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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 426 Documents
 12   13   14   15   16 
COMPARISON OF MACERATION AND ULTRASONICATION METHODS ON INDIGOFERA TINCTORIA LINN LEAF EXTRACTION Hidayati, Nur; Kurniawan, Tomy; Kusumawardani, Nindya I.; Sari, Rahmah P.
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11405

Abstract

The extraction of Indigofera Tinctoria Linn leaf into natural dyes was studied using two methods: maceration and ultrasonication. Other variables tested were the differences in the degree of solvent acidity used: neutral, alcoholic, acid and base. The yield and the dye strength measured by the absorbance are response to the change of those variables. The better yields were obtained from ultrasonication method compared to the maceration one. The highest yield was shown in the result of maceration method at neutral condition, 2.3%, while in ultrasonic method was at alcoholic condition 13%. The acidity of the solvent affects the resulted colour. By using maceration method and the neutral condition produced dark blue, the acid solvent produced a grey dye, the alkaline produced a greenish dye and the alcoholic produced a brownish dye. With the aid of ultrasonication, blue dye was generated on the use of neutral, acid and alcoholic solvents, whereas brownish was on alkaline solution.
PENGARUH LAJU ALIR UDARA DAN WAKTU PROSES GASIFIKASI TERHADAP GAS PRODUCER LIMBAH TANGKAI DAUN TEMBAKAU MENGGUNAKAN GASIFIER TIPE DOWNDRAFT Suhendi, Endang; Paradise, Gilang Umar; Priandana, Idham
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 5, No 2 (2016): December 2016 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v5i2.6054

Abstract

The continued development of industry and agriculture along with unutilized of industrial and agricultural wastes properly, the waste will only be garbage which can be an interference to environment. Is required to have waste treatment technologies that are effective, efficient and environmentally friendly to utilize the waste into renewable energy sources. The way of handling this waste is to use gasification technology. Gasification is a method of thermochemical conversion of solid fuels into the syngas gas fuel in the gasifier container by supplying a gasification agent such as steam, air and others. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of air flow rate and the time of gasification process for tobacco leaf stalk’s waste againts to the composition and the components of syngas. This research is conducted using a gasifier with a capacity of ± 2.5 kg. The research procedures are drying, crushing, sizing, gasification process, and analysis of gas compositions. The result of this research has proven that tobacco leaf stalk’s waste has potential to be renewable energy sources which can produce syngas using gasification process. The concentration of syngas (CO, H2 and CH4) which is the highest obtained at variation of Q = 3 m3 / h in minutes 30 with syngas concentration of 2.27% vol CH4, CO gas amounted to 7.17% vol and H2 gas amounted to 5.79 % vol.
PENGARUH SUHU DAN KONSENTRASI RUMEN SAPI TERHADAP PRODUKSI BIOGAS DARI VINASSE Putri, Rr. Dewi Artanti; Tsani, Sunar Tejo
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 1 (2015): June 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i1.3767

