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Journal of Applied Chemical Science
Published by JACSONLINE
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 24 Documents
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Determination of Lead by the Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in a Candidate Reference Material of Fish Meal Using Chemical Modifiers Suwari; H. R. Hadiman; Tahid
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 1, No. 2 , 2012
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

Different chemical modifiers for the determination of lead by the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) in a candidate reference material of fish meal matrix were studied. The optimal pyrolysis and atomizing temperatures (TP and TA) of lead obtained by adding modifiers, lanthanum nitrate, magnesium nitrate, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate ,were (750 and 2300 oC), (600 and 2000 oC) and (650 and 2200 oC), respectively, whereas the TP and TA of the lead without modifier were 450 and 2000 oC, respectively. Performance test of the chemical modifiers are based on dynamic range, characteristic mass, limit of detection, precision, accuracy, sample recovery, and repeatability. The experiment without modifier was carried out as control of the performance. The performance of analytical procedures by adding ammonium dihydrogen phosphate modifier were found that 0.2 - 2.0 ng of the dynamic range, 19 pg of characteristic mass, 16 pg of limit of detection, 3.45 % of precision, 98 ± 3% of sample recovery, and 0.04 ± 0.01 μg/g of repeatability . The application result of the method for the determination of fish meal matrix 0.87 ± 0.03 μg/g of lead. The accuracy of the proposed method was verified by analyzing the certified reference material, cod muscle, BCR CRM 422 and the result was 0.092±0.008 which is almost similar with its certified value, 0.085±0.015. These results indicated that ammonium dihydrogen phosphate is the best choice modifier compared to the other in all aspects cited above.
Thermal Degradation of PVC & Mixed Waste Plastics to Produce Mixture of Hydrocarbon Fuel Moinuddin Sarker; Mohammad Mamunor Rashid; Muhammad Sadikur Rahman ; Mohammed Molla
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 1, No. 2 , 2012
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

Experiments of combination waste plastics such as High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP) and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) were carried out in a steel reactor. The thermal cracking process was carried out in temperature range of 150 ºC to 400 ºC. The principle process products are gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon fractions similar to refinery cracking products. The solid carbon residue of around 8 to 9 % of the total raw materials are similar to coal cokes and contains higher mineral contents than the other two products. Upon further analysis using gas chromatography and Mass spectrometer (GC/MS) and furrier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of the liquid hydrocarbon fraction showed similar chemical properties to commercial gasoline and diesel products. The similarity was in the distribution of carbon chains and alkane groups. Analysis using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) showed the calorific value is comparable as well. The thermal degradation process was shown to be efficient because it was able to convert PVC, which contains 56% chlorine to hydrocarbon products. Specific analysis was done for the identification of chlorine in the liquid hydrocarbon products, and results have shown that the liquid hydrocarbon products contained lower chlorine content than standard chlorine level allowed by EPA. Further research is being conducted on capturing and categorizing the gaseous component and the results will be submitted on the subsequent scientific papers.
The Active Fractions from Ethanol Extracts of Gracilaria Coronopifolia J Agardh Are Potential Free Radical Scavenging Agents I Made Dira Swantara; Sagung Chandra Yowani ; Osamu Iitsuka
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 1, No. 2 , 2012
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

Six compounds in one fraction of seaweed Gracilaria coronopifolia (Red algae) that have radicalscavenging activity have been identified. Extraction of those compounds was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol. Separation and purification of the fraction were performed by liquid-liquid partition and column chromatographic methods. The obtained fractions were treated with 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl and found that their radical-scavenging activities of the first (A) and the second (B) fractions from the column with a 60 min retention time were 83.12% and 90.72%, respectively. The compounds contained in the A and B fractions identified by GC-MS were 1-nonadecene; hexadecanoic acid or palmitic acid; octadec-9-enoic acid; cholesta-4,6-dien-3β-ol; cholest-5-en-3β-ol or cholesterol; and cholest-4-en-3- one. These compounds could be expected to have radical scavenging activities.
The Moringa Seed (Moringa oleifera, L.) Extracts Potentially Reduce the Effects of Clothes Washing Wastewater on Growth of Green Beans (Vigna radiata) Merymistika Y. Afred; Bibiana D. Tawa; Pius D. Ola
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 1, No. 2 , 2012
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

