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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 426 Documents
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SINTESIS BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK MIKROALGA Chlorella vulgaris DENGAN REAKSI TRANSESTERIFIKASI MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS KOH Widyastuti, Catur Rini; Dewi, Ayu Candra
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 1 (2014): June 2014
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i1.3099

Abstract

Biodiesel merupakan salah satu energi alternatif yang dianggap mampu menjawab permasalahan kelangkaan bahan bakar minyak. Biodiesel dapat disintesis dari minyak nabati melalui reaksi transesterifikasi. Sumber minyak nabati yang potensial adalah mikroalga yang memiliki produktifitas minyak yang lebih tinggi per satuan luas lahan yang digunakan jika dibandingkan dengan tanaman darat. Mikroalga jenis Chlorella sp diketahui mengandung komponen lipid cukup tinggi yaitu sebesar 14-22%. Langkah-langkah penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi ekstraksi minyak mikroalga dengan n-heksana, reaksi transesterifikasi minyak mikroalga dan metanol dengan katalis KOH, dilanjutkan dengan filtrasi untuk memisahkan produk biodiesel dengan gliserol yang terbentuk. Untuk mengetahui kandungan kimia dalam bahan baku dan produk, minyak hasil ekstraksi mikroalga dan biodiesel yang dihasilkan dianalisis dengan GC-MS. Dari hasil uji GC-MS diketahui dua kandungan asam lemak terbesar dalam minyak mikroalga, yaitu Dodecanoic acid sebesar 59.52% dan n-Decanoic acid sebesar 12.64%. Dari proses transesterifikasi, yield biodiesel yang diperoleh sebesar 59.85% dengan densitas 0.88 g/cm3. Kandungan kimia biodiesel diketahui terdiri dari senyawa Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) sebesar 15.4% dan Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester (FAEE) sebesar 21.14%.Biodiesel is one of the alternative energy which expected to provide a solution towards our dependence of fossil fuel. Biodiesel could be synthesized from vegetable oil through transesterification process. One of the most potential sources of vegetable oil is microalgae which is more productive than a land-based plant. One of the species of microalgae which is Chlorella sp is known for containing high lipid content from 14 to 22%. The steps of the research including extraction of microalgae oil using n-hexane, transesterification reaction between microalgae and methanol using KOH as a catalyst, and continued by filtration to separate the biodiesel product with the glycerol. To determine the chemical compound of the raw material and the product, the oil of the extracted microalgae and the biodiesel were analyzed using GC-MS. The GC-MS test shows two biggest fatty acid compound are Dodecanoic acid which is 59.52% and n-Decanoic acid which is 12.64%. From the transesterification process, the obtained biodiesel yield is 59.85% with density of 0.88 g/cm3. The chemical compound of the biodiesel known as fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) which is 15.4% and Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester (FAEE) which is 21.14%.
SINTESIS BIOADITIF GASOLINE MELALUI KETALISASI GLISEROL MENGGUNAKAN KATALISATOR PADAT Nuryoto, Nuryoto; Sulistyo, Hary; Sediawan, Wahyudi Budi; Perdana, Indra
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 5, No 2 (2016): December 2016 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v5i2.7431

Abstract

Utilization of glycerol side product from biodiesel as waste management application is required for reduced   negative effect which possible emerged. Glycerol  have three bond of hydroxyde, so its  opportunity  to utilize  to be solketal as bio-additive of gasoline. Indion 225 Na ion exchanger resin is strong acid cation category and low  prices, so  its potency to use alternatively of solid catalyst to get efficient and economic process. The purpose of this research was focussed to search  of the best condition by optimalization indion 225 Na performance as catalyst in glycerol ketalization reaction, by integrated of variables that have effected to reaction for maximize glycerol coversion. To get maximize of reactants molecular interaction and for  optimalization indion 255 Na performance, observation  conducted  in the  range variables which widely enough that were  reactant ratio of 5:1-6:1 mole of acetone mole/mole of glycerol, diameter size  catalyst of  20-40 mesh, catalyst concentration of 3-5% mass of acetone, and reaction temperature of 35-65oC. Result of the research showed that  indion 225 Na catalyst have good performance, by glycerol conversion to reach of 51.89%. Glycerol conversion mentioned was obtained at reactant ratio of 6:1 mole of acetone/mole of gycerol, diameter size catalyst of  40 mesh, catalyst concentration of 4%  mass of acetone, and  reaction temperature of  65oC.
METODE ESTIMASI PROPERTI KRITIS UAP-CAIR KOMPONEN MURNI ESTER Hartantoa, Dhoni; Rahayu, Ibnu Eka; Wibowo, Bayu Tri
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 2, No 2 (2013): December 2013
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v2i2.2796