Abstract

Vinasse merupakan limbah yang dihasilkan oleh produksi bioetanol yang mempunyai kandungan COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) yang tinggi. Dengan karakteristik tersebut vinasse lebih tepat diuraikan dengan proses anaerob menjadi biogas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji pengaruh suhu dan perbandingan rumen sapi  yang dibutuhkan untuk mendapatkan biogas dengan hasil yang optimum. Suhu mempengaruhi pertumbuhan mikroorganisme dan kecepatan reaksi dalam pembentukan biogas. Rumen sapi adalah inokulum atau starter yang merupakan bahan yang perlu ditambahkan ke dalam sistem digester biogas. Percobaan dilakukan dalam digester volum 500 ml, dioperasikan pada pH 7 dengan memvariasikan perbandingan suhu,yaitu suhu ruang, suhu 50 oC, dan suhu60 oC dan variasi konsentrasi rumen sapi  5%, 10%, 15%. Proses fermentasi dilakukan dengan cara batch dengan pengukuran gas setiap 2-3 hari menggunakan metode water displacement technique sampai gas tidak terbentuk selama 60 hari. Respon yang diambil pada penelitian ini adalah volume gas yang dihasilkan berdasarkan pengaruh suhu dan konsentrasi rumen sapi terhadap produksi biogas. Perubahan suhu dan konsentrasi rumen sapi sangat mempengaruhi produksi biogas. Hasil yang terbaik dari penelitian ini adalah pada konsentrasi rumen 15% pada suhu ruang yaitu sebanyak 370 ml. Kata kunci: biogas, vinasse, suhu, rumen sapiVinasse is the waste generated by the production of bioethanol which has high content of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand). With these characteristics, it is more appropriate to convert it into biogas through anaerobic digestion process. This study was conducted to assess the effect of temperature and the cow rumen concentration needed to obtain biogas with optimum results. Temperature affects the growth of microorganisms and speed of reaction in the formation of biogas. The cow rumen was used as inoculum or starter material that needs to be added to the biogas digester system. Experiments conducted in the digester volume of 500 ml, operated at pH 7 with varying the ratio of the temperature, i.e. room temperature, temperature of 50 oC and 60 oC, and variations in the cow rumen concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%. The fermentation process was done in batch condition with gas measurement every 2-3 days using the method of water displacement technique until the gas was not formed for 60 days. Responses were taken in this study is the volume of gas produced by the effect of temperature and concentration of the cow rumen production of biogas. Changes in temperature and concentration greatly affects the cow rumen production of biogas. The best results from this study was obtained from the fermentation with the rumen concentration of 15% at room temperature which was as much as 370 ml.Keywords: biogas, vinasse, the temperature, the cow rumen
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN MAGNESIUM STEARAT DAN JENIS PROTEIN PADA PEMBUATAN BIODEGRADABLE FOAM DENGAN METODE BAKING PROCESS hendrawati, Nanik; Sofiana, Anna Rubi; Widyantini, Ilmi Nur
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 2 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.4166

Abstract

Biodegradable foam with cassava starch, protein and chitosan as the basic ingredients can be produced by using baking process method. Variation on magnesium stearate amount and protein types gave different effect on the biodegradable foam quality. The amount of magnesium stearate was varied as 1; 1.6; 2.2; 2.8; 3.4 and 4 % w/w and the sources of protein used in this research were taken from soy bean, peanut and egg white. The foam produced in this research was then tested for its mechanical properties, water resistance and biodegradability. It was found that addition of magnesium stearate as much as 4% w/w reduced water adsorption and biodegradability of foam. Magnesium stearate affected the ability of absorption of water and foam degradation, but did not influence on tensile strength. Different types of protein also gave influence on water absorption, biodegradability and tensile strength. The best improvement of tensile strenght among the compounds tested was shown by soy bean based foam.
PENGOLAHAN BIJI MAHONI (Swietenia Macrophylla King) SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU ALTERNATIF BIODIESEL Damayanti, Astrilia; Bariroh, Siti
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 1 (2012): June 2012
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i1.2539

