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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 426 Documents
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EFFECT OF PRESSURE IN ORGANIC WASTE BURNING PROCESS ON THE COMBUSTION RATE Naryono, Eko; Budiono, Arief; Santosa, Sandra
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11395

Abstract

The combustion process of organic waste has several drawback which produce flue gases containing pollutants SO2, HCl, tar and heavy metals (Cu, Hg, Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cr). The pollutants can be  removed  from the flue gas using a water scrubber. The process of absorption using the water scrubber  can cause a rise in pressure in the combustion chamber.This research aims to study the effect of combustion process pressure of organic waste on the combustion rate. The research was conducted by burning waste in the reactor at various flow rate of combustion air. The exhaust gases of combustion then flowed into ihe water scrubber that the height varied. The change in pressure and combustion rate of each variation of the air flow rate and the height of the water scrubber was measured. According to the results, it was obtained the correlation of combustion pressure to the  combustion rate was y = 0,844e-0,2X, where y = the combustion rate (kg/min) and x = combustion pressure (gauge, mm H2O). In addition, the increase in combustion pressure up to 21 mm of water, caused a reduction in combustion temperatures up to 50 ° C, while the combustion rate decreased to one-tenth from atmospheric combustion.
GRANULASI ABU LAYANG BATUBARA MENGGUNAKAN KARAGENAN DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI ADSORBEN Pb(II) Astuti, Widi; Izzati, Indah Nurul
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 2 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.4361

Abstract

The increase of electrical industry using coal as an energy source resulting in accumulated solid waste such as fly ash.Coal fly ash is mainly composed of some oxides including Al2O3, SiO2 having active siteand unburned carbon as a mesopore material that anables it to act as a potentialadsorbent.However, the use of powder coal fly ash as an adsorbent is quite complex, especially in the filtration installation, so difficult to be applied in the industry.The aim of this study is to carry out granulation of the coal fly ash with the addition of carrageenan as a binder to improve the mechanical and chemical stability thereby increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the adsorption process. Coal fly ash wasreacted with sodium hydroxide solution and then granulated with the addition of carrageenan 10, 15 and 20 w/w. Granular coal fly ash was further characterized its specific surface area, functional group and morphology. Furthermore, granular and powder treated coal fly ash were tested their adsorption ability for ion Pb (II). The results show that the addition of carrageenan as a binder can change the characteristics of coal fly ash, decrease specific surface area and adsorption capability. The adsorption of Pb (II) by coal fly ash granular follows the Langmuir isotherm model with a constant value of is 0.173 and KLis 0.329.
SINTESIS BIODISEL DARI MINYAK BIJI KARET DENGAN VARIASI SUHU DAN KONSENTRASI KOH UNTUK TAHAPAN TRANSESTERIFIKASI Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi; Bachtiar, Achmad
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 2 (2012): December 2012
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i2.2544