Abstract

Biodiesel become eco-friendly renewable energy resources which is consisted of monoalkyl ester or long chain fatty acid from plants or animal. Biodiesel has more advantage than petrodiesel. Property of pure compound such as critical properties are the important thing to determine chemical mixtures behavior and also as base of equation of state. Joback method can show good results in estimating critical properties of monoalkyl ester.
ESTERIFICATION OF NYAMPLUNG (Calophyllum inophyllum) OIL WITH IONIC LIQUID CATALYST OF BMIMHSO4 AND MICROWAVES-ASSISTED Handayani, Prima Astuti; Wulansarie, Ria; Husaen, Paisal; Ulfayanti, Isna Mardya
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11407

Abstract

Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil contains high free fatty acid (FFA) that is 21.62%. Nyamplung oil can be utilized as raw material for biodiesel production. Microwave is a method of heating that is used intensively to speed up the production process. Ionic liquid has high catalytic activity, high selectivity, can be recycled and environmentally friendly. This study learned about the esterification of nyamplung oil with ionic liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO4) as catalyst and microwave-assisted. The purpose of this study is to obtain optimum condition of esterification process, with free fatty acid concentration (FFA) <2%. This study uses raw materials of nyamplung oil, methanol and BMIMHSO4 as catalyst. Equipment used in study was batch reactor equipped with temperature sensor with microwave heating system. The research variables studied were reaction temperature (50-70oC), molar ratio oil to methanol (1:30-1:60) and catalyst concentration (5-17.5%). The result of esterification reaction was analyzed by FFA (free fatty acid) content using titration analysis. The best free fatty acid (FFA) result was 1.92%, with molar ratio of oil to methanol was 1:40, catalyst concentration was 15% by weight and at 60oC for 120 min. The esterification of  nyamplung oil meets the criteria as biodiesel feedstock.
KARAKTERISASI EDIBLE FILM BERBAHAN DASAR EKSTRAK KARAGENAN DARI RUMPUT LAUT (Eucheuma cottonii) Fardhyanti, Dewi Selvia; Julianur, Syara Sofia
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 2 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.4127

Abstract

Extraction process of carrageenan doing at 2 hours with temperature 80-90°C using sodium hidroxide with variant consentration of sodium hydroxide is 0,55N; 0,75N; 0,95N; 1,2N; 1,4N. The edible film makes with raw material carrageenan with 2 blended material is carrageenan composite with beeswax and the plasticizer sorbitol, along carrageenan with plasticizer sorbitol. The optimal yield from extraction process of carrageenan ressult at consentration of sodium hydroxide 1,2 N with value 43,42%. Optimal sulphate content get ressult at consentration of sodium hydroxide 0,45 N with value 10,28%. Optimal water content get ressult at consentration of sodium hydroxide 0,9 N with value 8,47%. Identification from FTIR to showing group of ester sulphate at spectrum 1227,67 cm-1. The identification chains of glicoxide at spectrum 1067,17 cm-1, the identification of group function 3,6 anhydrogalactose at spectrum 931,04 cm-1, and for group function galactose 4-sulphate can identification kind of kappa-carrageenan at spectrum 848,19 cm-1. Result of this ressearch showing the edible film makes with from blanded carrageenan composite and beeswax has best characteristic is high tensile strength with value 1,0755 MPa, percent elongation with 257,738% and miscible with value 15,45%.
PEMUNGUTAN MINYAK ATSIRI MAWAR (Rose Oil) DENGAN METODE MASERASI Damayanti, Astrilia; Fitriana, Endah Ayu
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 2 (2012): December 2012
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i2.2543