A study concerning the use of Moringa seed (Moringa oleifera, L.) extracts to reduce the influence of clothes washing wastewater on growth of green bean (Vigna Radiata) has been conducted. The study aimed to determine the effective dose of coagulants prepared from moringa seed extracts (400, 600, 800, 1000, and 2000 mg/L) on germination of green beans in wastewater. The results showed that the optimum dose of coagulant was 2000 mg/L. The treatments with various doses of coagulants indicated significantly different except for the dose of 1000 mg/L and 2000 mg/L (P < 0.05). The stem height and leaf watering with coagulant water were 25.9 cm and 14.1 cm2, respectively, while by the tap water were 24.3 cm and 10.99 cm2, respectively. Those results conclusively indicated that the water coagulant prepared from moringa seed extracts promotes growth of the vigna radiata.
The Characteristics of Synthetic Chitosan Prepared from Snail Shells of Achatina Fulica Jacob A. Frans; Suwari; Luther Kadang
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

A synthetic chitosan prepared from snail shells of achatina fulica has been done. The chitosan was yielded by the isolation stages that involved deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation that was by NaOH 3.5%, HCl 1 M, and 50% NaOH, respectively, and followed by determination of moisture content, ash content, viscosity, degree of deacetylation and functional groups. The moisture and ash contents were determined by a gravimetric method, the viscosity was by Ostwald instrument, while the degree of deacetylation and the functional groups were by FT-IR. The results showed that using those protocols provided 23.20% of chitosan content from the original snail shell material. The chitosan yielded had (in %) moisture and ash contents, viscosity, and degree of deacetylation were 0.24, 20.0, 198.3, and 68.5%, respectively. The functional group detected that involved –OH group was appeared at 3433.06 cm-1, while the -CH2- asymmetry and -CH2- symmetry were appeared at 2923.88 cm-1 and 2875.67 cm-1, respectively. The functional groups of -CH3-, C=O amide, and C-N aliphatic amines were appeared at 2979 cm-1, 1789.82 cm-1, and 1494.73 cm-1, respectively. The twin band of -NH2 was not found because of overlapping occurred between the -OH and-NH amine groups.
The Acid-Activated Sand Potentially Ameliorates Water Calcium Content Hermania Em Wogo; Yoseph J. Hema; Suwari
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

The sand activation using three types of acids namely HNO3 0.1 M, H2SO4 1 M, and H3PO4 14 M have been done. The acid-activated sand was used as adsorbent of calcium ions (Ca2+) contained in hard water. The study was firstly determined the chemical contents of the sand using Energy Dispersive Xray Fluorescence instrument and followed by determination of the sand surface area using methylene blue and it’s surface acidity by titration. The experiment conducted with absence of the acid was carried out as an control. The results showed that the sand contained 47.95 % of SiO2 and 18.79% of Fe2O3. The highest surface area was found at the sample activated by H3PO4 14 M (27.73 m2/g). The surface area activated by H2SO4 1 M and HNO3 0.1 M were 26.56 and 25.59 m2/g, respectively. Highest surface acidity was found at the sample activated by H3PO4 14 M (299.60 µmol/gram), while those treated with H2SO4 1 M and HNO3 0.1M were 277.70 and 204.80 µmol/gram, respectively. That was, however, the sample without acid activation had surface acidity of 113.60 µmol/gram. Furthermore, the sand activated by H3PO4 14 M maximally absorbed 892.86 μmol Ca/g sand and those activated by H2SO4 1 M and HNO3 0.1M maximally absorbed 847.46 and 684.93 μmol Ca/g sand, respectively; whereas the sand without activation maximally absorbed 510.20 μmol Ca/g sand. Those results indicate that higher surface area higher surface acidity and higher capability of the calcium ion absorptions. Therefore, the acids-activated sand potentially reduces calcium ions content of hard water.
Antioxidant Activities of Chloroform and Aqueous Fractions of Myrmecodia Pendenss Extract: A Preliminary Study Yohanes Buang; Ermelinda Noya; Pius D. Ola; Theo Da Cunha
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

There have been elucidated the antioxidant activities of chloroform and aqueous fractions of methanol extracts isolated from myrmecodia pendenss. The study was firstly started by maceration of myrmecodia pendenss powder in certain quantity of pure methanol solvent and followed by gradual partition of the methanol extract with chloroform and distillated water and then purified with column chromatography. The chemical contents migrated into both those later solvents were detected by GC-MS and their functional groups were detected by FT-IR instruments. Thereafter, the antioxidant activities of the migrated compounds in each those solvents were determined using hydrogen peroxide protocol and the absorbance was measured at 240 nm. The ascorbic acid solution was used as control. The results showed that FT-IR spectrum showed methylene and ethene groups are existed within the compounds contained by the extracts as well as the hydroxyl, carbonyl, aromatic, and keton groups. Furthermore, the GC-MS spectrum indicated the compounds that are existed within the chloroform and the aqueous fractions of the extract. The average absorbances of compounds contained within the chloroform and aqueous fractions were 0.161 and 0.112, respectively, whereas that of the control was 0.085. Those absorbance data conclusively indicated that higher absorbance higher residue of chromophore content existed within the fraction and higher failures of hydroxylation reactions. It was however, the antioxidant activities of the aqueous fractions were higher than those of the chloroform fractions.
Phytochemical Identification and Characterization of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Stem Bark of Tadalinu (Grewia Eriocarpa Juss) Natalia C. Radjah; Febri O. Nitbani; Alfius R. Kale
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

