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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 426 Documents
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MINYAK ATSIRI DARI KAMBOJA KUNING, PUTIH, DAN MERAH DARI EKSTRAKSI DENGAN N-HEKSANA -, Megawati; Dwi Saputra, Satrya Wahyu
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 1 (2012): June 2012
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i1.2541

Abstract

Bunga kamboja merupakan jenis bunga yang banyak ditanam dan dapat tumbuh dengan baik serta merupakan bunga yang beraroma yang mempunyai nilai guna tinggi untuk diproduksi minyak atsirinya, yaitu minyak yang mudah menguap dan mengeluarkan aroma khas. Minyak atsiri ini mengandung lebih dari 30 jenis senyawa kimia, beberapa diantaranya merupakan senyawa-senyawa kimia yang sangat berharga, yang termasuk dalam golongan senyawa sesquiterpen, alkohol, alkana, resin, dan wax/parafin. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan ekstraksi minyak atsiri kamboja dengan 3 variasi jenis bunga, yaitu kamboja merah, kuning, dan putih. Metode ekstraksi yang dipilih menggunakan ekstraksi dengan n-heksana. Minyak kamboja diperoleh dengan menguapkan hasil ekstrak pada titik didih n-heksana sampai tidak didapatkan lagi embunan, dilanjutkan dengan analisis rendemen minyak. Sementara itu, analisis jenis komponen minyak atsiri kamboja menggunakan Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Kadar minyak atsiri hasil ekstraksi dengan pelarut n-heksana dari masing-ma-sing jenis bunga kamboja berbeda, dari kamboja kuning (4,457%), kamboja putih (2,908%), dan dari kamboja merah (2,763%). Hasil analisis GC-MS juga menunjukkan bahwa masing-masing minyak atsiri kamboja memiliki komponen kimia yang berbeda-beda. Senyawa kimia golongan alkohol diantaranya geraniol (2,64%), farnesol (8,61%), dan oktadekanol (3,87%), masing-masing dalam kamboja kuning, putih, dan merah. Adapun senyawa golongan alkana diantaranya oktadekana sebesar 21,24% (kamboja kuning), nonadekana (7,54% pada kamboja putih), dan 7,84% pada kamboja merah. Frangipani is a type of flower which is widely grown and have a nice scent, this flower  have a high value in order to produce essential oils. This essential oil contains more than 30 different types of chemical compound; some of them are chemical compounds that are very valuable, which is included in the sesquiterpen compounds, alcohols, alcane, wax/resin, and paraffin. In this research, the extraction of the Frangipani oil was conducted using three different flowers, i.e. the red, yellow, and white frangipani. The chosen extraction method was the extraction using n-hexane. The Frangipani oil was obtained by vaporizing the extraction results on the boiling point of n-hexane until there was no condensate left, and then continued with the analysis of the yield  of the oil. The analysis of the component of the frangipani’s essential oils was conducted using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectometry (GC-MS). The concentration of the essential oils as the result of the extraction using n-hexane solvent from each different type of frangipani was different, i.e. from the yellow frangipani (4,457%), white frangipani (2,908%), and from the red frangipani (2,736%). The results of the GC-MS analysis also showed that each frangipani oil has its own chemical component. The chemical substance from the group of alcohol such as geraniol (2,64%), farnesol (8,61%), and octadenol (3,87%) each found in the yellow, white and red frangipani. The alcane group found in the oil samples such as octadecane (21,24%) on yellow frangipani, nonadecane (7,54%) on white frangipani, and 7,84% on red frangipani.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND NITRATE COMPOUND ON GROWTH, BIOMASS AND FREE FATTY ACID CONTENT ON MICROALGAE CULTURE OF Spirulina sp. and Skeletonema sp. Rukminasari, Nita; Lukman, Muhammad; Tambaru, Rahmadi; Inaku, Dwi Fajriyati; Suharto, Suharto
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.8513