Abstract

Minyak mawar merupakan salah satu produk minyak bunga yang memungkinkan diproduksi di Indonesia dengan kualitas ekspor. Manfaat dari minyak mawar adalah untuk parfum, kosmestik, dan obat-obatan. Minyak mawar dapat diproduksi dengan menggunakan metode diantaranya maserasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui rendemen minyak atsiri mawar merah (Rosa damascena) dan komponen minyak atsiri yang terambil dengan etanol dan n-heksana. Bahan baku yang digunakan berupa mahkota bunga mawar sebanyak 50 gram yang dipotong kecil-kecil, kemudian direndam dalam pelarut dengan perbandingan 1:3. Pelarut yang digunakan yaitu etanol dan n-heksana. Proses maserasi dilakukan dengan pengadukan selama 1 menit secara manual pada suhu ruang dan didiamkan selama 12 jam di tempat tertutup dan gelap (tanpa terkena cahaya). Hasil maserasi berupa ekstrak mawar dipisahkan dengan cara penyaringan dan pemerasan bunga. Filtrat yang mengandung minyak bunga mawar dievaporasi dengan  rotary vacuum evaporator. Maserasi menggunakan etanol pada suhu 60ºC selama 20 menit, sedangkan maserasi menggunakan n-heksana pada suhu 55 ºC selama 10 menit. Minyak atsiri hasil maserasi bunga mawar merah dilakukan uji GC-MS. Komponen utama minyak atsiri dari bunga mawar dengan pelarut etanol dan pelarut n-heksana secara berurutan adalah phenyl ethyl alcohol (2,73%) dan (31,69%). Rendemen hasil maserasi minyak bunga mawar dengan pelarut etanol adalah 8,76%, sedangkan pelarut n-heksana menghasilkan 0,34 %. Rose oil is one of the flower oil products which is potentially produced in Indonesia with export quality. The uses of rose oils are for perfume, cosmestics, and medicine. Rose oil can be produced using methods such as maceration. The purpose of this reasearch was to determine the yield of essential oil of red roses (Rosa damascena) and the essential oil components taken using ethanol and n-hexane. The raw material used was 50 grams of red roses which subsequently soaked into solvent with ratio of 1:3. The solvent used were ethanol and n-hexane. Maceration process was carried out by manually stirring for 1 minute at room temperature and kept for 12 hours in a closed and dark (without exposure to light) place. Maceration result in the form of rose extract was separated by filtration and extortion of flowers. The filtrate containing rose oil was evaporated using rotary vacuum evaporator. Maceration temperature using ethanol was 60 ºC for 20 minutes, while using n-hexane was 55ºC for 10 minutes. The essential oils produced from maceration process of red roses was analysed using GC-MS. The main components of the essential oil of roses extracted using solvents of ethanol and n-hexane sequentially were phenyl ethyl alcohol (2.73%) and (31.69%). The yield of the rose oil maceration with ethanol was 8.76%, while the solvent of n-hexane yield 0.34%.
SINTESIS BIOKOAGULAN BERBASIS KITOSAN DARI KULIT UDANG UNTUK PENGOLAHAN AIR SUNGAI YANG TERCEMAR LIMBAH INDUSTRI JAMU DENGAN KANDUNGAN PADATAN TERSUSPENSI TINGGI Ihsani, Shofia Lathifa; Widyastuti, Catur Rini
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 2 (2014): December 2014
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i2.3700

