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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 426 Documents
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Pengambilan Minyak Mikroalga Chlorella sp. dengan Metode Microwave Assisted Extraction Barqi, Wildan Syaeful
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 1 (2014): June 2014
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i1.5764

Abstract

Penelitian ini mengkaji metode yang effektif untuk mengambil kandungan minyak dalam mikroalga yang merupakan bahan baku potensial untuk produksi biodiesel. Proses pengambilan minyak mikroalga dilakukan dengan metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). Kelebihan MAE adalah waktu ekstraksi dan kebutuhan pelarut yang relatif rendah dibanding ekstraksi konvensional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen terbesar dihasilkan dari proses ekstraksi dengan microwave pada daya 450 W selama 20 menit dengan besar rendemen 0,547%. Berdasarkan uji GC-MS, minyak mikroalga hasil ekstraksi mengandung asam oleat, yang merupakan asam lemak tidak jenuh rantai panjang.This study examines effective methods to take the oil content in the microalgae which is a potential raw material for biodiesel production. Microalgae oil was extracted by using method of Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). The advantages of using MAE is less amount of solvent consumption and needs relatively lower energy compared to conventional extraction. The results showed that the greatest yield of was obtained from extraction using  microwave power of 450 W for 20 minutes with a yield of 0.547%. According to GC-MS analysis, microalgae oil contain oleic acid, which is a long-chain unsaturated fatty acid.
PEMANFAATAN KULIT BUAH NAGA (Dragon Fruit) SEBAGAI PEWARNA ALAMI MAKANAN PENGGANTI PEWARNA SINTETIS Handayani, Prima Astuti; Rahmawati, Asri
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 2 (2012): December 2012
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i2.2545

Abstract

Kulit buah naga merupakan limbah hasil pertanian yang mengandung zat warna alami antosianin cukup tinggi. Antosianin merupakan zat warna yang berperan memberikan warna merah yang berpotensi menjadi pewarna alami untuk pangan dan dapat dijadikan alternatif pengganti pewarna sintetis yang lebih aman bagi kesehatan. Pengambilan zat warna antosianin dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi. Pelarut yang digunakan adalah aquades. Variabel penelitian antara lain varietas buah naga, konsentrasi asam sitrat dalam pelarut, suhu ekstraksi, dan waktu ekstraksi. Potongan kulit buah naga diekstraksi dengan pelarut aquades dan asam sitrat dengan perbandingan tertentu, pada suhu ekstraksi 25-800C dan waktu ekstraksi 0,5-3 jam. Analisis kadar antosianin dilakukan dengan analisa antosianin metode Glusti dan Wrolstad. Hasil percobaan diperoleh bahwa varietas buah naga daging merah menghasilkan kadar antosianin terbesar 22,59335 ppm. Selain itu kadar antosianin terbesar diperoleh pada variasi pelarut aquades:asam sitrat (5:1) 26,4587 ppm, variasi pada suhu kamar menghasilkan 21,5028 ppm dan waktu pengadukan  3 jam menghasilkan 23,3027 ppm. Pewarna alami ini telah diaplikasikan pada makanan dan diujikan pada tikus putih, hasil uji coba menunjukkan pewarna buah naga dapat dipakai sebagai pewarna alami makanan. Dragon fruit peel is agricultural waste which contains quite high natural pigments of anthocyanins. Anthocyanin is a dye that potentially provides a red natural colorant for food and alternatively used as synthetic dye which is safe for health. In this study, the process of taking anthocyanin was conducted using extraction method. The solvent used was distilled water. The variables observed in the research include dragon fruit varieties, the concentration of citric acid in the solvent, extraction temperature, and extraction time. The dragon fruit peel was extracted using solvents of distilled water and citric acid at a certain ratio, at extraction temperature varies from 25-80oC with the extraction time varies from 0.5 to 3 hours. The analysis of anthocyanin concentration was conducted by using Glusti and Wrolstad method. The experimental result shows the red dragon fruit varieties produced the greatest concentration of anthocyanin (22.59335 ppm). Moreover, the result shows the greatest concentration of anthocyanin obtained from the following variations, i.e. the 5:1 solvent ratio of distilled water : citric acid produces 26.4587ppm,  the extraction at room temperature produced 21.5028 ppm, and the extraction for 3 hours stirring produced 23.3027 ppm. The extracted dragon fruit dye has been applied for food and tested on white mice; the test result shows the dye can be used as a natural food dye.
MICROWAVE ASSISTED HYDRODISTILLATION UNTUK EKSTRAKSI MINYAK ATSIRI DARI KULIT JERUK BALI SEBAGAI LILIN AROMATERAPI -, Megawati; urniyawati, Fitriya M
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 1 (2015): June 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i1.3769