Abstract

Temperature and availability nutrients played an important role on growth and lipid production of microalgae.  In this study, we examined the effect of increasing suhu and excessed and depleted NO3 on growth rate, biomass and free fatty acid concentration in the Spirulina sp and Skeletonema sp. Two microalgae were culture on Conway and Milne media for 21 days using continuous culture technique.  There were four temperature treatments, such as 28oC, 30oC, 32oC and 34oC and three nutrient treatments, which were control nutrient treatment, without NO3 and  two times NO3 concentrations from control treatments with three replicates for each treatments. Results found that increasing temperature significantly affected on biomass and concentration free fatty acid, meanwhile nutrient treatments affected on growth rate, biomass and concentration of organic Carbon.  In general, increasing temperature was more affected on Spirulina sp in terms of increasing growth rate, biomass and free fatty acid concentration. However, Skeletonema sp was more responsive to  availability of NO3 in the media culture for increasing free fatty acid, and percentage of free fatty acid per dry weight.
THE SYNTHESIS OF GLYCEROL CARBONATE FROM BIODIESEL BY PRODUCT GLYCEROL AND UREA OVER AMBERLYST 15 Suyatmo, Reviana Inda Dwi; Sulistyo, Hary; Sediawan, Wahyudi Budi
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.8904

Abstract

The growing utilization of biodiesel as a renewable fuel has generated a large surplus of glycerol as a major byproduct. The prices of glycerol continue to drop in such an oversaturated market. Therefore, new uses are being developed for glycerol to produce value-added chemicals. Among those chemicals, glycerol carbonate has many application in various fields. Glycerol carbonate is mostly used as a solvent in cosmetic and pharmacheutical industries due to its low toxicity, high boiling point, and low vapor pressure. The synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea using Amberlyst15 as a catalyst was being conducted in this study. The reaction was carried out using a batch reactor for 5 hours with the condition of the reaction temperature was around 120oC, mole ratios of reactant of urea:glycerol were 0.8:1, 0.9:1, 1:1, and 1.2:1 , catalyst concentrations were 2%, 2,5%, 3%, and 4%, and mixing speeds were 370 rpm, 525 rpm, and 700 rpm.  It is found that the optimum conversion of glycerol was obtained at 120oC with 5 hours of reaction using an equimolar amount of glycerol and urea with catalyst load of 3%. Mixing speed did not affect glycerol conversion. Amberlyst15 as catalyst was also stable enough to be reused at least for three times.
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH SEKAM PADI MENJADI SILIKA GEL Handayani, Prima Astuti; Nurjanah, Eko; Rengga, Wara Dyah Pita
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 2 (2014): December 2014
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i2.3698

Abstract

Sekam padi merupakan salah satu sumber penghasil silika terbesar, berpotensi sebagai bahan pembuatan silika gel. Abu sekam padi mengandung silika sebanyak 87%-97% berat kering. Sintesis silika gel dari abu sekam padi dilakukan dengan mereaksikan abu sekam padi menggunakan larutan NaOH 1N pada suhu 800C selama 1 jam dan dilanjutkan dengan penambahan larutan asam hingga pH=7. Gel yang dihasilkan selanjutnya didiamkan selama 18 jam kemudian dikeringkan pada suhu dikeringkan menggunakan oven pada suhu 800C hingga beratnya konstan. Hasil percobaan diperoleh bahwa silika gel dengan penambahan CH3COOH menghasilkan yield yang lebih besar dibandingkan penambahan HCl. Berdasarkan analisis FT-IR silika gel yang diperoleh memiliki gugus Si-O-Si dan gugus Si-OH. Silika gel dengan penambahan HCl memiliki surface area sebesar 65,558 m2/g, total pore volume 0,1935 cc/g, dan average pore size sebesar 59,0196 Å. Sedangkan silika gel dengan penambahan CH3COOH memiliki surface area sebesar 9,685 m2/g, total pore volume 0,02118 cc/g, dan average pore size sebesar 43,7357Å. Silika gel dengan penambahanCH3COOH memiliki kemampuan menyerap kelembaban udara yang lebih baik dibanding silika gel dengan penambahan HCl. Rice hull ash (RHA) is one of the biggest source of silica, potential for sintesis silica gel. RHA contains silica as many as 87 % -97 %. Synthesis of silica gel from rice hull ash was done by reaction using NaOH solution at temperature 800C for 1 hour and followed by the addition of an acid solution until pH=7. The gel were rested with time aging 18 hour, and then dried using oven at temperature 800C until constant weigh. The results obtained that the silica gel with the addition of CH3COOH produce higher yields than the addition of HCl. Based on FT-IR analysis, silica gel has a group of silanol (Si-`OH) and siloxan (Si-O-Si) group. Silica gel with the addition of HCl has a surface area 65,558 m2/g, a total pore volume 0,1935 cc/g, and average pore size 59,0196 Å. While the silica gel with the addition of CH3COOH has a surface area 9.685 m2/g, a total pore volume 0,02118 cc/g, and average pore size 43,7357 Å. Silica gel with the addition of CH3COOHhas the ability to absorb humidity better than silica gel with the addition of HCl.
PEMBUATAN BIOADITIF TRIACETIN DENGAN KATALIS PADAT SILICA ALUMINA Aktawan, Agus; Mufrodi, Zahrul
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 5, No 2 (2016): December 2016 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v5i2.8306

