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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 426 Documents
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Isothermal Adsorption of Used Cooking Oil Purification Using Avocado Seed Adsorbent Harianingsih Harianingsih; Wara Dyah Pita Rengga; Athiya Rihadatul 'Aisy Qothrun Nada; Rizki Ria Ramadhani; Alifyan Syauqi; Retno Wulandari
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.42247

Abstract

High consumption of cooking oil has an impact on the availability of used cooking oil. Used cooking oil can cause pollution if the processing is not sound. So we need an alternative as a solution for handling cooking oil waste. Adsorption using avocado seed adsorbent is the choice because the morphological structure and other characteristics meet the specifications for the adsorption of used cooking oil. This study aimed to determine the acid number, viscosity, density and isothermal adsorption from avocado seeds as an adsorbent in used cooking oil. The method used was by varying the adsorbent doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg    L-1 with contact times of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. Adsorption was carried out at a temperature of 70oC and a stirring speed of 200 rpm. The results obtained for the acid numbers at various adsorbent doses at 150 minutes reached 6.22, 4.98 and 3.12 mg KOH      g-1. Viscosity at different adsorbents reached 54.2, 46.23 and 45.44 mm2 s-1, while the density reached 898.92, 897.17 and 896.55 kg m-3. Langmuir isothermal adsorption obtained R2 value in the equation reached 0.9365 and Freundlich reached 0.9496, so the Freundlich equation model is more recommended for use in the adsorption process because the regression value is close to 1.
Effects of Steam-To-Biomass Ratio and Temperature in Gasification on The Methanol Conversion and Selectivity: A Simulation Study of Biomass to Methanol Rahma Muthia; Muhammad Raihan Pratama
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.42365

Abstract

Gasification is an attractive pathway for valorizing waste and biomass as it can deal with a wide range of feedstocks yielding gaseous products that be converted further to valuable biofuels and chemicals. While many previous studies commonly discussed the effects of gasification operating parameters, such as operating conditions, biomass feedstocks and gasifying agents, on syngas compositions, fewer studies evaluated the effects of gasification process parameters on final products derived from syngas. Essentially, performing an integrated assessment of the biomass-to-product conversion gives a thorough understanding of the biomass processing and provides one with useful heuristics for the conversion of biomass to valuable chemicals. This study evaluates the effects of steam-to-biomass ratio (S/B = 0.3 – 0.7) and gasification temperature (Tgasif = 900℃ – 1,100℃) on the methanol production by performing simulations in the Aspen Plus v.11 process simulator. The kinetically controlled reactions model was considered in the methanol synthesis unit to mimic its actual process condition and to take into account the possibility of the side product formation. The outcome of this study recommends that the steam-to-biomass ratio gives more notable effects on the gasification distribution products and the conversion of syngas to methanol than those given by the gasification temperature. While, the reaction selectivity to methanol remains high, and it is not sensitive to the change of steam-to-biomass ratios and gasification temperatures.
Characteristics of Banana Stem Adsorbent (Musa Paradisiaca) For Biogas Purification With Variation of Adsorption Contact Time Elida Purba; Ferina Safitri
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.39600

Abstract

The features of the adsorbent utilized for biogas purification are covered in this study. The aim of this study was to investigate the features of the banana stem adsorbent that may be applied to the adsorption process for the purification of biogas. The research involved the preparation of banana stem powder, the removal of lignin, the creation of adsorbents, and the purification of biogas using the adsorption technique. The adsorption contact time variations used were (30; 60; 90) minutes, with a biogas flow rate of 1 l/minute and a banana stem particle size of 20 mesh. Samples were analyzed by lignocellulosic content analysis, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), and Gas Chromatography. According to the research findings, the adsorbent made from banana stems that can be used to purify biogas has a cellulose content of 47.5%, in the FT-IR analysis there is a shift in the peak number of stretching in the hydroxyl and carboxylic acid functional groups and has a surface structure of banana stem fiber that is orderly. The longer the contact time in the biogas purification process utilizing banana stem adsorbent with variations in adsorption contact time acquired, the more CO2 was adsorbed and the higher the CH4 concentration in the purified biogas. The biogas purification process resulted in a 39.893% reduction in CO2 content and the best contact time to produce the largest CH4 content was 90 minutes with the resulting CH4 content of 64.786%.
The Effect of Various Solvent in Soxhlet Extraction on The Characterictics of Basil Oil (Ocimum Americanum L.) Luthfi Kurnia Dewi; Siska Dwi Setyawati; Annisa Nur Fidyanti Pamuji; Syifa Indrayana; Chandrawati Cahyani
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.41903