Abstract

Ekstraksi minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali dilakukan menggunakan metode Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation dengan variasi daya (800, 600, 450, 300, dan 100 W) dan massa bahan (150, 125, 100, 75,dan 50 g). Ektraksi dengan variasi daya dilakukan pada massa 150 g dan didapat daya optimum yaitu 600 W, sedangkan ekstraksi dengan variasi massa bahan dilakukan pada daya 600 W. Minyak atsiri yang diperoleh dianalisis densitas, kelarutan dalam alkohol 95% dan senyawa kimia minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali menggunakan Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) dan minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali yang didapat diaplikasikan untuk lilin aromaterapi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin besar daya yang digunakan maka volum minyak yang dihasilkan semakin besar dan waktu ekstraksinya lebih cepat. Variasi massa bahan menunjukkan semakin besar massa bahan massa bahan yang digunakan maka volum minyak yang dihasilkan semakin besar. Densitas minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali hasil penelitian yaitu 0,810 g/mL, larut pada alkohol 95% dengan perbandingan minyak-alkohol 1:6 dan terdapat tiga komponen senyawa kimia penyusun minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali yaitu limonen (93,99%), β-pinene (3,20%), dan germakren-D (2,82%). Minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali hasil ekstraksi yang diperoleh dapat diaplikasikan untuk lilin aromaterapi. Kata kunci: Kulit jeruk bali, lilin aromaterapi, microwave assisted hydrodistillation, minyak atsiri. Essential oils extracted from pomelo peel was performed using Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation with variations of microwave oven power (800, 600, 450, 300, and 100 W) and material mass (150, 125, 100, 75, and 50 g). The extraction with power variation was conducted with 150 g of material and the optimum extraction power was obtained at 600 W. Therefore material mass variation was conducted with microwave oven power of 600 W. The essential oils produced were analyzed for its density, solubility in alcohol of 95% v/v, and chemical composition. The chemical composition analysis was conducted with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spektrometry (GC-MS). Afterward the essential oils was treated to produce aromatherapy candle. It is concluded that the greater power obtained the greater oil volume. Additionally the greater material mass resulted in the greater oil volume. The extracted pomelo peel essential oil density is about 0.810 g/mL. Beside that, essential oil solubility in alcohol is about 95% v/v (oil-alcohol ratio of 1:6). There are three oil components in pomelo peel essential oil, i.e. limonene (93.99%), β-pinene (3.20%), and germacrene-D (2.82%). Finally, obtained pomelo peel essential oil can be utilized as raw material to produce aromatherapy candle. Keywords: Aromatherapy candle, essential oils, microwave assisted hydrodistillation, pomelo peel.
CHARACTERIZATION OF SACCHARIDE SUGAR IN CORN SEED (Zea Mays Saccharata) BY USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD Asfar, Andi Muhamad Iqbal Akbar
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11416

Abstract

This study characterizes the saccharide sugar contained in whole sweet corn seeds by extracting using Ultrasound Assisted Solvent Extraction for 60 minutes with 24 kHz frequency using ethanol solvent with concentrations of 70%, 75%, 80%, and 85%. The concentrated extract was then characterized by using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) method. Sample test conducted were tested to odor, color and shelf life of extract and determination of water content, ash content, and characterization of saccharide sugar from GCMS test. The odor and color test results show that the extract had a distinctive smell of sweet corn, yellow, and had the ability to store good extract in the condition of the room. The water content of each sample ranged from 3% - 9% with the lowest water content was in 85% concentration sample which was 3.62%, while the ash content ranged from 1.5% with the highest ash content which was in 85% concentration sample which was 1.59%. The results of characterization were identified by 3 compounds having the highest percentage of 2-Furaldehyde, Hexamethyl Cyclotriloxane, and 1,2,4-Trimethyl Benzene with the percentage of 26,94%, 9,95% and 13,82% respectively. 2-Furaldehyde includes heterocyclic aldehyde group sugars, whereas Hexamethyl Cyclotriloxane and 1,2,4-Trimethyl Benzene belong to the class of organosilicon and aromatic hydrocarbons. 2-Furaldehyde or Furfural serves as a tongue nerve stimulator and has great potential to be developed as an important non-petroleum-based chemical raw material. The GCMS results provide information that the obtained 2-Furaldehyde has a molecular formula C5H4O2 or C4H3OCHO which is a monosaccharide group which is aldose with the number of C atoms classified as pentose. The retention time was 3.062 minutes with a mass peak of 300 m/z with molecular weight was 96 g/mol.
EXTRACTION CHARACTERISTIC AND MICROENCAPSULATION OF ANTOCYANIN AS NATURAL FOOD COLOURING FROM ROSELLE CALYCES BY ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION Aryanti, Nita; Nafiunisa, Aininu; Wardhani, Dyah Hesti; Kumoro, Andri Cahyo
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9547