Abstract

Triasetin is a bioaditif to increase the octane number of the gasoline. Triasetin was generated from the reaction between giserol and acetic acid. Glycerol is a byproduct of biodiesel production. Triasetin production can reduce glycerol which is actually a waste by converting it into bioaditif having higher value. The reaction can be accelerated by addition of catalysts either solid or liquid catalyst. The reaction in this study used a solid catalyst types Silica Alumina. The reaction takes place in the three-neck flask reactor which is equipped with heating unit, mixers, and tools to take samples at regular intervals. Variables used in this research is the variety of  reaction time and the reaction temperature (70, 80, 90, 100, and 1100C). The concentration of triasetin obtained will be known through the analysis of Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of the analysis of GC or GC-MS treated or counted so getting glycerol conversion and selectivity of triasetin. The highest glycerol conversion 8,45% occurs at a temperature of 700C the reaction time of 90 minutes with triasetin selectivity 100%.
ASPEK PERTIMBANGAN DALAM SIMULASI FERMENTASI FASE GAS BERBASIS CFD Triwibowo, Bayu
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 2, No 1 (2013): June 2013
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v2i1.2911

Abstract

In the midst of restrictions issue on the use of fossil fuels, the world began to move towards the use of renewable fuels. One such fuel is hydrogen. Hydrogen itself could synthesized from fermentation method. Complex phenomenon will be difficult to be analyzed simultaneously and comprehensively when using conventional techniques. Optimation would be important since yield hydrogen from fermentation method was very small. Cause of few obstacles such as comprehensive phenomenon data not exsted mades this process very difficult to optimize. Simulation of hydrogen fermentation based on CFD would be one of the solution to retrieve phenomenon data comprehensively
INNOVATION TO PISANG BARLIN (MUSA ACUMINATA AA) AS THE SUBSTITUTE FLOUR Sondak, Michael Ricky; Minantyo, Hari; Winarno, Prasetyon Sepsi
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11415

Abstract

This research is used to explore local ingredients from Musa Acuminata AA. Musa Acuminata AA foodstuffs are usually used only as a raw fruit, not much processed into another food product. Food innovation that raise local potential is needed to increase local food value. This study is an experimentation research, which is uses laboratory experiments at the Food and Beverage Laboratory of Universitas Ciputra Surabaya. Data was collected from 20 respondents by using organoleptic test. There were 3 times of organoleptic test: 1). organoleptic test with whitewash immersion (code 001); 2). organoleptic test with Citroen water immersion (code 002) and 3). organoleptic test without any immersion process (code 003). Musa Acuminata AA flour tested in Research and Industry Standardization Laboratory to know about the moisture, protein, carbohydrate, fiber and potassium. The result: nutrition content code 001. Aw 0.351(25.7C); moisture 7.27%; protein 4.00%; carbohydrate 66.65%; fiber 2.79%; potassium 819.76 mg/100g. Nutrition content for code 002: Aw 0.347(25.6C); moisture 7.30%; protein 4.00%; carbohydrate 68.58%; fiber 2.00%; potassium 780.24 mg/100g. Nutrition content for code 003 Aw 0.536(25.5C); moisture 10.04%; protein 4.01%; Nutrition content for code 68.60%; fiber 1.61%; and potassium 990.18 mg/100g.
Production of Furfural from Corncobs Agricultural Waste by Acid Hydrolysis at Atmospheric Pressure Widyastuti, Catur Rini; Istiqomah, Istiqomah
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 2 (2014): December 2014
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i2.5765

