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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 426 Documents
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THE EXTRACTION OF NATURAL DYES FROM JACKFRUIT WOOD WASTE (Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lamk) WITH WATER SOLVENT BY USING THE MICROWAVE METHOD Gala, Selfina; Mahfud, Mahfud; Sumarno, Sumarno; Qadariyah, Lailatul
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.13254

Abstract

Currently, exploration of natural dyes is increasingly being activated and developed, especially to find natural sources of dyes from different plant species and also to develop natural dyestuff extraction process technology for textile applications. During this natural dye extraction process is done by conventional methods that require a long time and a large amount of solvent. Therefore, it is a necessary alternative to the use of "green techniques" are economical in its use. In this research, extraction of Jackfruit wood waste with the microwave by studying the extraction time required to produce the optimum yield and comparing with the conventional method (heat-reflux extraction). Both of these methods use water solvent. On the microwave-assisted extraction, the optimum extraction time at 30 minutes with the acquisition yield of 3.14% (microwave power 400 watt, the ratio of material to solvent 0.02 g/mL). whereas extraction with heat-reflux method showed the optimum extraction time of 180 minutes with a yield of 3.50%. Identification of groups of pigments contained in the Jackfruit wood waste is known categories tannins, flavonoids, and quinones. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was used to identify the major chemical groups in the extracted dye. Description of the effects of extraction with microwave and conventional, structural damage shown in a solid surface material using by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Further, to test the application on the fabric dyeing.
AN ANALYSIS OF METAL SURFACE IMMERSED IN BASED LUBRICANT FROM MINERAL OIL CONTAINING VEGETABLE OIL WITH RICE BRAN OIL BASED BIO-INHIBITOR Nugrahani, Ratri Ariatmi; Hendrawati, Tri Yuni; Susanty, Susanty
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.11623

Abstract

The need for environmentally friendly chemical products in daily needs encourages the production of its. The green-chemistry concept is using the process and produces chemical products that are ecofriendly. Including ecofriendly chemical products are base oil and additives for lubricants, grease, and fuels. The production is expected to reduce the consumption of mineral and synthetic base oils, so it will be biodegradable and renewable. This study compares the results of analysis of metallic surfaces immersed in the mixture of mineral and vegetable base oil, with the addition of rice bran oil bioadditive, ie epoxidized methyl ester (EME) and hydroxyl alkylbenzene sulphonic acid ester (HASE). The research method consists of preparing HASE; analyzing the effect of HASE and EME bioadditives addition on the mixture of base oil to the changing of metallic weight immersed in the mixture; determining the inhibition efficiency of the EME and HSAE additions; analyzing the metal surface using SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscope) / (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry) to find images of microstructure and chemical compounds contained in specimens, and testing the metal difractogram immersed in base oil mixtures with bioadditive using XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). SEM test results of carbon steel immersed in a mixture of base oil and bioadditives show corrosion in which the metal surface color immersed in EME bioadditive mixtures is brighter. EDX spectra of metal sample surfaces immersed in a mixture of base oil, EME and HASE contain carbon (C) and iron (Fe). The carbon content in carbon steel samples immersed in the mixtures and HASE is higher. XRD test results show Fe2O3 phases in carbon steel samples immersed in the HASE bioadditive mixture are higher than in EME. While Fe3O4 phases in carbon steel samples immersed in the EME bioadditive mixture are higher than Fe2O3 phases in samples immersed in HASE bioadditive mixture.
ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES BRAKE CANVAS WITH BASIC INGREDIENTS OF THE DURIAN FRUIT SKIN AND TEAK LEAVES Masturi, Masturi; Effendy, Suhardi; Gelu, Afrianus; Hammam, Hammam; Fianti, Fianti
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.15019

