonesia) pada per-tengahan 1960-an. Stigma masih melekat pada saat ini. Padahal, reforma agraria sebenarnya adalah kebijakan yang berkaitan dengan berbagai ideologi untuk mencapai tujuan yang berbeda. Langkah untuk melakukan reformasi agraria telah dimulai sejak 1926 ketika Perhimpunan Indonesia (PI), sebuah organisasi yang dipimpin oleh Mohammad Hatta di Belanda menciptakan program restrukturisasi tanah sebagai bagian dari rencana kemerdekaan Indonesia. Pada tahun 1948, Mohammad Hatta sebagai Perdana Menteri menyiapkan rancangan UU Agraria Nasional. Target tersebut baru tercapai 12 tahun kemudian melalui legalisasi Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria tahun 1960. Studi ini menggunakan studi perbandingan historis untuk mengeksplorasi reformasi agraria di Indonesia pascakolonial sebagai isu terkait nasionalisme yang digunakan untuk memperkuat kedaulatan nasional dan untuk meningkatkan kehidupan warga.Kata kunci: reformasi agraria, nasionalisme, kolonialisme, era pasca-kolonial.  
PRIVATE ISSUES IN PESAT IN LATE COLONIAL JAVA
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 22, No 2 (2012): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v22i2.2115

Abstract

Pesat was a local newspaper in Semarang published in the 1940s during the late colonial era. The establishment of Pesat could not be separated from the couple of I.M. Sajoeti and S.K. Trimurti, the owners of the newspaper, who were best-known as activitists of Political Party and senior journalists in Semarang at that time. As a local newspaper, the content of this publication differed considerably from the other local newspaper which mostly focused on news and advertisements. Pesat continuously published some information that had not been addressed by the media anywhere before. Pesat published transparently on the problems of family life and household. In particular, Pesat pointed the problems of marriage which placed women in domestic area in which they were not permitted to speak about the problems they were facing to other people in the public domain. This meant that a matter concerning the life of household which was previously considered private space was now published as news available to newspaper readers. Keywords: Pesat, private, colonial, Semarang, Java.   Pesat adalah sebuah koran lokal di Semarang yang diterbitkan pada 1940-an selama era kolonial akhir. Pembentukan Pesat tak lepas dari pasangan IM Sajoeti dan SK Trimurti, pemilik surat kabar, yang dikenal sebagai aktifis Partai Politik dan wartawan senior di Semarang pada waktu itu. Sebagai koran lokal, isi dari publikasi ini berbeda jauh dari koran lokal lainnya yang berfokus pada berita dan iklan. Pesat terus menerbitkan beberapa informasi yang belum ditangani oleh media manapun sebelumnya. Dalam publikasi mereka, Pesat dipublikasikan secara transparan pada kehidupan masalah keluarga dalam rumah tangga. Secara khusus, diangkat masalah seputar pernikahan yang menempatkan perempuan dalam ruang domestik dan perempuan tidak diperbolehkan untuk berbicara tentang masalah yang mereka hadapi kepada orang lain dalam domain publik. Ini berarti bahwa masalah yang berkenaan dengan kehidupan rumah tangga yang sebelumnya dianggap ruang pribadi yang ada di luar keluarga diizinkan untuk tahu tentang itu sekarang telah diterbitkan sebagai berita tersedia bagi pembaca surat kabar. Kata kunci: Pesat, pribadi, kolonial, Semarang, Jawa.  
Local Wisdom-Based Character Values on Kawali’s Inscription In History Learning
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 31, No 2 (2021): History of Asia and Indonesia
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v31i2.25752