Abstract

Bahan bakar yang paling banyak digunakan adalah bahan bakar diesel atau fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Biodiesel berasal dari minyak nabati yang dapat diperbaharui, dapat dihasilkan secara periodik, dan mudah diperoleh. Pada penelitian ini digunakan minyak biji karet untuk sintesis FAME. Proses utama dalam pembuatan FAME adalah transesterifikasi. Penelitian ini mengkaji hasil optimum dari variasi konsentrasi katalis KOH dan suhu reaksi pada reaksi transesterifikasi. Preparasi minyak biji karet dengan menggunakan arang aktif granular diikuti dengan degumming. Reaksi esterifikasi dilaksanakan pada kondisi operasi 500 C selama 1 jam, katalis asam sulfat (98%) sebesar 0,5% volume minyak, dan metanol sebesar 20% volume minyak. Reaksi transesterifikasi dilaksanakan selama 1 jam, serta perbandingan volume minyak dan metanol sebesar 4:1. Analisis kadar metil ester yang terbentuk, jumlah komponen, dan komposisinya yang terdapat pada senyawa hasil dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat GC. Kondisi operasi terbaik pada transesterifikasi minyak biji karet menjadi metil ester adalah pada katalis KOH 1% dan suhu 60 0C. Berdasarkan uji sifat-sifat fisis, metil ester yang dihasilkan belum semua memenuhi mutu sifat fisis biodiesel yang disyaratkan. The most widely used fuel is diesel fuel or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oil that can be renewed, can be produced periodically, and easy to obtain. In this research, the rubber seed was used for synthesizing the FAME. The main process in the production of FAME is transesterification. This study examined the optimum result from variations of the concentration of KOH catalyst and the reaction temperature on the transesterification reaction. Preparation of the rubber seed oil using granular activated charcoal was followed by degumming. Esterification reaction was carried out at 50 oC for 1 h with the sulfuric acid catalyst of 0.5% by volume of oil and methanol of 20% by the volume of oil. Transesterification reaction was carried out for 1 hour with the oil and methanol volume ratio of 4:1. The concentration of methyl ester, the number of components, and the composition of the contained compounds in the resulted products were analyzed using a GC. The best operating conditions on the transesterification of rubber seed oil into methyl ester was by using 1% KOH catalyst at temperature of 60 0C. Based on the analysis of the physical properties, the resulted methyl esters need to be improved further to meet the quality requirements of the physical properties of biodiesel.
PEMUNGUTAN BRAZILIN DARI KAYU SECANG (Caesalpinia sappan L) DENGAN METODE MASERASI DAN APLIKASINYA UNTUK PEWARNAAN KAIN Fardhyanti, Dewi Selvia; Riski, Ria Dwita
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 1 (2015): June 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i1.3768

Abstract

Pembuatan zat warna alami dilakukan dengan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol dan aquades, variasi volume pelarut yang digunakan 75, 150, dan 250 ml. Variasi waktu perendaman 6, 12, 24, dan 48 jam. Serbuk zat warna alami Brazilin dianalisis dengan FTIR dan diaplikasikan pada kain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin lama waktu ekstraksi dan volume pelarut yang digunakan, maka rendemen yang dihasilkan semakin banyak. Rendemen serbuk brazilin maksimal sebesar 6,316% pada waktu ekstraksi 48 jam menggunakan volume pelarut etanol 250 ml. Gugus fungsi brazilin memiliki ikatan tertentu diantaranya C-H, O-H, C-O, C=O, C=C alkena. Adanya gugus fungsi –OH menunjukkan adanya senyawa brazilin. Serbuk brazilin diaplikasikan pada kain dengan teknik celup, zat pengikat seperti tawas, kapur, dan tunjung mempengaruhi kenampakan warna yang dihasilkan pada kain.Kata kunci : zat warna, ekstraksi, maserasi, brazilin, teknik celup. A production of natural dyes can be done by maceration method with using ethanol solvent and distilled water (aquadest), variations of solvent volumes which used were 75, 150, and 250 ml. Soaking times variations were 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Brazilin natural dye powder was analyzed by FTIR and applied to industry. The research results showed the longer of the extraction time and the volume of the used solvents, resulted in the higher yield. Yield of Brazilin powder maximum was 6.316% on the extraction time during 48 hours with using ethanol solvent of 250 ml. Functional groups of Brazilin have specific bond among CH, OH, CO, C = O, C = C alkenes. The existence of the functional groups -OH indicates the brazilin compound. Brazilin powder was applied to industry with dye techniques, binding agents such as alum, lime, and lotus (tunjung) which affected the appearance of the fabric color.Keyword : natural dyes, extraction, maceration, brazilin, dye technique.
BIODEGRADATION OF CHRYSENE BY CONSORTIUM OF BACILLUS CEREUS AND PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA IN PETROLEUM CONTAMINATED-SOIL ON SLURRY-PHASE BIOREACTOR Tuhuloula, Abubakar; Altway, Ali; Juliastuti, Sri Rachmania; Suprapto, Suprapto
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.11404

