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Nexus Biomedika
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
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Articles 292 Documents
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Screening Effectiveness of The Leaf Extract of Psidium guajava, Euphorbia hirta, and Piper betle L. as Antidengue FAZA, AGYA GHILMAN; ., Hudiyono; Febrinasari, Ratih Puspita
Nexus Biomedika Vol 5, No 1 (2016): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Introduction: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease caused by dengue virus which commonly found in the tropic and sub-tropic region. Nowadays, the main treatment of DHF is supporting therapy by giving a replacement fluid. However, the number of cases and deaths due to dengue infection in Indonesia still high enough. Another solution to fix this problem is using Indonesian’s native plants which potentially has antiviral effect for dengue virus, such as guava leaf (Psidium guajava), patikan kerbau leaf (Euphorbia hirta), and betel leaf (Piper betle L.). The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the leaf extract of guava (Psidium guajava), patikan kerbau (Euphorbia hirta), and betel (Piper betle L.) as antidengue in vitro. Methods: This study was laboratory experimental research. The subject of this research was dengue virus serotype 2 strain New Guinea C (DENV2 NGC) which was infected into Huh-7 cell line. The study was held in two places, they were Virology and Biology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia and Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematic and Science, Sebelas Maret University. The study was conducted in 2 parts. First, dengue virus solution was mixed with herbal extract in well which its bottom contained Huh-7 cell monolayer to obtain percent infectivity by FFU assay. Second, Huh-7 cell monolayer was exposed to the herbal extract solution to obtain percent viability by MTT assay. The effectiveness of herbal extract was based on two criterias, there were average percent infectivity £ 20% and average percent viability > 50%. Results: The leaf extract of Psidium guajava, Euphorbia hirta, and Piper betle L. have average percent infectivity respectively: 7.4%, 65.3%, and 68.4%. While the average percent viability of them were: 88.7%, 95.3%, 96.2%. Conclusion: The leaf extract of Psidium guajava is effective as antidengue in vitro. Keywords: Psidium guajava, Euphorbia hirta, Piper betle L., dengue virus serotype 2 strain New guinea C (DENV2 NGC), Huh-7 cell
ScreeningEffectiveness of The Extract of Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata), Serai (Cymbopogon citrates) and Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) as Dengue AntiviralIn Vitro Luthfiani, Sarah; Yudhani, Ratih Dewi; Saptawati, Leli
Nexus Biomedika Vol 5, No 1 (2016): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Introduction: Dengue virus infection isone of the emergency infectious diseases in the world. Morbidity and mortality of dengue fever in Indonesia is relatively high.There is no specific therapy for dengue infection. The main treatment principle of dengue infection is supportive therapy such as replacement of body fluids. Indonesia has natural product which can be potential as an antiviral for dengue therapy, such as sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata), serai (Cymbopogon citrates) and meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.). The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of the extract of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata), serai (Cymbopogon citrates) and meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) as dengue antiviral  in vitro. Methods:This study was a laboratory experimental research using dengue virus serotype 2 strain New guinea C (DENV2 NGC) which was infected into Huh-7 cell line as the subject of the research. This researchwas conducted in 2 parts. First ,inhibition test of the extract against DENV2 was assessed by the percentage of infectivity with Focus Forming Unit assay method . Second ,toxicity test of the extracts in HuH - 7 cells was assessed by the percentage of viability by MTT assay method. Effective herbs extract as a dengue antiviral was an extract that had average percentage of infectivity£20% and average percentage of viability > 50%. Results: The extracts of sambiloto, serai, and meniranhad average percentage of infectivity: 53.8%; 114.4%; and 51.9%respectively. While the average percentage of viability were: 105.9%; 95.7%; and 98.6%respectively. Conclusion: The extracts of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata), serai (Cymbopogon citrates), and meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) were not effective as dengue antiviral in vitro. Keywords: Andrographis paniculata, Cymbopogon citrates, Phyllanthus niruri L., DENV2 NGC,HuH-7.  
