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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 426 Documents
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THE PERFORMANCE OF EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT MODIFICATION TOWARD SIZE PARTICLE OF TUBER AND YIELD OF INULIN OF DAHLIA FLOWER TUBER Sundari, Elmi; Praputri, Erti; Marthiana, Wenny
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9451

Abstract

Isolation of inulin from starch generally is done by extraction method. The size of the material to be extracted will affect the extraction process performance. In laboratory scale, the size reduction was done with a knife and the separation of starch from tubers was done by juicer. Temperature fluctuations during the extraction process would affect the yield of inulin, hence juicers and waterbath were found ineffective for larger scale. This research was aimed to design an extractor equipped with agitator blades for size reduction and a temperature controller. Extractor performance was investigated by evaluating agitation time (60-150 minutes), distance between agitator blades on the shaft (5 and 7 cm), number of the agitators, (1, 2, and 3 blades) against the fineness of cut material, starch and inulin content.  The results showed that the highest fineness of the samples was achieved at a distance of agitator blade of 7 cm, with 3 agitator blades and agitating time of 150 minutes. The highest yield of starch was 11.7% at size reduction time of 120 and 150 minutes using 3-blades agitator and the distance of 7 cm. The content of crude inulin obtained were by using the extractor was 2.206% and 2.213% by using the water bath. The difference of inulin content was 0.007% so it suggests that the extractor designed in this study can be used on inulin production in larger scale. The efficiency of the extractor was 85%.
EXTRACT OF COCOR BEBEK (KALANCHOE PINNATA) AS A CORROSION INHIBITOR Saputra, Tri Reksa; Ngatin, Agustinus
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.7949

Abstract

In this study, Cocor Bebek leaves (Kalanchoe pinnata) extract is studied for metal corrosion inhibitor. 10.3 kg of K. Pinnata leaves produce concentrated extract of methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate as much as 65.7442, 36.1452, and 15.2711 g respectively. The concentrated extracts were then used to determine the rate of corrosion. Corrosion rate test showed that extract of ethyl acetate can reduce corrosion rate of carbon steel in NaCl 3.5% from 2.954 mpy to 0.963 and 0.923 mpy using 500 ppm and 1000 ppm of extract consecutively. Corrosion rate of Cocor Bebek extract at addition of 500 ppm ethyl acetate in the solution of NaCl 3.5% is decreasing immediately. It was found that the carbon steel corrosion rate decrease as much 4.857 for 6 hours and continuously shows sharp decline until 24 hours of corrosion time. Corrosion rate is slowly decreasing till reach 1.694 mpy at corrosion time of 168 hours.
PENGARUH JENIS AIR PERENDAM TERHADAP KANDUNGAN VITAMIN C, SERAT, DAN PROTEIN TEPUNG MANGGA (Mangifera Indica L.) Paramita, Octavianti
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 2, No 1 (2013): June 2013
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v2i1.2912

Abstract

Mango is a tropical and sub-tropical fruit known throughout the world because it tastes good and fresh. However the freshness of mangoes can not stand for too long so it is necessary to have a good post-harvest handling and management. Mango processing will increase the economic value of agricultural production. One of the method to maintain function and quality in the mango processing, mango can be processed into other form such as mango flour. In the processing of mango powder still can be found the low level of nutrients such as vitamin C, fiber and protein, which caused by the occuring of change in raw material during the drying process. To prevent such change, an arrangement of a soaking method should be made. This study aims to determine the effect of water on the process of making mango powder on the content of vitamin C, fiber and protein. From the research results, it can be concluded that the relatively good conditions for the process of making mango powders done by using cold water (0 oC) as a soaking water. Soaking water influenced the content of vitamin C, fiber and protein.
THE EFFECT OF CONTACT TIME AND OZON DOSE TO POLUTANTS REDUCTION IN HOSPITAL WASTEWATER Prayitno, Prayitno; Saroso, Hadi; Hardjono, Hardjono; Rulianah, Sri
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11401