Abstract

Pollution by chrysene compounds in the polluted soil of petroleum, due to exploration activities, production and disposal of petroleum waste into the environment causing serious damage to the ecosystem environment, became the target of processing with bacteria as a model of remediation of pollution sites. Thus, the study focused on the use of a bacterial consortium to degrade chrysene in petroleum-contaminated soil. The study was conducted by mixing 20:80 (% wt) of contaminated soil with water. The consortium of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas putida 10%(v/v) and 15%(v/v) bacteria with ratios; 2:3; 1:1; 3:2 is inserted into the slurry bioreactor. Biodegradation process is run with agitation of 100 rpm and temperature 26<sup>o</sup>C – 30<sup>o</sup>C and in aeration. Identification of chrysene using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) and bacterial populations with haemycitometer. The initial concentration of chrysene is 24.48 ng/μL. After 49 days remediation period for a 10% (v/v) reduced chrysene bacteria consortium and bacterial populations were 8.68 ng/μL; 7.56 ng/μL; and 8.07 ng/μL; with biodegradation rate is 67.01%; 69.10%; And 64.54%. As for the 15% (v/v) bacteria consortium with the same ratio, chrysene was degraded to 2.60 ng/μL; 1.57 ng/μL; and 2.02 ng/μL and the measured chrysene biodegradation rate was 89.39%; 93.58%; And 91.73%. These findings suggest that the percentage of low crude oil is degraded because of the increasing concentration of crude oil.
SYHNTHESIS OF CHITOSAN MODIFIED POLYURETHANE FOAM FOR ADSOPRTION OF MERCURY (II) IONS Darmadi, Darmadi; M, Irfan; M, Iqhramullah; Marlina, Marlina; Lubis, Mirna Rahmah
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.13614

Abstract

Mercury from the traditional gold mining activities in Aceh Jaya Regency causes water source and thus residents are exposed to mercury metals. In organic and inorganic conditions, mercury is toxic to the human body, causes damage to the nerve system, kidney failure, heart failure, blood pressure disorders, and damage to the immune system. The problem of mercury contamination can be chemically solved in various ways. This research uses polyurethane foam to adsorb mercury from water. The adsorption and selectivity of polyurethane foam adsorption can be improved through modification with Chitosan. In this research, preheating temperature, glycerol and toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) compositions greatly affect the physical form of foam. The condition under which optimal glycerol composition used for synthesizing the polyurethane foams is 20% (w/w of mixture A). This glycerol composition results in polyurethane foams with an optimum ratio of the mixture A/TDI/distilled water of 2 : 1 : 1. The best adsorption is obtained with polyurethane foam added by 2.5% Chitosan. The optimum mercury adsorption 25% is resulted from the operating time of 60 minutes with adsorption capacity of 0.313 mg/g. For Chitosan modified polyurethane foam, research points out that the reaction is the second order reaction. The result concluded that the polymer has semi crystalline crystallization and melting temperatures.
HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF MAHOGANY (Swietenia macrophylla) SAWDUST mulhidin, mulhidin; Yuliansyah, Ahmad Tawfiequrrahman; Prasetya, Agus
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.12410

Abstract

Hydrothermal treatment is one of the thermochemical methods to convert complex organic compounds, such as organic waste and biomass, into upgraded solid, bio-oil, and other dissolved chemicals by utilizing the properties of water at near critical condition. Such method is very potential since the process is environmentally friendly and the products have more added values. In this research, conversion of mahogany sawdust (Swietenia macrophylla) using hydrothermal treatment method was studied. The experiments were conducted in a batch autoclave with temperature range of 200-300oC and initial pressure of 1 MPa. At targeted temperature, the process was hold for 30 minutes. In addition, biomass-water ratio (B/W ratio) for experiments was varied at 1:20, 2:20 and 3:20. The liquid products, which were characterized by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) instrument, showed the presence of furfural and several organic acids, but no flavonoid compounds. Thus, coloring potential test of hydrothermal liquid was unsuccessful; there were not any color attached on the cloth specimen. On the other hand, proximate and ultimate test results indicated that solid products had high heating value (HHV) of 4625.34-4876.25 cal/g which were comparable to that of sub-bituminous coal.
STARCH PRODUCTION FROM RED GINGER (Zinggiber officinale Rosc.) Widayat, Widayat; Striadi, H.; Syaiful, Syaiful; Kurnia, Atik; Driastuti, Faradilla
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11417