Bilimbi Fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.) Extract Protects Liver from Damage Induced by Reheated Palm Oil on Mice (Mus musculus) Labibi, Muhammad Hilmy; ., Suyatmi; Afifah, Zulaika Nur
Nexus Biomedika Vol 5, No 1 (2016): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Introduction: Liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis hepatis, and fatty liver disease are serious health problem worldwide. Stress oxidative is involved in the pathogenesis of the diseases. Bilimbi fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.) contains flavonoid, triterpenoid saponin, vitamin A, and vitamin C which might protect the liver from stress oxidative. This research aimed to know the effect of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. extract on the liver damage induced by reheated palm oil on mice. Methods: This was an experimental laboratory research with the post test only controlled group design. This research used 30 male Swiss webster mice aged 2-3 months and weighed ±20 g weight divided randomly and equally into 5 groups. The normal control group (KKn) was given distilled water, the exposure group (KKp) was given reheated palm oil, and the 1st,2nd3rd treatment group (KP1, KP2, KP3) were given ethanolic extract of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. in dose 5.6 mg, 11.2 mg, and 22.4 mg respectively. The induction for liver damage was done by giving reheated palm oil afterward. These treatments were given for 14 days. Mice were sacrificed on the 15th day by neck dislocation. The liver were obtained for preparation with paraffin block method and stained with HE. The Liver damage was assessed by quantifying of necrotic cells of each 100 cells in the centrolobular zone. Data was analyzed using One-Way ANOVA test and followed by Post Hoc test (α=0,05). Results: Mean of necrotic cells for KKn, KKp, KP1, KP2, and KP3 were 5.17±1.53; 78.08±4.74; 40.33±6.34; 30.17±6.29; and 19.00±5.89 cells respectively. One-Way ANOVA test showed a significant differences of liver damage score among five groups, *p=0.000. The results of Post Hoc test also showed significant difference between pairs of all group (*p =0.000). Conclusion: Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.extract protected liver from damage induced by reheated palm oil on mice. Keywords: Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. extract, reheated palm oil, liver histological damage 
Effect of Bilimbi Fruit Extract (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) on Renal Histological Structure in Mice Induced by Reheated Palm Oil Exposure Edoryansyah, Purnomo Andimas; ., Muthmainah; Wijayanti, Lilik
Nexus Biomedika Vol 5, No 2 (2016): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Introduction: Oxidative stress has a role in various kidney diseases, such as chronic renal disease, chronic renal injury, and progresivity of renal injury. Oxidative stress can be caused by the influx of free radicals into the human body through food that fried using reheated palm oil. Bilimbi fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) contains antioxidants, such as flavonoid, saponin triterpenoid, vitamin A, and vitamin C that have the ability to neutralize free radicals. This research aimed to investigate the protective effect of bilimbi fruit extract on histological structure damage of renal cells induced by reheated palm oil and protective effect of increasing dose of bilimbi fruit extract. Methods: This was laboratory experimental research with post test only control group design. This research was done in Histology Laboratory of UNS Medical Faculty. Samples were Swiss webster mice, 2-3 months old and each weight ± 20 g. Samples were 30 mice and obtained by incidental sampling. Samples divided randomly into five groups, each group consisted of six mice. The normal control group (KKn) was given distilled water only. The negative control group (KK(-)) was given reheated palm oil only with 0,2 ml/20 g BB dose. The first treatment group (KP1), the second treatment group (KP2), the third treatment group (KP3) were given bilimbi fruit extract with the dose of 5.6 mg/20 g weight, 11.2 mg/20 g weight, 22.4 mg/20 g weight respectively and induced by reheated palm oil with 0,2 ml/20 g BB dose for 14 days. At the 15th day, mice were sacrificed then right and left kidney were taken for preparation with HE staining. Renal cells damage were identified by counting the pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis nucleus of proximal tubule cells from 50 renal cell mice. Data were analyzed with One-Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons-LSD (α=0.05). Results: There were differences in the number of damaged nucleus (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis) of proximal tubule epithelial cells between five groups and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.000). LSD test showed that there were significant differences between KKn-KK(-), KKn-KP1, KKn-KP2, KKn-KP3, KK(-)-KP1, KK(-)-KP2, KK(-)-KP3, KP1-KP2, KP1-KP3, and KP2-KP3 (p<0.05). Conclusions: Bilimbi fruit extract shows the protective effect to the histological structure damage of mice’s renal cells induced by reheated palm oil. The increasing of dose of the Bilimbi fruit extract improves the protective effect to mice’s renal cells. Keywords: Averrhoa bilimbi L., reheated palm oil, renal histological damage 