Abstract

Anthocyanins are widely used as a food additive, and further study in production process development is required in order to obtain an efficient and superior process. This article presents the anthocyanin extraction by ultrasound-assisted extraction and the characterization of solid form anthocyanin extract. In addition, a simple kinetic analysis for the extraction process is investigated. Extraction was conducted by ultrasound-assisted extraction with a solute-solvent ratio of 1:4 and 1:8 at a temperature of 30OC, 40OC and 60OC. Anthocyanin content was analyzed by UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Drying process was performed by a freeze dryer with the addition of maltodextrin and followed by characterization of powder comprising moisture content, solubility and colour intensity. The result shows that the extraction temperature has an effect on anthocyanins extracted. Temperatures rise increased the diffusion coefficient and triggered the driving force of solids into the solvent. This result had a correlation with the second-order kinetic model where the rate of extraction increases along with temperature rise. Characterization of anthocyanin extracts in solid form showed that the addition of maltodextrin provided better results than the product without maltodextrin. The anthocyanin powder added with maltodextrin fulfils the Indonesian standards for food colouring powders, having a low moisture content (5.6%) and high solubility (91.4%). Moreover, colour intensity analysis of anthocyanin powder showed that the powder with maltodextrin has a tendency of a lighter colour with low value of L *, a * and b *.
EKSTRAKSI PEKTIN KULIT BUAH NAGA (Dragon fruit) DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI EDIBLE FILM Megawati, Megawati; Ulinuha, Adientya Yaniz
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 1 (2014): June 2014
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i1.3097

Abstract

Ekstraksi pektin kulit buah naga dilakukan menggunakan metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) dengan variasi berat bahan (10, 15, and 20 gram) dan waktu ekstraksi (15, 20, and 25 minute). Ekstraksi dengan variasi berat bahan dilakukan pada waktu ekstraksi 25 menit dan daya 600 W, sedangkan ekstraksi dengan variasi waktu dilakukan pada berat bahan 10 gram dan daya 600 W. Pektin yang diperoleh dianalisis kadar pektinnya menggunakan uji Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) dan diproses menjadi edible film. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa yield pektin kulit buah naga  dengan metode MAE  lebih besar dibandingkan metode konvensional. Variasi berat bahan mempengaruhi yield pektin yang dihasilkan, semakin sedikit bahan yang digunakan dalam ekstraksi, semakin besar yield pektin kulit buah naga yang dihasilkan. Yield pektin terbesar (72 %) dihasilkan pada variasi berat 10 gram. Variasi waktu ekstraksi juga memberikan pengaruh terhadap yield pektin, semakin lama waktu ekstraksi semakin besar yield pektin kulit buah naga yang dihasilkan. Yield pektin terbesar dihasilkan pada waktu ekstraksi 25 menit. Pektin hasil ekstraksi dapat digunakan sebagai bahan edible film. Extraction of pectinfrom dragon fruit peel is conducted using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method with the variation of the weight of the raw materials are 10, 15, and 20 gram and the time of the extraction are 15, 20 and 25 minutes. Extraction with the variation of the weight of raw material is conducted in 25 minutes using power of 600 W, whereas the extraction with the variation of time is conducted with 10 gram of raw material using power of 600 W. The obtained pectin was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and processed into edible film. The result of the research shows that MAE method provides more yield of dragon fruit peel rather than the conventional method. The variation of the weight affecting the amount of the obtained pectin, the less material used in the extraction the more yield of the pectin obtained. The highest amount of pectin obtained when the weight of the material is 10 grams. The variation of time also affecting the obtained result, the longer the extraction time, the yield of the dragon fruit pectin is higher. The highest amount of pectin obtained when the extraction time is 25 minutes. The obtained pectin can be used as material of edible film.
THE IMMOBILIZATION OF LIPASE FROM MUCOR MIEHEI ON ZEOLITE MATRIX IN HYDROLYSIS OF PALM OIL PRODUCING FREE FATTY ACIDS WITH SOLVENT FREE SYSTEM Moentamaria, Dwina; Chumaidi, Achmad; Hendrawati, Nanik; Girlian, Girlian; Mustika, Meilita Againa
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11399