The phytochemical tests, isolations, and characterizations of secondary metabolites in methanol extract of stem bark of Tadalinu (Grewia eriocarpa Juss) have been conducted. The aims of the study were to describe the chemical composition of metabolites and to isolate the flavonoid group compounds in the Tadalinu plant. The results showed that the initial phytochemical tests for saponin, tritepenoid, tannin and the group of flavonoid compounds involve antosianidin, flavonol, chalcone and auron extracted were positive. The rendement of methanol-water (v/v) extract was 34.55%. This extract was then partitioned with petroleum ether and chloroform and performed the phytochemical test for the flavonoid contents existed in the water, petroleum ether, and chloroform layers. The water layer was positive for flavonoid but the other layers were negative. The water layer was further used to isolated the flavonoid group compounds contained using chromatography column with silica gel as stationary phase and n-butanol: acetat acid: water (3:1:6) as the mobile phase and yielding 53 fractions. Based on the differences of their colors, those fractions were then collected into 4 fractions; the fraction 2 and 3 were positive for flavonoids. The FT-IR spectrum of both fractions showed that the functional groups of –OH (3423.41 cm-1), C-O (1029.92 cm-1 and 1072.35 cm-1), aromatic C=C (1639.38 cm-1), and aliphatic C-H (2875.67 cm-1 - 2960.53 cm-1) were existed within those both fractions.
The Water Quality Status of Kupang Tilong Dam Reported by the Pollution Index Parameters Nurlailah D. Kartika; Suwari; Luther Kadang
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

There has been reported the water quality status of Kupang Tilong Dam using pollution index parameters. The water samples were taken from five stations and determined using purposive sampling method. The pollution index parameters analyzed were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solid suspended (TSS), N-nitrate, P-phospate, and water discharge. The results showed that temperature and pH were 25-28.5ºC and 7.54-7.61 pH units, respectively, while the DO, BOD, COD, TSS, N-nitrate, and P-phosphate values (in mg/L) were 8.26-12.5, 1.63-3.04, 11.26-47.37, 4.73-6.28, 0.019-0.043, and 0.01-0.16 mg/L, respectively. The pollution loads detected on station I within water discharges of 250 m3/s could receive the BOD, COD and TSS loads by 236.67, 3681.16, and 488.52 tons/year, respectively. While the station II within water discharges of 0.15 m3/s could receive 126783.01, 2210094.72, and 290587.56 tons/year, respectively. Those results indicated that the water quality status of Kupang Tilong Dam is in a state between a good quality up to a slight polluted that was 0.80 to 3.18 of pollution index value.
Utilization of Java Acid Seed (Tamarindus indica) Extract as a Coagulant in Tofu Waste Treatment Process: Short Communication Meri Letik; Luther Kadang; Suwari
Journal of Applied Chemical Science Volume 2, No. 1 , 2013
Publisher : Journal of Applied Chemical Science

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Abstract

A study concerning the utilization of java acid seed (tamarindus indica) extract as a coagulant to be developed further for tofu wastewater treatment has been conducted. This study aimed to determine the optimum concentration of tamarind seed coagulant and to know the ability of the coagulant to reduce the concentration of total solid suspended (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and amonia at optimum pH and temperature. In this study, jar-test method was used to confirm the effective dose of tamarind seed extract in reducing turbidity of the water samples analyzed. The applied concentrations of the seed extracts were 2000, 4000 and 6000 ppm. The results showed that the optimum dosage to reduce TSS, BOD and ammonia was 2000 mg/L and the COD was 4000 mg/L . At the optimum concentrations, the coagulant ameliorated up to 92.92% of BOD, 91.30% of COD, 83.34% of TSS, and 97.46% of ammonia levels and the water treated was found visually clear. Those results conclusively indicates that the coagulant made from the tamarind seed ameliorates effectively the BOD, COD, TSS, and ammonia contents as well as the turbidity levels of the water samples flowing from the tofu industry.

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