Oxonantenine Derives from Annona reticulata is a Potential Candidate of DPP-4 Inhibitor for Diabetes Therapy NITYASEWAKA, PRATHITA; INDARTO, DONO; SUSELO, YULIANA HERI
Nexus Biomedika Vol 5, No 2 (2016): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Introduction: DPP-4 inhibitor is a new diabetic drug for patients with type 2 diabetes who do not achieve normal blood glucose levels using standard drugs such as metformin, sulfonylurea, meglitinide, thiazolidinedione, and α-glucosidase inhibitor. Pharmacologically, DPP-4 inhibitor increases GLP-1 and GIP blood levels, leading to increase of insulin secretion. So far, Indonesian herbal plants have been used as an alternative therapy for diabetes but their active compounds have been unknown. The aim of this study was to identify phytochemicals derived from Indonesian herbal plants with DPP-4 inhibitor activity. Methods: This study was a bioinformatic study with a molecular docking method. Three-dimensional structure of DPP-4 was downloaded from Protein Data Bank with access code PDB 3F8S. Sitagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, was used as a standard ligand and was obtained from ZINC database with access code ZINC22007143.  HerbalDB and Pubchem databases were used to search three-dimensional structures of Indonesian phytochemicals. Before running molecular docking, all phytochemicals were selected using Lipinski’s rule of five criteria. Molecular docking of these phytochemicals with DPP-4 was performed three times using Autodock Vina 1.1.2. Results of molecular docking were visualized using PyMol 1.7 and Chimera 1.9. Result: 422 Indonesian phytochemicals were docked with DPP-4. A lower binding affinity was observed in oxonantenine, compared with sitagliptin (-8.3 vs -8.5 kcal/mol respectively). In addition, oxonantenine has as same as binding sites with sitagliptin (Glu 205 and Glu 206). Oxonantenine interacts with DPP-4 at Tyr 547 as third residue, while third residue interaction of sitagliptin and DPP-4 was at Tyr 662. Oxonantenine was found in Annona reticulata. Conclusions: Oxonantenine which is an Indonesian phytochemicals may computationally become a candidate of DPP-4 inhibitor. In vitro study is needed to verify whether or not oxonantenine can inhibit DPP-4. Keywords: DPP-4, type 2 diabetes, molecular docking, oxonantenine.
Antibacterial Test of Skin’s and Gastric Mucosa’s Extract from Frog Duttaphrynus melanostictus Against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from RSUD Dr. Moewardi Sejati, Nanda Eka Sri; ., Hudiyono; Indarto, Dono
Nexus Biomedika Vol 5, No 2 (2016): Nexus Biomedika
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Introduction : Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is  now becoming global public health  problem. Meanwhile, new antibiotics development rate is limited. Duttaphrynus melanostictus’s skin secretion was known to have antibacterial effect against some gram negative and gram positive bacterias, but cannot inhibit MRSA. This study aimed to investigate whether there is any antibacterial effects from skin’s and gastric mucosa’s extract of Duttaphrynus melanostictus against MRSA isolated from RSUD Dr. Moewardi. Methods : Antibacterial effect was tested with disc diffusion method. The extracted specimens were dorsal skin, ventral skin, and gastric mucosa. Each groups were divided into three category : 25.00 % concentration of extract, 2.50 % concentration of extract, and 1.25 % concentration of extract. Extracts were tested against MRSA from RSUD Dr. Moewardi and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923  as control. Clear zone diameter of each groups was compared with 10.00% , 1.00%, and 0.50% acetic acid and analyzed with nonparametric Mann Whitney test (α = 0.05). Results : Average of clear zone diameter from skin’s extract and gastric mucosa’s extract against MRSA from concentration 25.00%, 2.50%, 1.25%  was : ventral (35.83 ± 0.24 mm; 12.00 ± 0.16 mm; 7.08 ± 0.10 mm), dorsal (19.00 ± 0.41 mm; 7.40 ± 0.11 mm; 7.20 ± 0.04 mm),and  gastric mucosa (19.01 ± 0.41 mm; 6.08 ± 0.10 mm; 6.90 ± 0.07mm). Mann Whitney test of antibacterial effect between extract and acetic acid showed ventral skin’s extract from all groups was significantly different with p = 0.020 (25.00 % ventral skin’s extract  compared with 10.00 % acetic acid), p = 0.020 (2.50 % ventral skin’s extract compared with 1.00% acetic acid) and p = 0.019 (1.25% ventral skin’s extract compared with 0.50% acetic acid). Meanwhile, dorsal’s skin extract was significantly different in concentration 2.50% (p = 0.021) and 1.25% (p = 0.019). Gastric mucosa’s extract was significantly different in concentration 1.25% (p= 0.019). No difference of antibacterial effect from extract against both MRSA and MSSA (p = 0.974). Conclusion: Ventral skin extract from Duttaphrynus melanostictus had the most excellent antibacterial effects and was able to inhibit the growth of MRSA. Keyword : AMP, Duttaphrynnus melanostictus, MRSA, Ventral Skin 