Abstract

This study aims to describe the character values of Kawali’s Inscription and the implementation of local wisdom-based character values on Kawali’s Inscription in history learning. This research method is descriptive qualitative with a case study strategy. Data collection was carried out by observation on history learning activities in the classroom and Kawali’s inscription; informant interviews were conducted by teachers, students and officers of the Astana Gede Kawali Site; and the analysis of documents, syllabus and lesson plans. Purposive sampling and time sampling were used in this study. To find data validity, data triangulation was used. Data analysis used interactive analysis consists of collecting, reducing, presenting data and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate the character values in Kawali’s Inscription consist of having the character values of just, hard-working, peace-loving, democratic, respectful, honest, independent, religious, tolerant, caring socially, caring for the environment. The syllabus and lesson plans reflect the implementation of character values based on local wisdom on Kawali’s inscription in learning history. The teacher designs and implements history learning by integrating historical subject matter with the surrounding environment to explore the potential of character values in Kawali’s Inscription to form better, adaptive and positive student characters to meet life’s needs and face challenges in solving everyday problems.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan nilai-nilai karakter Prasasti Kawali dan implementasi nilai karakter berbasis kearifan lokal pada Prasasti Kawali dalam pembelajaran sejarah. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan strategi studi kasus. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi terhadap kegiatan pembelajaran sejarah di kelas dan prasasti Kawali; wawancara informan dilakukan oleh guru, siswa dan petugas Situs Astana Gede Kawali; dan analisis dokumen, silabus dan RPP. Purposive sampling dan time sampling digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Untuk mengetahui validitas data digunakan triangulasi data. Analisis data yang digunakan analisis interaktif terdiri dari pengumpulan, reduksi, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai-nilai karakter dalam Prasasti Kawali terdiri dari memiliki nilai karakter adil, pekerja keras, cinta damai, demokratis, hormat, jujur, mandiri, religius, toleran, peduli sosial, peduli lingkungan. Silabus dan RPP mencerminkan penerapan nilai-nilai karakter berbasis kearifan lokal pada prasasti Kawali dalam pembelajaran sejarah. Guru merancang dan melaksanakan pembelajaran sejarah dengan mengintegrasikan materi pelajaran sejarah dengan lingkungan sekitar untuk menggali potensi nilai-nilai karakter dalam Prasasti Kawali untuk membentuk karakter siswa yang lebih baik, adaptif dan positif untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup dan menghadapi tantangan dalam memecahkan masalah sehari-hari.
MANAGING LAND RE/DIS-POSSESSION FROM BELOW: HISTORY OF BIOPOLITICS COUNTERMOVEMENT IN TWO JAVANESE RURAL COMMUNITIES
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 24, No 2 (2014): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/par.v24i2.3119

Abstract

The long debate on whether rural community in Java is more characterised as egalitarian or differentiated one has underrated the agency of the local people. This paper tries to propose the agency of local people through a comparative account upon history of two communities, namely Ngandagan in Central Java and Wangunwati in West Java. Mobilizing the collective action toward land struggle, both communities involved in a broad spectrum of property relations reform which ranged from struggles over material things, revenue, to political power. As those struggles reflect interventions for “making live” and “not letting die” of the local population, this paper argues that both communities engaged in biopolitics countermovement directed to market and political forces threatening their means of livelihoods and even their life. However, while two communities succeeded in transforming inter-groups property relations within community, their political future would eventually necessitate the broader transformation of property relations between the state and the society.Keywords: history of rural community, agrarian crises, the agency of local people, land struggle, property relations reform, biopolitics, Java, Indonesia.Perdebatan panjang mengenai apakah komunitas pedesaan di Jawa lebih bercorak egalitarian atau terdiferensiasi telah menyebabkan agensi penduduk lokal kurang diperhatikan. Paper ini mencoba mengedepankan agensi komunitas lokal melalui uraian komparatif atas sejarah dua komunitas, yakni Ngandagan di Jawa Tengah dan Wangunwati di Jawa Barat. Memobilisasikan aksi kolektif seputar perjuangan atas tanah, kedua komunitas ini terlibat dalam pembaruan relasi-relasi kepemilikan dalam spektrum yang luas, yang terentang dari perjuangan atas kepemilikan menyangkut benda material, pendapatan, hingga kekuasaan politik. Mengingat perjuangan demikian mencerminkan intervensi untuk “membuat hidup” dan “tidak membiarkan mati” atas penduduk lokal, paper ini berargumen bahwa kedua komunitas tersebut menjalankan gerakan perlawanan biopolitics yang ditujukan pada kekuatan pasar dan politik yang mengancam sarana penghidupan dan bahkan jiwa mereka. Namun, sementara keduanya berhasil dalam mentransformasikan relasi-relasi kepemilikan di dalam komunitas, masa depan politik mereka pada akhirnya akan menuntut transformasi lebih luas dalam relasi-relasi kepemilikan antara negara dan masyarakat.Kata kunci: sejarah komunitas pedesaan, krisis agraria, agensi masyarakat lokal, perjuangan atas tanah, pembaruan relasi-relasi kepemilikan, biopolitics, Jawa, Indonesia. 
Constructing the Local Wisdom Values of the Yel Lim Culture as a Historical Learning Source
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 30, No 1 (2020): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v30i1.15506