Abstract

Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak bumi yang terus menerus akan mengakibatkan kelangkaan bahan bakar minyak. Sumber energi alternatif yang ramah lingkungan, salah satunya adalah biodiesel. Bahan baku potensial untuk memproduksi biodiesel yang tidak bersaing dengan bahan baku pangan contohnya adalah biji mahoni (swietenia macrophylla king). Tahapan yang diperlukan dalam percobaan biodiesel adalah proses pengambilan minyak biji mahoni dengan proses penyangraian, degumming, dan proses transesterifikasi. Alat yang diperlukan dalam pembuatan biodiesel yaitu: labu alas bulat dilengkapi kondensor, gelas ukur, pengaduk magnetik, alat-alat gelas lab, dan lain sebagainya. Proses pengambilan minyak dilakukan dengan penyangraian yang hasilnya di degumming dengan asam fosfat 5% b/b pada suhu 80ºC selama 15 menit. Degumming bertujuan untuk menghilangkan getah, lendir, protein, resin dan gum. Proses kedua yaitu transesterifikasi dengan metanol 1:6 (minyak dan mtanol) dengan KOH 0,1 N pada suhu 60ºC selama 1 jam. Setelah diperoleh metil ester, dilakukan proses pencucian atau penetralan metil ester pada suhu pemanasan 104ºC untuk menghilangkan kadar airnya. Dari hasil percobaan diperoleh rendemen minyak sebesar 86,92%, uji densitas 874,08 kg/m³, viskositas 3,07 mm2/s, dan bilangan asam 0,5601 mg KOH/g. Metil ester yang dihasilkan telah sesuai dengan SNI-04-7182-2006. An increased demand of the fossil fuel would lead to scarcity of the fossil fuel in the future. An alternative of environmentally friendly energy sources is biodiesel. It is accounted that the resources for producing biodiesel should not compete with food raw materials, such as mahogany grain, (swietenia macrophylla king). The necessary steps in the experiment of producing biodiesel are process of taking the mahogany seed-oil by using roasting method, degumming, and transesterification process. The required equipments for producing biodiesel were round-bottom flask equipped with condenser, measuring cylinder, magnetic stirrer, other lab-glassware, etc. Firstly, the process of taking the oil from mahogany seed was carried by using roasting method; then the result was degummed by using 5wt% of Phosphate acid at 80 oC for 15 minutes. The degumming process was aimed to remove sap, mucus, proteins, resin and gum. The second step was transesterification process using methanol 1:6 (oil and methanol) and 0.1N KOH solutions, which was carried out at 60 oC for 1 hour. Once the methyl ester was produced, the next steps were washing and neutralization of methyl ester at heating temperature of 104 oC to remove the water content in the methyl ester. The obtained yield from the experiments was 86.92%. The tested density, viscosity, and the acid value were 874.08 kg/m³, 3.07 mm2/s, and 0.5601 mg KOH/g, respectively. The produced Methyl ester is in accordance with SNI-04-7182-2006.
EFFECTS OF SOLID VINASSE-BASED ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON SOME GROWTH INDICES OF TOMATO PLANT Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi; Oktafiani, Oktafiani; Hartanto, Dhoni; Handayani, Prima Astuti
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.12507

Abstract

Vinasse, which is commonly referred to as stillage, is a aqueous by-product of bioethanol processing. This side-product is yielded in a very large quantity in bioethanol industry since the production of 1 L of ethanol will generate 13 L of vinasse. Hence it is become a problem of bioethanol industry since vinasse waste doesn’t have economic value and it is harmful to the environment. This industrial waste has high COD and BOD, high acidity, and high temperature when it is discharged from the bottom of distillation unit. To overwhelmed this drawbacks, it is crucial to attempt reduction of the negative characteristic of vinasse as well as creation of added value of vinasse. In fact, vinasse contains a considerable amount of potassium and organic matter which is beneficial for plant growth and improving the soil fertility. Thus, in this work, vinasse was utilized as raw material for organic fertilizer. Vinasse waste was formulated with other sugarcane industrial waste (filter cake and boiler ash), and NPK fertilizer in various composition to yield solid Organo-Mineral Fertilizer (OMF). Among all the composition of OMF, It was demonstrated that vinasse formulated with 3, 6, and 9% of NPK fulfilled the Indonesian National Standar (SNI) of solid fertilizer. Thus these types of OMF were used to fertilize tomato plant. The effects of vinasse-based OMF on some growth indices of tomato plant were examined. It was revealed that vinasse fertilizer formulated with 9% of NPK exhibited the best impact to the tomato plant growth.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEMINERALIZED GELATIN FROM LIZARDFISH (Saurida spp.) SCALES USING NaOH-NaCl SOLUTION Wardhani, Dyah H; Rahmawati, Esti; Arifin, Ghozi Tsany; Cahyono, Heri
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9621