Effects of Delayed Urinalysis on Urine Leukocytes Counts Savitri, Sheila; Ariningrum, Dian; Murti, Bhisma
Nexus Biomedika Vol 5, No 2 (2016): Nexus Biomedika
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Introduction: Urinalysis is an effective and comprehensive urine examination method. Delayed urine examination may affect the urinalysis results, which in turn may have consequences on a patient’s diagnosis and treatment. This study focuses on the effects of delayed urinalysis on the urine leukocyte counts in patients with urinary tract infection. Methods: This study used a cross sectional design. The research took place at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of RSUD Dr. Moewardi Hospital in Surakarta, in November 2015. The consecutive sampling method was used to collect 30 urine samples as for analysis. The dependent variable of this study was the urine leukocyte count at 0, 120 and 180 minutes, while the independent variable was the gap time of urinalysis. Urine sample collected from the respondents was divided into three different containers with the same amount of urine and the container was marked (0’, 120’, 180’). The urinalysis was performed according to the order of the mark on each container. This study used Sysmex UX 2000 to count the amount of urine leukocyte. The data, then, were analyzed by the Friedman test. Result: The result showed that there was no significant difference in urine leukocytes counts in delayed urinalysis, shown by the statistical calculations using the Friedman test which obtained a p value of 0.122. Urine samples were collected from 17 female respondents (57%) and 13 male respondents (43%). The age of the respondents ranged from 1 to 78 years old. The average pH of the urine samples was 6.2 with an average specific gravity of 1.012. Conclusions: There is no significant difference in urine leukocyte counts in delayed urinalysis up to 180 minute. Keywords: Delayed Urinalysis, Urine Leukocytes, Sysmex UX 2000
Profile Comparison of Patient with Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus on Blood Specimen at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Cahya, Gani Dwi; ., Marwoto; Harioputro, Dhani Redhono
Nexus Biomedika Vol 5, No 2 (2016): Nexus Biomedika
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Introduction: Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus are some of bacteria that are often found in blood specimen. Unlike Staphylococcus aureus, which is true pathogen, Staphylococcus epidermidis is known as opportunistic bacteria which actually are normal flora of human skin. Therefore, it is necessary to have comparative data that can determine whether Staphylococcus epidermidis are cause of infection or just colonization. The purpose of this research was to compare clinical profile of patients’ with Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis found in blood specimen. Methods: This study was a descriptive research using clinical epidemiology approach. The objects of the research were patients’ medical records which had been identified by blood culture with positive result of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus on 2014-July 2015. Sampling was held during November and December 2015 at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta. Sampling was done and 65 people taken from the population. The data were analyzed with frequency odds ratio. Results: During January 2014 - July 2015, it was found that 36 subjects of patients with positive Staphylococcus epidermidis (21 men, 15 women) and 29 subjects of patients with positive Staphylococcus aureus (11 men, 18 women). Staphylococcus epidermidis was mostly found in newborns dan infants, while Staphylococcus aureus was mostly found in adults and elders. The result of white blood count and neutrophil percentage showed that patients with positive Staphylococcus aureus on their blood specimen have higher value than Staphylococcus epidermidis. Vital sign showed higher mean value of body temperature on patients with positive Staphylococcus aureus on their blood specimen than Staphylococcus epidermidis. Conclusion: There were differences in the increase of body temperature, number of leukocytes, and percentage of neutrophils in patient’s profile who were exposed to Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis on blood specimens at Dr. Moewardi Hospital. Keywords: Blood Specimen, Blood Culture, Staphylococcus aureus,  Staphylococcus epidermidis