Abstract

This study describes the living tradition of the indigenous people who live in a cluster of small islands in the southeast and south of the Maluku Islands, Indonesia, namely the Kei People. They have a robust local culture that influences in guiding and directing them to build social relations amid the onslaught of globalization with various attributes modernity that continues to go back and forth. The Yel Lim Culture, as the symbol and the identity of the Kei Community, radiates messages of humanity, tolerance, solidarity, and friendship, based on the life principle of siblings regardless of differences in ethnicity, religion, and race, it must continue to be preserved. To discover and then to elaborate on the main essence of the Yel Lim culture in the life of the Kei Community, a descriptive-analytical approach, as part of qualitative research, was taken. The results of this research showed that the Yel Lim Culture up to now was still being carried out because these cultural values were the guide, a guideline in realizing social order as a society that lived and developed in the Kei Islands. Observing the current social reality, then constructing Yel Lim's cultural values as a source in history class is very important in preparing future generations who have integrity and youthful identity, which is not easily trapped in various negative things because it continues to lean on local cultural values as their identity. Thus, the future generation that we build is the generation that is civilized and has virtuous and noble character as well.  Kajian ini mendeskripsikan tradisi masyarakat adat yang tinggal di kepulauan Kei Maluku Tenggara, dan memiliki budaya lokal dalam menuntun, mengarahkan mereka membangun relasi sosial walaupun ditengah-tengah gempuran arus modernisasi. Budaya Yel Lim sebagai simbol, identitas masyarakat Kei memancarkan pesan kemanusiaan, persaudaraan, toleransi, solidaritas dan silahturhami. Untuk menemukan, mempertahankan dan mengelaborasi budaya Yel Lim dalam kehidupan masyarakat Kei, sebagai salah satu sumber pembelajaran maka pendekatan deskriptif analitis sebagai bagian dari penelitian kualitatif ditempuh. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa nilai-nilai budaya Yel Lim harus terus dimanifestasikan guna mewujudkan keteraturan sosial komunitas masyarakat adat Kei dari generasi ke generasi. Untuk itu, mengkonstruksi nilai-nilai budaya Yel Lim sebagai sumber pengembangan pembelajaran sejarah di Sekolah (SMP/SMA) sangatlah penting guna mempersiapkan generasi masa depan yang memiliki integritas, jati diri sehingga tidak muda terjerumus dalam berbagai hal negatif. Sehingga generasi masa depan yang kita bangun nantinya adalah generasi yang memiliki peradaban, budi pekerti luhur dan ahklak mulia.  
Revolutionary Theses, Social Reality, and the Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 31, No 2 (2021): History of Asia and Indonesia
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v31i2.31554