Abstract

Corncob is the renewable agricultural biomass which has great potency to be developed into useful chemical. It can be used as raw material for producing furfural as it contains high concentration of pentosan up to 32%. Furfural is a useful chemical intermediate which may be further processed into other valuable products, such as furan, furoic acid, and furfuryl alcohol. Furfural is also an important chemical solvent. The aim of this research was to optimize the production process and maximize the yield of furfural. The research was conducted in three steps which included pretreatment of raw material, hydrolysis, and distillation. Corncobs was ground to form powder with a maximum particle size of 150 mesh and then hydrolysed in a stirred reactor using H2SO4 at temperature variation of 80oC, 90oC, and 100oC for 2 hr, 3 hr, and 4 hr at atmospheric pressure. The hydrolysate was filtrated and the filtrate was added by toluene and being kept for 12 hours. The product was separated by distillation at 110oC. The result showed the highest yield of furfural from corncobs was 31% which obtained by acid hydrolysis at 100oC for 4 hours. Analysis using GC-MS identified furfural in the product and several impurities, such as toluene, 1,5-heptadien-3-yne, and benzaldehyde.
PENGAMBILAN MINYAK ATSIRI BUNGA CENGKEH (Clove Oil) MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT n-HEKSANA DAN BENZENA Hadi, Saiful
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 2 (2012): December 2012
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i2.2546

Abstract

Minyak cengkeh merupakan salah satu jenis minyak atsiri yang dapat diperoleh dari bunga, tangkai atau gagang bunga dan daun cengkeh. Kandungan minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh mencapai 21,3% dengan kadar eugenol antara 78-95%, dari tangkai atau gagang bunga mencapai 6% dengan kadar eugenol antara 89-95%, dan dari daun cengkeh mencapai 2-3% dengan kadar eugenol antara 80-85%. Kandungan terbesar minyak cengkeh adalah eugenol, yang bermanfaat dalam pembuatan vanilin, eugenil metil eter, eugenil asetat, dll. Ektraksi dengan pelarut adalah salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk ekstraksi minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh. Pelarut yang digunakan dalam proses ekstraksi adalah n-heksana dan benzena. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rendemen yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan pelarut n-heksana dan benzene serta mengetahui komponen-komponen minyak cengkeh yang terambil dengan pelarut n-heksana dan benzena. Tahapan penelitian diawali dengan mengeringkan bunga cengkeh dengan dijemur di bawah sinar matahari selama 1 minggu. Setelah itu, bu-nga cengkeh kering ditumbuk sampai halus. Bunga cengkeh diekstraksi menggunakan soxhlet dengan 100 mL pelarut pada suhu didihnya selama 15 siklus (+ 80 menit). Dari percobaan yang telah dilakukan dihasilkan rendemen ekstrak bunga cengkeh dengan pelarut n-heksana sebesar 17,61% dan kadar eugenol 65,02%. Sedangkan dengan pelarut benzene, rendemen ekstraks bunga cengkeh sebesar 18,90% dan kadar eugenol 8,81%. Oleh karena itu, ekstraksi minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh dengan menggunakan pelarut n-heksana relatif lebih baik karena memberikan kadar eugenol lebih besar daripada pelarut benzena. Clove oil is one of the essential oils obtained from the cloves, stalks or clove steam and clove leaf. The clove contains 21.3% of the essential oils with the eugenol content of 78-95%, the clove stalk contains 6% of the essential oils with the eugenol content of 89-95%, and the clove leaf contains 2-3% of the essential oils with the eugenol content of 80-85%. The clove oil is mostly composed of eugenol, which is useful in the production of vanillin, eugenil methyl ether, eugenil acetate, etc. The extraction using solvent is one of the methods used for the extraction of essential oils of clove flower. The solvents used for the extraction process were n-hexane and benzene. This study aimed to determine the yield of the essential oil obtained from the extraction using n-hexane and benzene as well as to know its components. The first step of the process was initiated by drying the cloves in the sun for a week. Then the dried cloves were finely ground. Clove was extracted using a Soxhlet with 100 mL of solvent at its boiling temperature for 15 cycles (+ 80 minutes). The obtained yield of the extraction process using n-hexane was 17.61% with the eugenol content of 65.02%. While the obtained yield from the extraction process using benzene solvent was 18.90% with the eugenol content of 8.81%. Therefore, the clove essential oil extraction using n-hexane solvent is relatively better than using benzene because it produces greater eugenol content.
PEMBUATAN FILM PLASTIK BIODEGRADABLE DARI LIMBAH BIJI DURIAN (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Handayani, Prima Astuti; Wijayanti, Hesmita
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 1 (2015): June 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i1.3770