Abstract

Basil (Ocimum americanum L.) is a common plant in Indonesia used as the source of basil oil. Many methods to produce basil oil, such as solvent extraction using Soxhlet apparatus that called Soxhlet extraction. Determining solvent is a necessary factor in Soxhlet extraction because it affects the results of extraction in the form of quantity and quality of the essential oil produced. This shows that the selection of the type of solvent is an important factor to consider in the process of extracting basil essential oil, so this study was carried out to know the effect of solvent variations on the extraction results which were analyzed based on the yield and quality of essential oils including refractive index, specific gravity, and active compound. This research used three solvents with different polarities, ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. Basil leaves were separated from their flower and stem and dried in the oven at 102°C until their water content was 15-25%. Before extraction, dried basil leaves were cut to reduce size. The ratio of material to solvent that used was 1:50. Extraction was done at boiling point of each solvent for ten cycles. The rotary evaporator was used to separate basil oil and solvent. The highest yield is accomplished by basil oil that used ethanol (2,74%) followed by ethyl acetate (0,74%) and n-hexane (0,41%). The major active compounds obtained from each solvent were linalool 38.08% (ethanol), linalool 27.11% (ethyl acetate), and methyl chavicol 39.3% (n-Hexane). Basil oil from three solvents has a refractive index and specific gravity that suit commercial basil oil.
New Thermal Insulation Materials Based on Mahogany Sawdust and Polyurethane Foam for Buildings Gita Novian Hermana; M. Rizki Gorbyandi Nadi; M. Nur Hidajatullah; M. Nursyam Rizal
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.40569

Abstract

Global energy consumption has increased in the last few decades and is the third largest contributor to global energy consumption and one of the causes of increased carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, in this study utilizing sawdust mahogany as a thermal insulation material to overcome the above problems. Sawdust material is combined with polyurethane foam to produce optimal physical, mechanical, and thermal insulation properties. From the study results it was found that the density of the thermal insulation material increased with the addition of sawdust. The value of the density is in the range of 0.041-0.052 gr/cm3. Observations using the secondary electron image (SEI) on thermal insulation materials show that the amount of sawdust added will affect the formation of an open pore cell structure which is directly proportional to the addition of sawdust. In addition, the more sawdust that is added will change the arrangement of cells and reduce the mechanical properties of the thermal insulation material. This is confirmed by the results of the hardness test which decreases with the addition of sawdust with the lowest value of 16.6 shore C for the addition of 10% sawdust. The thermal conductivity of the thermal insulation material has a value of 0.052, 0.038, 0.033, 0.032, and 0.033 W/mK for the addition of 0.2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% sawdust, respectively. This shows that the thermal insulation material made in this study can be used as an alternative to thermal insulation material
Synthesis and Characterization of Metal-Organic Framework as Battery Electrodes Sutikno Madnasri; Teguh Darsono; Isa Akhlis; Heru Saputera; Meilody Indreswari; Lutfiana Maghfirotul Izza; Maria A Simangunsong; Lambang Setyo Utama; Uda Hashim
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.44170