Abstract

The growth of the manufacturing industry in Indonesia affects on the demand of automotive parts. This study aims see the mechanical properties of organic brake canvas made from durian fruit skin and teak leaves. Composite making was done by smoothing durian fruit and teak leaves to become powder. The resulting powder was filtered with mesh 60 so that the particle size is the same so as to facilitate mixing. After that, simple mixing with other ingredients such as magnesium oxide and polyester resin is carried out. The printing process was carried out with a hydraulic press with a load of 4 tons for 3 hours. The brake canvas produced were tested for hardness, wear resistance, and absorbency by varying the percentage composition of the powder of durian fruit fiber and teak leaves. There are five variations in the percentage of composite material composition tested. The results obtained the percentage of the most optimum composition that has a value of hardness, wear wear resistance, and absorption capacity close to the value of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 09-0143).
EFFECT OF BIODIESEL/DIESEL BLEND AND TEMPERATURE ON 1-CYLINDER DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PUMP PERFORMANCE AND SPRAY PATTERN Anis, Samsudin; Budiandono, Galuh Nur; Saputro, Danang Dwi; Zainal, Z. A.
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.11891

Abstract

Biodiesel as a renewable alternative energy produced from vegetable and animal oils can be used as a fuel for diesel engines. However, biodiesel has a high viscosity that affects the performance of the pump, thereby reducing diesel engine performance. One of the ways to overcome this problem is by preheating the fuel. The purpose of this study is to investigate fuel spray pattern and pump performance including capacity, head, and efficiency at various biodiesel/diesel blends (B0-B30) and preheating temperatures of B30 (30°C-70°C) at constant injection pressure. The results showed that pump performance decreased with increasing percentage of biodiesel. The weakest pump performance occurred at B30. Fuel spray pattern did not change too much, except for B30 where the spray angle decreased significantly. Better results were obtained when biodiesel blend of B30 was heated. The highest pump capacity and efficiency occurred at 50°C, while the highest pump head was at 70°C. At 60°C and 70°C, pump experienced an excessive vibration. Fuel spray angle also increased as the preheating temperature rises. The widest spray angle occurred at fuel preheating temperature of 70°C.
Biodiesel Synthesis From Waste Cooking Oil Using CaO.SrO Catalyst By Transesterification Reaction In Batch Reactor Widiarti, Nuni; Haq, Ismi Arinal; Mahatmanti, F. Widhi; Harjito, Harjito; Kurniawan, Cepi; Suprapto, Surapto; Prasetyoko, Didik
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.14925

Abstract

CaO is a very good catalyst for oil transesterification reactions into biodiesel, but requires a reaction time of 2 hours to obtain equilibrium. The time of CaO catalysis reaction can be accelerated by modifying the CaO catalyst with SrO. Synthesis biodiesel of waste cooking oil has been successfully conducted by transesterification reaction that used batch reactor assisted by CaO.SrO catalyst. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics and catalytic activity of catalyst in the transesterification reaction. Catalysts have been successfully synthesized by coprecipitation method with oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:1, and its calcined at 800oC for 3 hours. Catalyst was characterized by XRD to determine the crystallinity. The smaller catalyst crystallinity obtained as the decline in intensity and shifts diffraction angles of CaO modified SrO catalyst. Surface area of catalyst characterized by SAA, that allow surface area between CaO modified SrO by 10.217 m2/g. Transesterification reaction performed on variation time (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes), and the catalysts amount (1, 2, 4, 6, 8% w/v). The optimum condition of catalytic activity in reaction for 2 hours and the catalyst amount is 1% w/v of reactants that produce yield of biodiesel is 96.4%.
THE EFFICIENCY OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL (DSSC) IMPROVEMENT AS A LIGHT PARTY TiO2-NANO PARTICLE WITH EXTRACT PIGMENT MANGOSTANA PEEL (Garcinia Mangostana) WITH VARIOUS SOLVENTS Hardani, Hardani; Hidayatulloh, Alpiana; A., Lily Maesary
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.14488