Abstract

Pembuatan film plastik biodegradable dilakukan melalui proses pencampuran menggunakan pelarut aquades dengan komposisi 10 g tepung biji durian, 50 mL larutan kitosan 2% , dan gliserol 25% dari berat pati.Variasi suhu pencampuran yaitu 70oC, 80oC, dan 90oC. Film plastik biodegradable yang dihasilkan dilakukan karakterisasi FTIR, biodegradasi, kuat tarik dan elongasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan variasi suhu proses pengadukan mempengaruhi kemampuan kuat tarik dan elongasi. Film plastik biodegradable terbaik dihasilkan pada suhu pengadukan 80oC dengan nilai kuat tarik sebesar 1187,732 N/m2 dan % elongasi sebesar 7,547%. Film plastik biodegradable dari limbah biji durian mampu terdegradasi selama 15 hari, sedangkan variasi suhu proses pengadukan tidak mempengaruhi kemampuan biodegradasi.Gugus fungsi yang terdapat dalam film plastik biodegradable diantaranya C-H, O-H, N-H, C-O, C≡C, C=O, dan C=C. Adanya gugus fungsi amida dan ester dalam analisis FTIR menunjukkan film plastik biodegradable dari limbah biji durian ini dapat terdegradasi dan dapat dikatakan sebagai plastik yang ramah lingkungan.Kata  kunci: film plastik biodegradable, biji durian, degradasi, kuat tarik, elongasi, dan FTIR. The manufacture of the biodegradable plastic film was done through the mixing process using  an aquades solvent with 10 g of durian seed flour, 50 mL of 2% chitosan solution, and 25% of glycerol from the weight of starch. The variation of the mixing temperature are 70oC, 80oC, and 90oC. The biodegradable plastic film was characterized by FTIR, its biodegradation, tensile strength, and elongation. The results were showed that the variations of temperature mixing proses affecting the ability of tensile strength and elongation.The best biodegradable plastic film was produced from the mixing process at 80oC and the value of tensile strength at 1187,732 N/m2 and percentation of elongation at 7,547%. The biodegradable plastic from the waste of durian seed was able to relegated up to 15 days, after while the variation of mixing process temperature was not affect to the ability of the biodegradation. The functional groups that is contained in the bidegradable plastic film are including C-H,O-H, N-H, C-O, C=C, C=O, and C=C. The existence of amida and ester functional groups in the FTIR analysis showed that the bidegradable plastic film from this waste of durian seed can be degraded and can be regarded as an environmentally friendly plastic.Key word : biodegradable plastic film, durian seed, degradation, tensile strength, elongasi, and FTIR.

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