Abstract

Metal organic framework-derived carbons (MOFDCs) are materials with great potential and can be used as electrochemical energy storage because these have a large surface area and pore structure that can be adapted to needs. MOFs have porous crystals in which metal ions or clusters are linked by organic ligands. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical and electrochemical properties of MOF5 synthesized at different temperatures. The MOFs synthesis method which is classified as complicated can be simplified and the use of hazardous solvents can be reduced by means of partial substitution using water solvents. To prepare MOFs can be done in several ways, such as liquid phase epitaxy, supersonic cold spraying, direct gas phase preparation, and interface-assisted synthesis. MOFs have applications in optics, sensing, catalysis, adsorption, and modeling, as well as electrochemical energy storage. Potential application as an interesting electrode material to be studied through the synthesis method. In this study, MOF5 was synthesized at temperatures between 200°C-600°C. To prepare MOF5, zinc nitrate tetrahydrate and acetic acid were dissolved in DMF (N, N-dimethyl formamide). The remaining precipitate (MOF) was immersed three times in DMF and three times in chloroform for 24 hours for each immersion. In general, different MOF5 synthesis affects the microstructure, elemental content, optical properties (transmittance and absorbance), electrical properties, and electrochemical properties
Optimization of The Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction (AEE) of Rice Bran Oil With Cellulase Using Response Surface Methodology Astrilia Damayanti; Bayu Triwibowo; Megawati Megawati; Ahmed Tessario Ekanuramanta; Harianingsih Harianingsih; Kevin Thomas; Nurul Huda; Nuryoto Nuryoto
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 1 (2023): June 2023 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i1.42137

Abstract

Rice Bran Oil (RBO) is an oil extracted from rice bran with unsaturated fat content according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The enzymatic extraction process of rice bran for oil extraction using cellulase enzymes is considered effective because it is capable of producing oil. Parameters of temperature and incubation time have an influence on the yield of oil produced. So that research is needed regarding the optimum conditions of the enzymatic extraction process including temperature and incubation time on the yield and levels of FFA RBO.Software Design Expert was used in this study to optimize RBO extraction with cellulase using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method in the Central Composite Design (CCD) factorial experimental design. The selected independent variables consisted of incubation temperatures, namely 35, 50, and 65 0C and incubation time for 2, 3, and 4 hours. The results show that the RBO yield is 1.7% and the minimum target for FFA levels is 8.4% at a temperature of 51.5 0C with an incubation time of 4 hours. Processing data with Design expert software produces an analysis of ANOVA experimental data. Incubation time has a significant level (p0.05) on RBO yield and incubation temperature has a significant level (p0.05) on RBO FFA.
Iron Impregnation on Activated Carbon Prepared from Tamarind Wood (Tamarindus Indica L.) as a Potential Catalyst in Biodiesel Production Astuti, Erna; Suharto, Totok Eka; Setyawan, Martomo; Hanin, Nabila; Mulyono, Sekar Larasati
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 13, No 1 (2024): June 2024 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v13i1.49517

Abstract

Renewable energy in the form of biodiesel requires a process called transesterification. This process runs slowly, so a catalyst is needed to reduce the activation energy and speed up the reaction rate. Activated carbon is one of the supports in transesterification catalysts because of its high surface area and is proven to be effective in gas or liquid phase reactions. This work aims to study the potential of active carbon from tamarind wood for making catalysts, the characteristics of the catalyst and the optimal concentration of Fe(NO3)3 in the impregnation step. Activated carbon was impregnated using an Ultrasonic Processor with 80% strength at 60 oC for 60 minutes. The impregnation process was carried out with variations of 2, 4, and 6% Fe(NO3)3 dissolved in 0.09M isopropyl alcohol. Variation of processing time 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 minutes. Furthermore, after the activated carbon is allowed to stand for 24 hours, a calcination process is carried out at 300oC to remove impurities. Obtained materials have been characterized by SEM and XRD. The Fe-impregnation process has been successfully carried out on activated carbon made from Tamarind wood (Tamarindus indica L.). In the Fe precursor solution concentration range of 2 – 6%, the higher the concentration of the Fe precursor solution, the higher the impregnated Fe metal. Fe-impregnated activated carbon has the characteristics of being a material consisting of a mixture of crystalline and amorphous phases with even porous surface morphology. This Fe-impregnated activated carbon is a potential material as a catalyst in the biodiesel production process.
Development of Microbial Fuel Cell in Tofu Liquid Waste in Producing Clean Energy Tiara, Ansia; Ramadhani, Safira Redzy; Tuhuloula, Abubakar
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 2 (2023): December 2023 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i2.44106