The Correlation between Inflammatory Cells Density and NF-kB Expression in Fibroinflammatory Nasal Polyps Suwignyo, Krisnawati Intan; Budiani, Dyah Ratna; Hakim, Fikar Arsyad
Nexus Biomedika Vol 5, No 2 (2016): Nexus Biomedika
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Introduction: Asian nasal polyps have more neutrophil-dominant type than European’s (>50%), the difference of histopathology feature may develope because different etiopathogenesis so they need to treat differently. NF-kB is a transcription factor that plays an important role in corticosteroid resistance mechanism in nasal polyps, while corticosteroid is the first choice of medical treatment for nasal polyps. The aim of this research was to determined the correlation between inflammatory cells density and NF-kB expression in fibroinflammatory nasal polyps. Methods: This analytic observational study had cross-sectional design which was done on 15 paraffin embedded fibroinflammatory nasal polyps tissues from patients who had their first nasal polyps surgery and fixed with buffered formalin. The blocks were taken from Anatomical Pathology Department of RSUD Dr. Moewardi and quota sampling was used to collect the samples. Each samples was stainned using hematoxylin-eosin and NF-kB immunohistochemistry technique, both inflammatory cells and NF-kB nuclear positive were counted, then analyzed using Spearman correlation. Result: Coeficient correlation (r) between lymphocytes and nuclear NF-κB in this study was 0.129 (p = 0.647), plasma cells and nuclear NF-κB was 0.404 (p = 0.135), macrophages and nuclear NF-κB was 0.367 (p = 0.178), while neutrophils and nuclear NF-κB was 0.285 (p = 0.301). Conclusions: There is no significant correlation between inflammatory cells density and NF-κB expression in fibroinflammatory nasal polyps. Key Words: nasal polyps, nuclear NF-kB, inflammatory cells 
Antifungal Activity of Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus L. rendle) Extract Against Candida albicans in vitro Utomo, Oki Saraswati; Handayani, Sutartinah Sri; Dharmawan, Ruben
Nexus Biomedika Vol 5, No 2 (2016): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Introduction: Fungal infections caused by Candida sp. called by candidiasis or candidosis. Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus L. rendle) is one of the plants that have a  potential as an alternative antifungal treatment against Candida albicans because Citronella grass has saponin, flavonoids, tannins and essential oil which has a role as an antifungal. This study aims to determine the effect of Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus L. rendle) extract as antifungal against the growth of Candida albicans in vitro. Methods: This research was a quasi experimental laboratory. The subjects in this study was subcultured of Candida albicans which was obtained from Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology of the Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. The research used 10 treatment groups, there was PEG 2% as negative control, Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus L. rendle) extract which dissolved with PEG 400M so it was obtained 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% for each concentration also ketoconazole 25 µg as positive control. The subjects were inoculated onto Saboraud Dextrose Agar which has 6 mm diameter well. The results was analyzed using One Way Anova and Post Hoc LSD. Results: All concentration levels of Citronella Grass extract showed activity against Candida albicans. The inhibition diameter increased with increasing concentrations. Extract with 100% concentration showed the highest antifungal activity even though the antfungal activity was lower than ketoconazole 25 µg. The average of inhibition diameter zone formed with concentration of 100% is 23.83 mm, meanwhile inhibition diameter zone of ketoconazole 25 µg is 27.50 mm. The results of statistical analysis using One Way Anova test showed that there are significant differences on ten treatment groups with the score p = 0.000 (p < 0.05). Negative control and positive control group also showed a significant difference in all groups. Conclusion: Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus L. rendle) extract showed antifungal effect against the growth of Candida albicans in vitro start from concentration of 30% up to 100%, but that antifungal effect still less than ketoconazole 25 µg. Keywords: Antifungal, Citronella Extract, Candida albicans. 

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