Abstract

In Indonesia, Hospital wastewater treatment generally use biological process followed by chlorination process. Chlorination process has a negative impact on the aquatic environment that is cause death of other microorganisms by the residual chlorine. On the other hand, ozone is more effective than chlorine in killing microorganisms and other pollutants in hospital wastewater. The objective of research is to determine the effect of contact time and dose of ozone to reduction of pollutants (BOD, COD, free Ammonia and Phenol) in hospital wastewater. The experiment was carried out using an ozone reactor containing 'packing', an ozone generator as an ozone gas supplier. The experimental material is a hospital wastewater containing BOD, COD, Phenol and Ammonia free. The experimental variables used were: Contact time (1, 2, and 3 min), Dose of ozone (10, 15, and 20 mg/ L). Experiments were done by flowing hospital waste water at the top of the reactor ozone at certain rate and simultaneously flowed ozone gas from an ozone generator in the bottom of the ozone reactor so that it contacts the fluid in counter-current to the surface of the packing material (packing) in an ozone reactor. By adjusting the flowrate of the wastewater and the height of the packing, it can be determined the amount of contact time and ozone dose. Furthermore, by measuring the amount of pollutant concentration on the influent and effluent of the ozone reactor, it can be obtained the amount of removal in the pollutant concentration of the hospital wastewater.The results showed that contact time and ozone dose influence the decrease of pollutant concentration in hospital wastewater where contact time at 3 minutes and ozone dose 20 mg/L and ozonation time 15 minutes can reduce of pollutants concentration as BOD (97%), COD (98%), Ammonia free (97%), and Phenol (96%).
PARAMETER INTERAKSI BINER KESETIMBANGAN UAP-CAIR CAMPURAN ALKOHOL UNTUK OPTIMASI PROSES PEMURNIAN BIOETANOL Mustain, Asalil; Takwanto, Anang; Hartanto, Dhoni
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 5, No 2 (2016): December 2016 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.5126

Abstract

In this work, the binary interaction parameters of vapor-liquid equilibrium for the mixtures of primary alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol or 1-butanol) with C5 alcohols were obtained. A total of 15 systems that consisted of isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium data at atmospheric pressure were selected. The binary interaction parameters were determined as temperature function by correlating the selected vapor-liquid equilibrium data using the Wilson, Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) and Universal Quasi-Chemical (UNIQUAC) activity coeffi­cient models. The binary interaction parameters were described as the temperature-dependent to increase the capability of the parameters for the application in wide range of temperature. The correlation showed good results because the root mean square devia­tion (RMSD) between the calculation values and experimental data were relatively low. The obtained parameters were very useful for optimizing the distillation column in the bio-ethanol purification process.
OPTIMASI YIELD ETIL P METOKSISINAMAT PADA EKSTRAKSI OLEORESIN KENCUR (Kaempferia galanga) MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT ETANOL Setyawan, Eko; Putratama, Pandhu; Ajeng, Asriningtyas; Pita Rengga, Wara Dyah
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 2 (2012): December 2012
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i2.2547

Abstract

Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) banyak digunakan sebagai bahan baku obat tradisional (jamu), fitofarmaka, industri kosmetika, industri makanan, dan industri insektisida. Minyak atsiri rimpang kencur mengandung etil sinnamat dan metil p-metoksi sinamat (EPMS). Ekstraksi oleoresin kencur dilakukan dengan etanol sebagai pelarut. Optimasi yield EPMS diteliti terhadap perbandingan massa serbuk kering kencur dan etanol dan waktu ekstraksi. Perbandingan kencur : etanol yang digunakan adalah 1 : 2, 1 : 3, dan 1 : 4. Waktu operasi yang digunakan adalah 2 s.d 5 jam. Tahapan proses ekstraksi oleoresin kencur adalah preparasi bahan, ekstraksi, evaporasi dan pemurnian. Oleoresin hasil ekstraksi dianalisis dengan uji GC-MS untuk mengetahui kandungan EPMS dan kandungan minyak atsiri lain dalam oleoresin kencur. Oleoresin hasil ekstraksi berwarna coklat tua dengan yield antara 6-8%. Kandungan EPMS dalam oleoresin bervariasi antara 67,77 hingga 87,57%. Massa oleoresin optimal hasil ekstraksi adalah 6,09 gram pada perbandingan kencur dan etanol 1:4 selama 4 jam. Pendekatan persamaan hasil ekperimen ekstraksi kencur dan etanol menghasilkan titik optimal EPMS pada waktu ekstraksi 3,62 dengan massa EPMS 6,04 gram Lesser galangal (Kaempferia galanga L.) is widely used as a traditional medicine (herbal medicine), fitofarmaka, cosmetics industry, food industry, and insecticide industry. The essential oils in the Lesser galangal contain ethyl sinnamat and methyl p-methoxy cinnamic (EPMS). The oleoresin extraction of Lesser galangal was performed using ethanol as a solvent. Optimization of the EPMS yield was investigated to dry powder mass ratio of Lesser galangal and ethanol as well as the extraction time. The ratio of Lesser galangal : ethanol was  varied from 1: 2, 1: 3 and 1: 4. The chosen operating time were 2 to 5 hours. The procedure of the oleoresin extraction process of Lesser galangal includes the preparation of materials, extraction, evaporation and purification. The extracted oleoresin was analyzed by GC-MS to determine the content of Ethyl P-methoxycinnamate (EPMS) and other volatile oil content in the oleoresin of Lesser galangal. The extracted oleoresin color was light brown to dark brown with the yield of between 6.31 to 8.3%. The EPMS content of the oleoresin varies between 67.77 to 87.57%. The optimum mass of the extracted oleoresin was 6.09 gram for 1:4 ratio of Lesser galangal : ethanol and 4 hours of the extraction time. The equation approach of the experimental results of Lesser galangal and ethanol produced the EPMS optimum point at the extraction time of 3.62 hours and EPMS mass of 6.04 grams.
ADSORPSI Pb2+ DALAM LIMBAH CAIR ARTIFISIAL MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM ADSORPSI KOLOM DENGAN BAHAN ISIAN ABU LAYANG BATUBARA SERBUK DAN GRANULAR Astuti, Widi; Kurniawan, Bayu
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 1 (2015): June 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i1.3771