Abstract

Red Ginger is a natural ingredient including to spice that contain starch 40-60 % weight. Application of red ginger usually it is taken its extract or to taste of traditional food.  The purpose of this research is to know the influence of settling time, the red ginger and solvent ratio, and the temperature of the solvent in the production process of red ginger starch. We hope to get the best condition to get the highest starch yield. The process of making red ginger starch begins with peeled, then washed, shredded, filtered and precipitated. Starch ginger dried by the sun's heat. The best result was obtained at 1 hour sedimentation time with red ginger starch yield 13,3%, red ginger and water ratio 3: 5 (g / g) with yield of red ginger 15,69% and temperature of solvent at 25 ᵒC with yield of red ginger starch 11.17%.
Pyrolysis of Coconut Coir and Shell as Alternative Energy Source sa'diyah, khalimatus; Rohman, Fatchur; Harsanti, Winda; Nugraha, Ivan; Febrianto, Nur Ahmad
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.11393

Abstract

Biomass waste can be used as raw material for bio-oil manufacture. One of the biomass is coconut coir and shell waste, commonly used as a substitute for firewood and handicraft materials. Therefore it takes effort to use coconut coir and shell to increase its economic value. One of the waste processing efforts is through pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is the heating process of a substance in the absence of oxygen and produces products of solids, liquids and gases. The product of pyrolysis liquid is called bio-oil which can be used as alternative energy source. In this study, coconut coir and shell was pyrolysed as bio-oil. It also studied pyrolysis operating temperature and the amount of yield of bio-oil produced. The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor with a pressure of 1 atm and a varying operating temperature of 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C for 60 minutes. The reactor was equipped with a condenser as a cooling column. The mass of raw materials used was 500 grams with a size of 0.63 mm. The results of the research show that the higher the temperature, the more volume of bio-oil produced. For coconut coir pyrolysis it was obtained the highest yield of 34.2%, with density of 1.001 g/ml and viscosity of 1.351 cSt. As for coconut shell pyrolysis it was obtained highest yield of 45,2% with density of 1,212 g/ml and viscosity of 1.457 cSt. From the result of analysis using FTIR, the functional group of bio-oil was the most compound of phenol and alkene.
FRACTAL KINETICS ANALYSIS OF ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF SAWDUST USING CELLULASE IN ETHANOL PRODUCTION Megawati, Megawati; Fardhyanti, Dewi Selvia; Prasetiawan, Haniif; Hartanto, Dhoni; Khoiroh, Ianatul; Suwito, Slamet; Kuntoro, Kuntoro
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.11398

Abstract

Sawdust is one of the abundantly lignocellulosic materials in the world. Sawdust is considered promosing for ethanol production, because it contains mainly lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. The drying process was applied to pretreat sawdust to make its degradation process easier. Biodegradation of sawdust was conducted by enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase. The volume of cellulase in the hydrolysis substrate was varied from 5 to 9% v/v. The sugar concentration produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of sawdust every 1 h was recorded as well as its fractal kinetics analysis. Fermentation using yeast in 5 days was also performed to convert sugar hydrolysate to ethanol. Optimal sugar concentration in hydrolysate obtained was about 0.15 mol/L with cellulase volume of 9% v/v and its ethanol concentration was about 0.059% v/v. Fractal kinetics models by Kopelman and Valjamae which can quantitatively describe enzymatic hydrolysis of sawdust using cellulase were used. However, the result of this study indicated that, at high enzyme volume (9% v/v), Valjamae model was more suitable than Kopelman. The fractal exponent value (h) was about 0.667 and the rate constants (k) were about 0.44, 0.53, and 0.58 1/h at the enzyme volume of 5, 7, and 9% v/v. Thus, it can be concluded that enzyme volumes significantly effect rate constants.

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