Abstract

The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is one of the photochemical electrical cells consisting of a photoelectrode, dye, electrolyte, and counter electrode. The purpose of using dyes in the DSSC is to extend the absorption spectrum to visible light because visible light has about 96% energy from sunlight. This article presents some experimental data on the nature of absorbance and the conductivity of natural dyes extracted from the plant as an application in the DSSC. Absorbance test using Spectrophotometer UV Visible 1601 PC and electrical properties test using Elkahfi 100 / Meter I-V. DSSC fabrication has been done using dye extract of mangosteen skin pigment (Garcinia mangostana) with a variety of coating technique of Spin Coating and Slip Casting. The results show that natural dyes from natural material extraction have an absorbance spectrum of 380-520 nm range and the greatest conductivity is owned by mangosteen fruit skin pigment (Garcinia mangostana). From the results of the test using AM Simulator 1.5G (100 mW / cm2) diesel simulator, it was found that the volume of TiO2 precursors affected the performance of DSSC solar cells and the overall conversion efficiency was 0.084% for the mangosteen skin dye by slip casting technique and 0.092% for the mangosteen skin dye by spin coating technique.
MODIFICATION OF IRON OXIDE CATALYSTS SUPPORTED ON THE BIOMASS BASED ACTIVATED CARBON FOR DEGRADATION OF DYE WASTEWATER Amelia, Shinta; Sediawan, Wahyudi Budi; Mufrodi, Zahrul; Ariyanto, Teguh
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.17174

Abstract

Methylene blue is one of the dyes in textile industries which has a negative impact on the environment. This compound is very stable, so it is difficult to degrade naturally. Methylene blue can be harmful to the environment if it is in a very large concentration, because it can increase the value of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) which can damage the balance of environment ecosystem. Adsorption method by using activated carbon as the adsorbent is one of the most efficient and effective techniques in dye removal due to its large adsorption capacity. However, the adsorption method using activated carbon only removes the pollutant compounds to other media or phases. Other method that can be used includes Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). This method has the advantage of being able to degrade harmful compounds in the waste through oxidation (oxidative degradation) processes. One method of AOPs is the process by using Fenton reagents. This study was aimed to prepare and characterize iron oxide/porous activated carbon catalyst. The type of porous activated carbon used was carbon from biomass derived carbon with microporous character. This biomass carbon is obtained from renewable natural products, namely coconut shell.The kinetics and adsorption models in the material will be derived and evaluated from the research data. Based on the research, it can be concluded that catalytic degradation is very effective for degradation of dye wastewater. Methylene blue degradation increases with the use of Fe2O3/activated carbon catalyst and the addition of hydrogen peroxide as the Fenton reagent. In addition, the pore structure difference in the catalyst also had a significant effect on the methylene blue degradation reaction resulting in increased capacity of methylene blue degradation reactions.
THE INFLUENCE OF STARTER VOLUME AND AIR FLOWRATE IN HOSPITAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT USING AEROBIC FIXED FILM BIOFILTER BATCH (AF2B) REACTOR Prayitno, Prayitno; Saroso, Hadi; Rulianah, Sri; Prastika, Mita
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 1 (2017): June 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i1.7952