Abstract

Demineralization is required to reduce the ash content of gelatin. Previous studies have confirmed the high quality of gelatin was produced after demineralized using combination of NaCl and aqueous NaOH. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of NaCl on the properties of gelatin from Lizardfish (Saurida spp.) scales. The cleaned scales was demineralized using a mixture of NaOH 0.5% and NaCl (0- 0.8%), at various temperatures (45, 65, 86oC) and time (30, 60, 90 and 150 minutes). The obtained samples was determined by ash content, pH, the lightness and moisture content. Addition of NaCl reduced the ash, pH and moisture content but increased the whiteness. Gelatin physical properties increased inline with NaCl concentration. Extended demineralized period gave a positive effect on ash, pH and moisture content but opposite effect was observed in the lightness and physical properties. Extended demineralization periods in high temperature reduced gelatin quality. The highest gel strength was found at demineralization for 150 min at 65oC using a combination of NaOH 0.5% and NaCl 0.8%. At this condition, the gelatin has 10%, 1,7%, 248 bloom, and 7,1 cP of moisture content, ash, gel strength and viscosity, respectively, which fulfil SNI 06.3735.1995.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN EM4 (Effective Microorganism-4) PADA PEMBUATAN BIOGAS DARI ECENG GONDOK DAN RUMEN SAPI Megawati, Megawati
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 2 (2014): December 2014
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i2.3696

Abstract

Eceng gondok (Eichornia crassipes) merupakan tanaman yang menjadi limbah perairan dan keberadaannya belum banyak dimanfaatkan. Kandungan selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin di dalamnya dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi biogas melalui proses fermentasi. Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh EM4 (Effective Microorganism- 4) terhadap massa, nilai kalor, dan kecepatan pembentukan biogas dari eceng gondok. Percobaan dilakukan dalam anaerobic digester berukuran 4 liter, bahan baku yang digunakan adalah eceng gondok, rumen sapi, dan air dengan variabel penambahan EM4 sebesar 1% dan 0%. Fermentasi dilakukan secara batch dengan pengukuran gas (temperatur, tekanan, dan massa) setiap 7 hari sekali sampai hari ke-35. Sebelum proses fermentasi, dilakukan pengujian terhadap rasio C/N campuran bahan baku. Pembakaran gas dilakukan untuk membuktikan gas yang didapat mengandung metana. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio C/N untuk variabel dengan penambahan EM4 1% sebesar 5,33 dan rasio C/N untuk variabel dengan penambahan EM4 0% sebesar 7. Jadi, penambahan EM4 dapat menurunkan rasio C/N. Sementara itu, hasil fermentasinya memperlihatkan bahwa EM4 memperkecil produksi biogas meskipun proses pembentukannya cepat. Massa total biogas yang didapat pada variabel EM4 1% sebesar 1,1 g dan variabel EM4 0% sebesar 1,55 g. Tekananbiogas mengalami fluktuasi (pada variabel EM4 1% sebesar 35,6 cmH2O, sedangkan pada variabel EM4 0% sebesar 40,6 cmH2O). Berdasarkan simulasi menggunakan chemical process simulator software, diketahui heating value biogas sebesar 39.180 kJ/kg. Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) is a plant that becomes waste and its existence has not been widely used. Content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in it can be converted into biogas through a process of fermentation. Study examines the effect of EM4 (Effective Microorganism-4) on the mass, heating value, and the rate of formation of biogas from water hyacinth. An experiments were performed in anaerobic digesters size of 4 liters, the raw material used is water hyacinth, cow's rumen, and water with variable of EM4 addition of 1% and 0%. Fermentation was carried out in batch condition with gas measurement (temperature, pressure, and mass) every 7 days until the 35th day. Before fermentation, the C/N ratio of raw material mixture was analyzed. The gas was burnt to prove that the obtained gas containing methane. Results showed that the C/N ratio for the variable with the addition EM4 1% is 5.33 and C/N ratio for the variable with the addition EM4 0% is 7. Thus, the addition of EM4 can reduce C/N ratio. Despite the formation process is rapid, the results showed that EM4 reduce the biogas production. Total mass of biogas obtained at variableEM4 1% is 1.1 g and variable EM4 0% is 1,55 g. Biogas pressure is fluctuated (at variable EM4 1% is 35.6 cmH2O, EM4 0% is 40.6 cmH2O). Based on simulation using the chemical process simulator software, it is known that biogas heating value is 39,180 kJ/kg.
HIDROLISIS MINYAK KELAPA DENGAN LIPASE TERIMOBILISASI ZEOLIT PADA PEMBUATAN PERISA ALAMI moentamaria, dwina; Agaian, Girlian; Ridhawati, Meilita Mustika; Chumaidi, Achmad; Hendrawati, Nanik
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 5, No 2 (2016): December 2016 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v5i2.7507