Abstract

The Chinese revolutions were the standard-bearers of the world revolution that influenced many independence fighters in colonialized countries. Feudalism, militarism and imperialism were the main ‘enemies’ to the masses that trapped them in the various social inequities of poverty, exploitation and subjugation. Self-worth and national pride were the drivers of the Chinese Revolution as they embedded Chinese nationalism within Marx-Lenin's revolutionary strategy. However, the formation, organization and revolutionary struggle of the Chinese Communist Party was defined and controlled by the Communist International (Comintern) and Stalin that placed them in a straitjacket beyond the border of the Chinese society. A two-stage revolutionary strategy was to be applied in China where the infant CCP must work with Kuomintang (KMT) to gain national liberation of China from imperialism, militarism and feudalism under the leadership of Dr Sun Yat-sen to Chiang Kai-shek. However, defining the changing society in China from afar blinded Stalin interpretation of Marx-Lenin theses as a revolution from below was trigged by the peasant uprisings and KMT’s voices are national revolution but in practice is reactionary. KMT’s voices of revolutionary vigour are to obtain Russian aid and military support but in realpolitik, it massacres the peasants and the labourers who rebel and jeopardies their militarist-capitalist-imperialist agenda. Students of contemporary societal and political change could learn from the Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution, where the body of knowledge applied was socially blinded to the changing social reality of the locality.Revolusi Cina adalah pembawa standar revolusi dunia yang mempengaruhi banyak pejuang kemerdekaan di negara-negara terjajah.  Feodalisme, militerisme, dan imperialisme adalah 'musuh' utama massa yang menjebak mereka dalam berbagai ketidakadilan sosial berupa kemiskinan, eksploitasi dan penaklukan. Hal ini mendorong terjadinya revolusi. Harga diri dan kebanggaan nasional adalah pendorong Revolusi Cina karena mereka menanamkan nasionalisme Cina dalam strategi revolusioner Marx-Lenin. Namun, pembentukan, organisasi dan perjuangan revolusioner Partai Komunis Tiongkok ditentukan dan dikendalikan oleh Komunis Internasional (Komintern) dan Stalin yang menempatkan mereka dalam jaket pengekang di luar batas masyarakat Tiongkok. Strategi revolusioner dua tahap akan diterapkan di Tiongkok di mana PKC yang masih bayi harus bekerja dengan Kuomintang (KMT) untuk mendapatkan pembebasan nasional Tiongkok dari imperialisme, militerisme, dan feodalisme di bawah kepemimpinan Dr Sun Yat-sen ke Chiang Kai-shek. Namun, mendefinisikan masyarakat yang berubah di Cina dari interpretasi Stalin yang membutakan atas tesis Marx-Lenin sebagai revolusi dari bawah dipicu oleh pemberontakan petani dan suara KMT adalah revolusi nasional tetapi dalam praktiknya adalah reaksioner. Suara kekuatan revolusioner KMT adalah untuk mendapatkan bantuan dan dukungan militer Rusia tetapi dalam politik nyata, KMT membantai para petani dan buruh yang memberontak dan membahayakan agenda militeris-kapitalis-imperialis mereka. Mahasiswa perubahan sosial dan politik kontemporer dapat belajar dari Tragedi Revolusi Cina, di mana tubuh pengetahuan yang diterapkan secara sosial dibutakan oleh realitas sosial yang berubah dari lokalitas. 
MODEL PEMBERDAYAAN PASAR TRADISIONAL BERBASIS EKONOMI KERAKYATAN DI KOTA SEMARANG
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 23, No 2 (2013): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v23i2.2667

Abstract

This study aims to discover the empowerment model of traditional market as a place for small-scale entrepreneurs in the city of Semarang. In the first year of using historical research has produced a historical description that the traditional market in the colonial era was able to demonstrate its existence as a place of trade for market participants and was able to compete with the private market. The empowerment model is packaged in the form of labor market discipline, regularity in the market area, the space flexibility for the market visitor and availability of parking spaces for the towing animals. The description of traditional market currently dominated by slums, congested, muddy, narrow access for buyers and vendors stalls are disorganized was derived from field research. If the historical description is combined with the today market description, it will produce a prototype of an effective and strong traditional market so that traditional traders in the city of Semarang have empowerment. Stakeholder participants’ model is used as alternative models to empower all the traditional market potential. Keyword:  empowerment,  economic community-based, traditional market Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan model pemberdayaan pasar tradisional sebagai tempat wirausaha skala kecil di Kota Semarang. Pada tahun pertama menggunakan historical research telah menghasilkan deskripsi historis bahwa pasar tradisional era kolonial mampu menunjukkan eksistensinya sebagai tempat perdagangan pelaku pasar dan mampu bersaing dengan pasar swasta. Model pemberdayaan dikemas dalam bentuk disiplin pegawai pasar, ketertiban di dalam lahan pasar, keleluasaan jalan bagi pengunjung pasar, dan ketersediaan lahan ”parkir” bagi hewan penarik. Melalui field research, diperoleh deskripsi pasar tradisional saat ini lebih didominasi kumuh, sesak, becek, akses pembeli sempit, dan lapak PKL tidak beraturan. Deskripsi historis dipadukan dengan deskripsi pasar dewasa ini dihasilkan prototype pasar tradisional yang efektif dan kuat agar pedagang pasar tradisional di Kota Semarang memiliki keberdayaan. Model partisipan stakeholder dijadikan alternatif guna memberdayakan semua potensi pasar tradisional. Keyword:  pemberdayaan, ekonomi kerakyatan, pasar tradisional.    
THE PROCESS OF INDONESIAN NATION STATE FORMATION, 1901-1998
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 28, No 2 (2018): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v28i2.12795