Abstract

The enzymatic hydrolysis of palm oil can be conducted by using lipase produced from Mucor miehei to produce free fatty acid. This study aimed to compare the usage of lipase as free enzyme and as immobilized enzyme on zeolite matrix in the hydrolysis of palm oil as triglyceride producing free fatty acids which highly needed in various industrial sectors. Immobilization is an alternative hydrolysis reaction due to its usage on repetitive reaction, makes lipase reuseable, hence the whole process becomes efficient, and with moderate operational conditions. Solvent free reaction is applied, because the produced free fatty acids can be used directly in food, health, and natural flavorings industry. The palm oil used in the hydrolysis contains 0.815% initial free fatty acids as palmitate, in which water then added to it in weight ratio 1:3. Each effect of free lipase and immobilized lipase addition is 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, and time reaction is 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes are used as index to determine the amount of free fatty acids produced.  The results showed that Immobilized lipase has better ability than the free one in hydrolysis of triglyceride in palm oil producing free fatty acid with 8% lipase addition and time reaction of 120 minutes. Palm oil hydrolysis using free lipase produced the highest FFA of 1.9747% after the addition of 5% lipase concentrate, with time reaction of 60 minutes. Meanwhile, palm oil hydrolysis using immobilized lipase produced the highest FFA of 1.9747% after the addition of 8% lipase concentrate, with time reaction of 120 minutes.
PEMURNIAN VIRGIN COCONUT OIL MENGGUNAKAN ZEOLIT 3A SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU OBAT KULIT Suharmadi, Sri Handayani; Enjarlis, Enjarlis
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 5, No 2 (2016): December 2016 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v5i2.6467

Abstract

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is the feedstock for the production of cocozone oil, a substance that can be used as a medicine for several skin problems. This work is aimed to find the best method for producing VCO with low water content which is the prerequisite to be a suitable feedstock of cocozone oil. Two methods of VCO production i.e. agitation in room temperature (30oC) and cooling at 5oC for 24 hours were compared. The amount of zeolite 3A added to 20 ml of VCO was varied on 10, 20, and 30 gram. It is found that the agitation method with 30 gram zeolite 3A can lower the water content down to 30%.
PEMBUATAN ASAM OKSALAT DARI SEKAM PADI DENGAN HIDROLISIS BERKATALISATOR NaOH DAN Ca(OH)2 Mardina, Primata; -, Norhayani; Triutami, Dessy
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 2, No 2 (2013): December 2013
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v2i2.2794

Abstract

Rice husk is a major by-product of the rice milling industries. Rice husk  is one of the most common  lignocellulosic materials those can be converted to oxalic acid by alkaline hydrolysis. This research investigated the effect of  the alkaline catalysts at specified temperature and reaction time on the efficiency of  process and  yield of oxalic acid. Oxalic acid was produced by four processes; alkaline hydrolysis, precipitation, acidification, and crystalization. Washed and dryed rice husk was crushed  to obtain 0.25 mm diameterl particles. The main process was performed by dissolving and hydrolyzing 125 grams of rice husk in 500 mL of 3.5 N NaOH and Ca(OH)2. Rice husk, which hydrolyzed by NaOH, was  precipated with CaCl2 before acidification, whereas rice husk, which hydrolyzed by Ca(OH)2 directly acidified by sulphuric acid without precipitation process. Furthermore, water in acidified solution was evaporated to obtain crystal of oxalic acid. The result showed the alkaline catalyst Ca(OH)2 was more eficient than NaOH for hydrolysis. It omitted precipitation process. The highest yield of oxalic acid which produced by Ca(OH)2 catalyzed hydrolysis was 2.232%  at 60oC for 60 minutes.
PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANO-MINERAL FERTILIZER (OMF) PADAT DARI LIMBAH INDUSTRI BIOETANOL (VINASSE) Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi; Oktafiani, Oktafiani; Hartanto, Dhoni; Handayani, Prima Astuti; Muhammad, Dimas Rahadian Aji
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 2 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.4189

Abstract

Organo-mineral fertilizer solid was generated from liquid-waste vinasse with the addition of other materials as variations such as filter cake, boiler ash, urea, and NPK through the evaporation of water content in the material. Each solid OMF has a different mixture. OMF A made of evaporated vinasse or sticky vinasse, OMF B made of vinasse and urea, OMF C made from vinasse and filter cake, omf D made of vinasse and boiler ash 2 : 2, OMF E made of vinasse and boiler ash 2 : 4, OMF F made of vinasse, filter cake, and boiler ash, OMF A3 made of vinasse and 3% NPK, OMF made of A6 vinasse and 6% NPK, OMF A9 made of vinasse and 9% NPK. OMF analysis includes NPK and C/N ratio. Solid OMF which meet the SNI (Indonesian National Standard) are OMF A3, OMF A6, OMF A9 based on the quantity of NPK and C/N ratio where NPK is a source of primer macro nutrients on the plant while the C/N ratio equilibrium will determine the equilibrium of the vegetative and generative stage. NPK content and C/N ratio of OMF A3 are 0,63%, 0,45% ,0,38%, and 10,30, respectively.OMF A6 was 0,59%, 0,52% ,0,41%, and 13,66, respectively as well as OMF A9 are 0,68%, 0,52% ,0,45% and 14,16, respectively. OMF that meet SNI applied to the watermelon plants. OMF that gives the best results in plants is OMF A9 compossed from vinasse and NPK 9% because the plants growth faster shown based on plant height and stem diameter, leaf shape, flower and fruit appearance time. 

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