Abstract

BOD, COD, phenol and ammonia-free in the effluent of hospitals wastewater often exceed the quality standards. This was due to less optimal biological processes to degrade the pollutants. So we need an efforts to find optimal process conditions through the engineering process and the factors that affect the biodegradation of pollutants. On the other hand, AF2B reactor containing biofilter with bee nest shaped has a large specific surface area so as to maximize the biodegradation process of pollutants by microorganisms. While bacteria consortium consisting of several types of bacteria have a greater capacity than a single bacterium in the degradation of pollutants. The research aims to determine the effect of starter volume and air flowrate to decrease the concentration of pollutants (BOD, COD, phenol and ammonia-free) in AF2B reactor batch using a bacterial consortium. The research was conducted in three phase which are the making of growth curve, acclimatization and biodegradation of pollutants in an AF2B reactor batch using a bacterial consortium. The experiment variables are the starter volume (85%, 75%, 65% in volume), and the air flowrate (2.5; 5; and 7.5 liter/min). Materials used are hospital waste water and bacterial consortium. The experiment begins with setting up the AF2B reactor containing biofilter with bee nest shaped and then filled it with a starter from the acclimatization process on a given volume and followed by supplies of air at a certain flowrate. Then hospital waste water and 5% of nutrients were added till reach 10 liters of total volume in reactor. Samples were taken every 30 minutes for up to 360 minutes of biodegradation process. The samples were then analyzed its pollutants concentration (BOD, COD, phenol and ammonia-free). The BOD concentration was analyzed using Winkler bottles method, COD using open reflux method, while phenol and ammonia-free using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The results showed that the starter volume and air flowrate affect the decrease of pollutants concentration till reach quality standard, which at starter volume of 85%, air flowrate of 7.5 liter/min and biodegradation time of 360 min can reduce the BOD, COD, phenol, and ammonia-free to 92%, 86%, 88% and 76% respectively.
Extraction and Characterization of Coffee Oil From Instant-Coffee Waste Hanif, Muhammad; Harahap, Fahmi Alif Utama; Heru, Heru; Darni, Yuli; Ginting, Simparmin Br.
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 1 (2019): June 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i1.18619

Abstract

The higher demands of fossil energy usage are currently imbalance to its reserves. This issue will give a potency of fossil fuel scarcity that contributes on rising of its cost and disturbing economic stabilization in the future. It is desirable to find another resource which is sustainable and renewable to reduce the dependency on this resource. This study aimed to utilize the oil from instant coffee waste as biodiesel feedstocks. The coffee oil was extracted from instant-coffee waste by Soxhlet extractor and characterized its physical and chemical properties. The solvent extraction through the solid bed of coffee ground performed by five cycles interval using n-hexane as a solvent. Separation processing oil from its hydrocarbon solvent was in a rotary vacuum evaporator and the oil extract collected for further purposes. There was about 17.6% (on a dry weight basis) of coffee oil gained on 20 cycles of extraction. Analysis regarding its physicochemical properties reported that the crude oil has 0.89 g/mL of density, 43.82 mm2/s of kinematic viscosity, 44.47 mg KOH/g of acid value, and 176.40 mg KOH/g of saponification value. The fatty acids composition of the oil provided by GC-MS analyzer showed that unsaturated fatty acids contained, observed as trans-fatty acids rather than cis-fatty acids.
Synthesis of Triacetin Catalyzed by Activated Natural Zeolite Under Microwave Irradiation Hamzah, Dzikri; Rinaldi, Taufik; Marwan, Marwan; Rinaldi, Wahyu
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 1 (2019): June 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i1.14028

Abstract

Esterification of glycerol with acetic acid under microwave irradiation in the presence of activated natural zeolite was investigated. Natural zeolite was collected from Ujung Pancu (Aceh Besar) and chemically activated with hydrochloric acid. The reaction was carried out in a stirred glass flask reactor placed inside microwave oven. Experimental variables include microwave transmission time, molar ratio of glycerol to acetic acid, and catalyst loading. XRD profile of activated zeolite showed an increase of Si/Al ratio to 6.042 and the crystallinity decreased slightly by 12.23%, mainly due to dealumination during chemical treatment. Qualitative analysis by FTIR shows that the reaction product obtained by microwave heating contains ester group (triacetin) at wavelength 1706.669 cm-1, while the quantitative analysis by acidi-alkalimetry titration indicates the highest glycerol conversion of 93.033% at the reaction condition of the molar ratio of 1:9, catalyst loading of 3%, and microwave transmission of 10 minutes. The present work suggests that microwave can be utilized as efficient heating technique in esterification of glycerol to triacetin.

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