Abstract

This article has analyzed the long process of Indonesian Nation State Formation, namely from the Dutch Colonial Period to New Order Era of the 1980s and 1990s. The article argues that the concept of nationhood remained very fluid for long time but gradually it started to shape after the introduction of western education to the natives in the Dutch Colonial era and it took the final shape in New Order Era. The complexity of the nation-state formation was due to the region consists of many ethnics, cultures, languages, religions, and political parties. Their national identity started from the ethnicity awareness which took shape in the Dutch Colonial Era. During the Japanese occupation era the Nation State Formation of Indonesia was put into action as Kurasawa said that they had been prepared the independence of Indonesian nation. In Sukarno era, Indonesia was still ideologically divided into some international ideologies such as Communism, Islamism, and the secular national ideology. The peak of the rivals is the breaking of Indonesian Communist Party uprising in 1965. A major change took place with the fall of Sukarno’s regime which was replaced by General Suharto. Suharto called the Sukarno era as the old order regime and called his regime as New Order. The stability of Indonesian National formation was restored with ban on the International Ideology such as Communism, forcing the Moslem militancy and using National Ideology (Pancasila) as the ones of National Ideology.  Artikel ini telah menganalisis proses panjang Pembentukan Negara Bangsa Indonesia, yaitu dari Masa Kolonial Belanda ke Era Orde Baru tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an. Artikel ini berpendapat bahwa konsep kebangsaan tetap sangat cair untuk waktu yang lama tetapi secara bertahap mulai terbentuk setelah pengenalan pendidikan barat untuk pribumi di era Kolonial Belanda dan mengambil bentuk akhir di Era Orde Baru. Kompleksitas pembentukan negara-bangsa adalah karena wilayah ini terdiri dari banyak suku, budaya, bahasa, agama, dan partai politik. Identitas nasional mereka dimulai dari kesadaran etnis yang terbentuk di Era Kolonial Belanda. Selama era pendudukan Jepang, formasi Negara Bangsa Indonesia dilaksanakan sebagai Kurasawa mengatakan bahwa mereka telah mempersiapkan kemerdekaan bangsa Indonesia. Di era Soekarno, Indonesia masih secara ideologis dibagi menjadi beberapa ideologi internasional seperti Komunisme, Islamisme, dan ideologi nasional sekuler. Puncak saingan adalah pecahnya pemberontakan Partai Komunis Indonesia pada tahun 1965. Perubahan besar terjadi dengan jatuhnya rejim Sukarno yang digantikan oleh Jenderal Suharto. Suharto menyebut era Soekarno sebagai rezim orde lama dan menyebut rejimnya sebagai Orde Baru. Stabilitas formasi Nasional Indonesia dipulihkan dengan larangan Ideologi Internasional seperti Komunisme, memaksa militansi Islam dan menggunakan Ideologi Nasional (Pancasila) sebagai Ideologi Nasional. 
PENDUDUK DAN HUBUNGAN ANTARETNIS DI KOTA SURABAYA PADA MASA KOLONIAL
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 22, No 1 (2012): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v22i1.1839

Abstract

Relation among ethnics in Indonesian colonial city, especially relation between European and local citizen are unique. In many causes, their interaction is relation between oppressor and the oppressed. Sometimes, it oppresses the peoples. Nevertheless, in the other time and place, their relation based on spirit and motivation of humanity, that is social relationship without racial and political sentiment. In the relation between European as a chief and the inlanders’ as a subordinate, the relation has not judge by race difference, but evaluate by social stratification. This relation happened in the different context depend on situation and condition. It indicates that relation among peoples always based humanity, that human constantly need the other else.Key words: ethnics, Surabaya, colonial Hubungan antar etnik di kota-kota kolonial di Indonesia, terutama hubungan antara orang-orang kulit putih Eropa dengan penduduk lokal cukup unik. Dalam banyak kasus hubungan mereka murni dalam kerangka hubungan antara penjajah dan yang terjajah. Hubungan semacam ini kadang-kadang sangat menindas bagi yang terjajah. Pada waktu dan tempat yang berbeda hubungan mereka sering kali juga dilandasai oleh semangat dan motivasi kemanusiaan, yaitu hubungan yang murni berdasarkan status sosial tanpa dilandasi sentimen politik dan rasial. Jika hubungan tersebut terjalin antara majikan yang Eropa dan buruh yang Bumiputera, maka baik-buruknya hubungan tersebut hanya bisa dinilai dari kelas sosial mereka yang berbeda, bukan karena perbedaan ras. Hubungan semacam itu bisa terjalin pada konteks yang berbeda-beda tergantung dengan situasi dan kondisi. Kata kunci: etnis, Surabaya, kolonial  

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