Abstract

Batubara  merupakan  salah  satu  sumber energi  alternatif  yang murah. Oleh karena itu,  penggunaan  batubara  di  Indonesia meningkat pesat  setiap  tahunnya. Penggunaan batubara  ini  menghasilkan  limbah  yang  dapat mencemari lingkungan baik limbah gas  seperti   CO2, NOX,  CO,  SO2,  hidrokarbon  maupun  limbah  padat  yang berupa abu  layang dan  abu  dasar. Abu  layang  mengandung SiO2, Al2O3,  dan sisa karbon yang tidak terbakar sehingga potensial digunakan sebagai adsorben. Pada penelitian ini, kemampuan adsorpsi abu layang ditingkatkan melalui aktivasi termal dan diuji untuk menjerap ion Pb2+ dalam limbah cair artifisial. Adsorpsi dilakukan pada sistem kolom yang berlangsung kontinyu menggunakan bahan isian abu layang teraktivasi, dalam bentuk serbuk dan granular, pada laju alir influen yang bervariasi. Hasilnya, laju alir mempengaruhi nilai kapasitas (qo), konstanta thomas (KtH) dan waktu breakthrough.Kata Kunci : Pb2+ , adsorpsi, abu layang, breakthrough Coal is one of the inexpensive alternative energy. Therefore, the usage of coal in indonesia has been increased every year. It produces waste that can pollute the environment including gases waste such as CO2, NOX, CO, SO2, hydrocarbons and solid waste including fly ash and bottom ash. Coal fly ash is composed of  SiO2, Al2O3 and unburned carbon that enables it to act as a potential adsorbent. In this research, the adsorption capasity has increased by thermal activation and used to adsorp Pb2+ ion in wastewater.  The adsorption was carried out in packed column contains powder and granular activated fly ash. In the system, flow rate was varied.  The results show that flow rate influences adsorption capacity, Thomas constant and breakthrough time.Keywords: Pb2+, adsorption, coal fly ash, breakthrough
EKSTRAKSI MINYAK KETUMBAR (Coriander Oil) DENGAN PELARUT ETANOL DAN n-HEKSANA Handayani, Prima Astuti; Juniarti, Eqi Rosyana
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 1 (2012): June 2012
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i1.2538

Abstract

Indonesia memiliki banyak sumber daya alam, diantaranya minyak atsiri. Salah satu sumber daya alam yang potensial adalah minyak biji ketumbar (coriandrum oil). Kandungan terbesar dalam minyak ketumbar adalah senyawa linalool yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku parfum, farmasi, aroma makanan dan minuman, sabun mandi, bahan dasar lilin, sabun cuci, sintesis vitamin E dan pestisida maupun insektida. Tujuan dari percobaan ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh penggunaan pelarut etanol dan n-heksana terhadap rendemen minyak ketumbar yang dihasilkan serta senyawa kimia yang terdapat dalam minyak ketumbar. Ekstraksi minyak ketumbar dengan pelarut etanol dan n-heksana menggunakan alat ekstraktor soxhlet. Biji ketumbar yang tua dan kering dihancurkan kemudian dibungkus kertas saring dan dimasukan dalam ekstraktor soxhlet. Temperatur proses ekstraksi sesuai dengan titik didih dari pelarut yang digunakan. Ekstraksi berakhir jika warna pelarut dalam ekstraktor seperti warna pelarut semula. Filtrat yang diperoleh kemudian di recovery dengan ekstraktor soxhlet untuk memisahkan minyak atsiri dari pelarutnya. Minyak ketumbar kemudian di analisis dengan uji GC-MS untuk mengetahui senyawa kimia yang terkandung dalam minyak tersebut. Dari hasil percobaan diperoleh bahwa rendemen minyak ketumbar dengan pelarut etanol sebesar 1,17% dengan kadar linalool sebesar 57,13%, sedangkan dengan pelarut n-heksana diperoleh rendemen minyak ketumbar sebesar 0,84% dengan kadar linalool sebesar 47,25%. Indonesia has many natural resources, such as the essential oils. One of the potential re-sources is the coriander seed oil (coriandrum oil). The greatest content in coriander oil is linalool compounds that can be used as raw materials of perfumes, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage scent, soap, basic materials for candles, laundry soap, synthetic vitamin E and pesticides as well as insecticide. The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of the use of ethanol and n-hexane toward the yield of the resulted coriander oil and the chemical compounds in corriander oil. The extraction of Coriander oil with ethanol and n-hexane was performed using a Soxhlet extractor. The mature and dried Coriander seeds were crushed, then wrapped in filter paper and inserted in the Soxhlet extractor. The temperature of the extraction process was set according to the boiling point of the used solvent. The extraction process finishes if the color of the solvent in the extractor looks like the original color. The obtained filtrate was then recycled by using Soxhlet extractor to separate the essential oil from the solvent. Then, the Coriander oil was analyzed by test GC-MS method to determine the contained chemical compounds in the oil. The experimental result shows the yield of coriander oil obtained from the extraction using ethanol is 1.17% with linalool concentration of 57.13%, while the yield of the coriander oil from extraction using n-hexane is 0.84% with linalool concentration of 47.25%.
ADSORPTION OF METHYL VIOLET DYE BY THERMALLY MODIFIED CEIBA PENTANDRA SAWDUST Astuti, Widi; Fatin, Dwi Maziyyah
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.12126