Abstract

The high need of Indonesian people for electrical energy has led to an increase in energy demand. This has triggered research efforts based on renewable technologies that are efficient and environmentally friendly. One of the renewable energy sources that is widely developed is Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). MFC works by utilizing organic matter used by microbes as an energy source in carrying out metabolic activities. This study aims to determine the effect of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli bacteria with different concentrations of 10% (v/v) and 15% (v/v) on the electrical energy generated from the tofu liquid waste substrate and observe changes in pH and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in the MFC system. This research method consists of several steps, namely the preparation of electrolysis equipment, electrodes, substrates, bacterial cultures, electrolytes and MFC processes. The maximum value of voltage and current in Bacillus subtilis bacteria occurred at the 10 hours with 15% (v/v) bacterial concentration which amounted to 394 mV and 10.6 mA with a bacterial population of 16.15 × 109 CFU/mL and a power density value of 126.67 × 10-4 watt/m2. Furthermore, the maximum value for Escherichia coli bacteria occurred at the 10 hours with a voltage and current of 266 mV and 5.3 mA with a bacterial population of 15.60 × 109 CFU/mL and a power density value of 55.67 × 10-4 watts/m2. The pH value of the substrate variations with the addition of Bacillus subtilis bacteria ranged from 5-6, while with the addition of Escherichia coli bacteria variations ranged from 4-5. This system also reduces the value of biological oxygen demand.
The Effects of Raw Material Ratio and Calorific Value on Gasification Rate from Co-Gasification of Coal and Biomass (Bagasse) Kurniansyah, Muhammad Harry; Hasan, Abu; Syari, Aida
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 12, No 2 (2023): December 2023 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i2.44257

Abstract

To reduce greenhouse gas pollution by 29% in 2030 and actively fight climate change, Indonesia uses biomass as an alternative energy which can be combined with coal. Bagasse is a relatively abundant biomass that has not been effectively utilized. Bagasse can be used as a more effective alternative energy source if it is processed with co-gasification, which is the conversion of solid fuel into gas from two different fuel materials at the same time to produce syngas. The characteristics of biomass and coal co-gasification are closely linked to reactor type and gasification parameters such as temperature, gasifying agent, and mass ratio. The composition of the produced syngas changes depending on the calorific value of the coal used and the raw material ratio. The amount of syngas produced rises in direct proportion to the amount of biomass, and the quantity of air supplied causes complete combustion, so the syngas content decreases. The impact of the calorific value of the coal used, as well as variations in the ratio of the composition of coal and bagasse, on the supply of oxygen in downdraft type gasification equipment is investigated in this study. Bagasse characteristics identified by proximate and ultimate analysis indicate that this biomass can be used as an alternative source of renewable energy. The co-gasification process with 100% coal raw material has the highest temperature and the longest time; the co-gasification process with 100% sugarcane bagasse raw material has the lowest temperature and the shortest time; and the duration of the flame produced in syngas ranges from 5-6 minutes. The 25% bagasse and 75% coal ratio provided the fastest high temperature in this testing, making it more efficient. The calorific value of coal and biomass determines combustion efficiency, with 5300 cal/gr coal producing heat that lasts longer than 3800 cal/gr and 4500 cal/gr.

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