Abstract

Koagulan sintetik telah umum digunakan untuk penjernihan air. Meskipun koagulan tersebut kelihatan lebih praktis dalam penggunaan dan mudah diperoleh tetapi pemakaian koagulan sintetik yang berlebih justru akan menimbulkan efek yang tidak baik bagi lingkungan maupun kesehatan karena koagulan jenis ini tidak mudah terbiodegradasi. Eksplorasi terhadap material alami, yang lebih ramah lingkungan namun mempunyai potensi yang baik perlu terus dikaji. Keunggulan kitosan sebagai koagulan adalah sifatnya tidak beracun, mudah mengalami biodegradasi, tidak mencemari lingkungan, dan mudah bereaksi dengan zat-zat organik lainnya seperti protein. Dengan demikian diharapkan bahwa koagulan yang diperoleh dari kulit udang adalah bahan yang ramah lingkungan dan mempunyai nilai tambah yang tinggi. Pada tugas akhir ini, isolasi kitosan dilakukan melalui tiga tahap yaitu deproteinasi, demineralisasi dan deasetilasi. Deproteinasi dilakukan dengan melarutkan kulit udang menggunakan NaOH 5% (b/v) pada perbandingan 1:10 (gr/mL) dan direfluks selama 1 jam pada suhu 650C. Sedangkan demineralisasi dilakukan dengan melarutkan serbuk hasil deproteinasi dengan HCl 1M dengan perbandingan 1:15 (g/mL) dan direfluks selama 2 jam pada suhu 650C. Serbuk kitin hasil demineralisasi selanjutnya diproses lebih lanjut dengan mereaksikan kitin menggunakan NaOH 50%(b/v) dengan perbandingan 1:15 (gr/mL) dan direfluks selama 4 jam pada suhu 1000C. Kitosan yang diperoleh diaplikasikan sebagai biokoagulan untuk menjernihkan air sungai yang tercemar limbah industri. Variabel yang diteliti adalah konsentrasi kitosan 0,01 %, 0,4%, 1%, 1,5%, 2%. Kemudian sampel limbah yang sudah diolah diuji pH dan tingkat kekeruhannya. Hasil proses deproteinasi kulit udang menghasilkan rendemen 55,55%, sedangkan proses demineralisasi menghasilkan rendemen 32,65%. Pada proses deasetilasi kitin dari kulit udang menghasilkan rendemen sebesar 69,25%, sedangkan rendemen kitosan yang diperoleh sebanyak 12,466%. Dari hasil uji FTIR diketahui derajat deasetilasi kitin dan kitosan berturut-turut adalah 27,7462 % dan 80,064 %. Dari hasil uji air limbah yang sudah diolah diketahui bahwa penurunan optimum diperoleh dari penambahan kitosan konsentrasi 0,4% dengan penurunan kekeruhan sebanyak 86,07%. The synthetic coagulant has been commonly used for purifying water. Although this coagulant seems more practise to use and easy to find, its applications affect the environment since they are not biodegradable. Therefore, the new natural materials has great potential to be explored. Chitosan has been known as a great multi-function material. The advantages of chitosan as coagulant relates to its characteristic that is not toxic, easy to biodegrade, not polute the environment, and easy to react with organic substances such as protein. Chitin and Chitosan are carbohydrate compounds produced by seafood waste, especially from shrimps, crabs, squids and oyster. The isolation of Chitosan was done in two steps. They were deproteinization and demineralization. Deproteinization was done by dissolving the shrimp’s shells using NaOH solution 5%(w/v) with ratio of 1:10 (g/mL) and refluxed for an hour in 650C. Whereas the demineralization was done by dissolving the deproteinized powder using HCl 1 M 1:15 (g/mL) and refkuxed for two hours in 650C. Then, the demineralized chitin was further processed to chitosan by deacetylation using NaOH 50% (w/v) with the ratio of 1:15 (g/mL) and refluxed for four hours in 1000C. Then, chitosan powder was used as coagulant for purifying the water of river that is contaminated with industrial waste. The examined variables were chitosan concentration of 0.01%, 0.4%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%. The treated waste was then analized by measuring the pH and the degree of turbidity. The yield of chitin from deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation were 55.55%, 32,65%, and 69.25% respectively. While the yield of chitosan was 12.47%. The FTIR analysis showed the degree of deacetylation of chitin and chitosan were 27.75% and 80.06%, respectively. The coagulant made of chitosan could reduce the turbidity of the water up to 86.07% with the chitosan concentration of 0.4%.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE EDIBLE FILM BASED ON LOW PECTIN METHOXYL WITH GLYCEROL AND SORBITOL PLASTICIZERS Darni, Yuli; Utami, Herti; Septiana, Rina; Fitriana, Rizka Aidila
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9707