Abstract

Free Fatty acid  resulting from hydrolisis of  various types of oil enzymatically has been great interest recently to save energy, in other hand  that the product are environmentally friendly.  Lipases as biocatalysts for synthesis reactions  will  be  dissolved with the product, making difficult their reuse. Efficiency can be done with the use of enzyme immobilization, which can be used for repeated reaction. The products of free fatty acids from coconut oil by hydrolysis of lipase can be used as a natural substrate for making flavor  that can be consumed and safe for health. The effect of free lipase and  immobilization of lipase on hydrolisis  were studied.   Reaction time of hydrolisis was varied as 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. The  variation  of concentration of lipase  addition was 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 % .  The types of treatment were used in this research free lipase and the immobilized lipase. The results shows that the highest conversion on hydrolisis of coconut oil  by using free lipase treatment  was performed by 6 % of lipase addition  with reaction time 60 minutes that are 52,31%. While, the highest conversion on hydrolisis of coconut oil by using the immobilized lipase was shown  by 8% of lipase addition with reaction time 120 minutes that is 56,01%.  The results of the hydrolysis process in the form of fatty acid was used as the base material esterification process resulting ester product (natural flavor). Ester yield was produced by free lipase esterification was 28,21 and 32,14 % in immobilized  lipase  esterification.
PEWARNA ALAMI BATIK DARI TANAMAN NILA (Indigofera) DENGAN KATALIS ASAM Astuti Handayani, Prima; Amar Mualimin, A.
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 2, No 1 (2013): June 2013
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v2i1.2909

Abstract

Indigo is a natural blue dye substance of batik extracted from the leaves of indigo plant, which is eco-friendly and non-carcinogenic. To be able to extract an indigo dye substance, the indican glycosides contained in the leaves of the plant is first hydrolyzed into Indigo indoxyl and glucose by using either the dilute mineral acids or enzymes. The indoxyl is then oxidized to indigo. In this experiment, the extraction of the blue dye substance of indigo plant was carried out by method of acidifying. The observations made on the variation of the concentration of hydrochloric acid, the aeration time, the acids, and the type of binding substances. The material used in the experiment included the 2 months old of Indigo leaves, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, sugar, lime, alum and tunjung (Ferrous sulfate). The equipments used in the aeration were beaker glass and the air pump.The process was initiated by soaking the indigo leaves in acid with a specific concentration for 24 hours. The filtrate was then oxidized by flowing the air using the air pump for 12 hours. Then, the sample was applied by immersing the fabric in a solution of the binding substances consisted of Ferrous sulfate, alum, and lime. The experiment results show that higher concentration of indigo was obtained from the longer aeration time. By comparing different type of acids, the extraction using 0.01 M H2SO4 shows better than using HCl in the same concentration. The highest indigo concentration produced by the extraction using 0.01 M H2SO4 was 29.20 ppm, while the highest concentration produced from the extraction using 0.01 M HCl was 26.88 ppm. The use of different type of binding substances on the fabric, giving the appearance of different colors. The binding substance of Tunjung produces the dark blue color, lime produces greenish blue colour, and alum produces a blue color.

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