Abstract

The disposal of synthetic dyes into the environment is an important source of water pollution. Methyl violet, a typical cationic dye has been widely applied in industries, including textile industries.The dye causes the bad effect to the aquatic life because these compounds are quite stable and have low biodegradability. It presents an aesthetic problem and reduces photosynthetic activity. In this study, modified ceiba pentandra sawdust has been investigated as an adsorbent for the removal of methyl violet dye from aqueous solutions. The modification has been carried out using heating treatment at 110oC and 200oC for one hour. The FTIR spectra of raw and modified Ceiba pentandra sawdust were recorded using an FTIR technique (Perkin Elmer, USA) by the KBr pellet method. The spectrum was scanned in the range of 400 to 4000 cm-1 wavenumbers. The photomicrography of the exterior surface of raw and modified ceiba pentandra sawdust was obtained by SEM (JEOL, Japan). Batch studies were performed to address various experimental parameters including pH, contact time, and initial concentration for the removal of this dye. The results show that heating treatment increases the amount of methyl violet adsorbed. Effective pH for methyl violet adsorption was 7. A greater percentage of dye was removed with a decrease in the initial concentration of dye. Quasi-equilibrium reached in 30 min. Equilibrium isotherms were analysed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. Freundlich equation is found to best represent the equilibrium data for methyl violet-modified kapok sawdust system. 
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICAL AND ALKALI HYDROTHERMAL PRETREATMENT IN IMPROVING ENZYME SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SWEET SORGHUM BAGASSE Pramasari, Dwi Ajias; Haditjaroko, Liesbetini; Sunarti, Titi Candra; Hermiati, Euis; Syamsu, Khaswar
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9910

Abstract

Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) obtained after juice extraction is a potential feedstock for fermentable sugars production that can be further fermented to different kinds of products, such as ethanol or lactic acid. The proper particle size resulted from phsyical pretreatment and different pretreatment processes including water, alkali, hydrothermal, and alkali hydrothermal for improving enzyme susceptibility of SSB have been investigated. After grinding to particle sizes of <250 μm, 250-420 μm, and, > 420 μm the sweet sorghum bagasse was washed to eliminate residual soluble sugars present in the bagasse. Dosages of cellulase enzyme used in saccharification were 60 and 100 FPU/g substrate, respectively. The results showed that SSB with particle sizes of 250-420 μm had the highest cellulose (38.33%) and hemicellulose content (31.80%). Although the yield of reducing sugar of 250-420 μm size particles was lower than that of smaller particle (<250 μm), the former was more economical in the energy consumption for milling process. The yields of reducing sugar obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali hydrothermal pretreated sweet sorghum bagasse were 1.5 and 0.5 times higher than that from untreated sweet sorghum bagasse at enzyme loading of 100 and 60 FPU/g substrate, respectively. Furthermore, alkali hydrothermal pretreatment was able to remove as much as 85% of lignin. Morphological analysis using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) showed that samples treated with alkali hydrothermal have more pores and distorted bundles than that of untreated sweet sorghum bagasse. Meanwhile, XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis showed that pretreated samples had a higher crystallinity and smaller crystallite size than untreated sweet sorghum bagasse, which might be due to removal of amorphous lignin components.

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