Abstract

This study aims to compare the characteristics of mechanical and water vapor permeability of edible film based on low pectin methoxyl from cocoa skin with glycerol and sorbitol as plasticizer. In the research also added CaCO3 filler with the weight variation of 0; 0.2; and 0.4 gr. Pectin from cocoa peel was isolated by extraction use ammonium oxalic at a temperature of 85oC, pH of 3.6 for 60 minutes. An edible film synthesized at a temperature of 85oC to the agitation time of 50 minutes. 200 mesh of pectin used with the variation of glycerol and sorbitol plasticizer concentration are 1, 2 and 3% in volume. Edible films produced were dried at a temperature of 55oC for 6 hours. The results of the study obtained in 0.2 gr CaCO3 concentration and 1% glycerol of edible films has a tensile strength of 0.3267 mpa, percent elongation of 12.84%, modulus young of 2.5441 mpa, and the water vapor permeability of 4.1676 g/m2.day. While in 0.4 gr CaCO3 concentration and 1% sorbitol of edible films has a tensile strength of 6.511 mpa, percent elongation of 2.419%, modulus young of 269.119 mpa, and the water vapor permeability of 5.583 g/m2.day. Based on percent elongation characteristics, glycerol plasticizer made higher elasticity than sorbitol plasticizer. While the addition of filler able to increase tensile strength two times larger than without filler.
COMPARISON OF KINETIC MODELS FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM RICE STRAW Shitophyta, Lukhi Mulia; Maryudi, Maryudi; Budiyono, Budiyono
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9325

Abstract

The rising of global energy demand has led to an energy crisis, especially fossil energy. The development of renewable energies is needed to overcome the energy crisis. Biogas is one of renewable energies (biofuels) which is developed to minimize the dependency on fossil fuels. Biogas can be derived from agricultural wastes such as rice straw. The aim of this research was to compare the kinetic models of biogas production form rice straw using the linear and exponential equations models. This research was conducted at the total solid (TS) content of 20%, 22% and 24%. The result showed that the exponential equation had a better correlation than the linear equation on the ascending period of biogas production, while linear equation was better than exponential equation during descending period.
EKSTRAKSI MINYAK ATSIRI DAUN ZODIA (Evodia suaveolens) DENGAN METODE MASERASI DAN DISTILASI AIR Astuti Handayani, Prima; Nurcahyanti, Heti
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 1 (2014): June 2014
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i1.3095

Abstract

Daun zodia merupakan tumbuhan yang berpotensi sebagai insektisida nabati. Daun zodia mengandung senyawa aktif limonene yang bersifat neurotoksin terhadap serangga. Pengambilan minyak atsiri daun zodia dilakuan dengan metode maserasi dan metode distilasi air. Pada metode maserasi bahan digunakan etanol dan dimaserasi selama 3x24 jam. Kemudian didistilasi untuk menguapkan pelarut etanol. Untuk metode distilasi air bahan didistilasi selama 3 jam, campuran minyak dan air dipisahkan dengan menambahkan pelarut n-heksana. Kemudian pelarut n-heksana dipisahkan dari minyak atsiri dengan cara direcovery menggunakan alat sokhlet. Minyak atsiri daun zodia yang dihasilkan dianalisis dengan Gas Cromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa kimianya. Hasil percobaan diperoleh randemen minyak atsiri daun zodia dengan metode maserasi sebesar 1,0566% dengan kandungan senyawa limonene 2,6%, sedangkan metode distilasi diperoleh randemen sebesar 0,6471% dengan kandungan senyawa limonene 1,26 %.Zodia leaf is a plant which has a potential to be plant-based insecticide. Zodia leaf has limonene as its active component which is neurotoxin towards insect. The extraction of the essential oil of the zodiac leaf is conducted using maceration method and water distillation method. In the maceration process, the raw material was macerated using ethanol for 72 hours, after that it was distillated to evaporate the ethanol. In the water distillated method, the raw material was distillated for 3 hours, the mixture of water and oil are separated by adding n-hexane solvent. After that, the n-hexane solvent was separated from the essential oil using recovery method using soxhlet. The obtained essential oil of zodia leaf was analyzed using GC-MS to determine its chemical component. The result of the research provides the yield of essential oil of zodiac leaf using maceration method is 1.0566% with limonene component is 2.6%, whereas the distillation method resulted in 0.6471% yield with 1.26% limonene.

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