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Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Published by Kementerian Perindustrian Republik Indonesia
ISSN : 18296971     EISSN : 24604461     DOI : 10.20543
Core Subject : Engineering,
Engineering
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik (Journal of Leather, Rubber, and Plastics) publishes original research focused on materials, processes, and waste management in the field of leather, rubber, and plastics.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Tenik Industri dan Manufaktur
Articles 781 Documents
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Biodegradable plastics from linier low-density polyethylene and polysaccharide: The influence of polysaccharide and acetic acid Dwi Wahini Nurhajati; Bidhari Pidhatika; Syaiful Harjanto
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 35, No 1 (2019): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1755.602 KB) | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v35i1.4874

Abstract

Global problems associated with conventional, non-biodegradable plastics have urged the society to use more eco-friendly biodegradable plastics. In this study, linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) was co-compounded with cassava-based thermoplastic starch (TPS) to prepare biodegradable plastics (i.e. plastics that can be degraded by microbes), in which three different LLDPE/TPS ratios were studied. Acetic acid was used to hydrolyze the polysaccharides by breaking the branched amylopectin that causes the TPS-containing composites brittle and stiff. The biodegradation properties of the LLDPE/TPS composites were determined by observing the level of microbial growth on the sample surface after incubation with potato dextrose agar medium that was inoculated with Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus niger. Burial test in a humid composting medium was also performed to validate the biodegradation properties. The mass change (%) was calculated in relative to the initial mass before burial test. The physical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) of the bioplastics were determined using universal testing machine before and after burial treatment. The morphology of the sample surface was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the microbial growth increases with increasing TPS content. Negative mass changes were observed on all samples that contain TPS, with increase in the magnitude with increasing TPS content.  The tensile strength tends to increase in the first 28 days of burial period in a composting medium then decreases and plateaus, while the elongation at break decreases with increasing burial period. Moreover, samples that contain acetic acid showed less microbial attachment and less biodegradation compared to samples that does not contain acetic acid.
Pengaruh sistem vulkanisasi konvensional (CV) dan semi efisien (SEV) terhadap sifat aging dan termal vulkanisat campuran karet alam dan karet butil Arum Yuniari; Muhammad Sholeh; Ihda Novia Indrajati
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 31, No 2 (2015): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (105.332 KB) | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v31i2.173

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of CV and SEV curing systems on aging and thermal properties of natural rubber and butyl rubber blends. The mixing of rubber and rubber chemicals using two roll-mills and the vulcanization process was carried out by the hydraulic press at 160° C and 150 kg/cm2. The research design used two variations; first, the CV curing system (accelerator/sulfur) (1.0/2.5) phr and SEV curing system (accelerator/sulfur) (2.1/1.5) phr, second, the ratio of natural rubber/butyl: 100/0; 95/5; 90/10; 85/15; 80/20; 75/25; 70/30; 65/35; 60/40 and 55/45 phr. The parameter observed were tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness before and after aging and thermal properties, e.g.TG/DTA and DSC. The results showed that CV curing systems provided tensile, elongation at break properties gave higher quality and better aging properties. TG/DTA analysis of vulcanizates processed with CV curing systems provided slightly better thermal stability than of the SEV curing system.Keywords: natural rubber, butyl rubber, curing, CV, SEV, aging, thermal.ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh sistem vulkanisasi CV dan SEV terhadap sifat aging dan termal campuran karet alam dan karet butil. Pencampuran karet dan bahan kimia karet dilakukan mengunakan mesin two roll mil dan proses vulkanisasi dilakukan dengan mesin hydraulic press pada suhu 160ºC dan tekanan 150 kg/cm2. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan 2 variasi. Variasi pertama sistem vulkanisasi CV (akselerator/sulfur) (1,0/2,5) phr dan sistem vulkanisasi SEV (akselerator/sulfur) (2,1/1,5) phr. Variasi kedua adalah perbandingan karet alam/butil: 100/0; 95/5; 90/10; 85/15; 80/20; 75/25; 70/30; 65/35; 60/40 dan 55/45 phr. Pengujian yang diamati adalah tegangan putus, perpanjangan putus, kekerasan sebelum dan sesudah aging serta sifat termal: DTA/TGA dan DSC. Hasil uji menunjukkan vulkanisat yang diproses dengan sistem vulkanisasi CV mempunyai sifat tegangan putus, perpanjangan putus lebih tinggi dan sifat aging lebih baik. Analisa DTA/TGA vulkanisat yang diproses dengan sistem vulkanisasi CV memberikan stabilitas termal sedikit lebih baik dari pada sistem vulkanisasi SEV.Kata kunci: karet alam, karet butil, vulkanisasi, CV, SEV, aging, termal.
Sifat fisik, kimia, dan morfologik kulit jaket kambing tersamak menggunakan krom hasil recovery air limbah penyamakan Sri Sutyasmi
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 31, No 2 (2015): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v31i2.176

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to recover chrome in tanning waste water to reduce environmental pollution and to utilize chrome as tanning agent. Chrome in tanning waste water leaching out of the drum was filtered and put in the tank and subsequently it was added with NaOH to generate chrome hydroxide. Furthermore, chrome hydroxide was converted to chrome sulfate as tanning agent by addition of concentred sulfuric acid. Cr2O3 content of chrome sulfate was determined before being used for tanning. The result showed that Cr2O3 content was 3958.6 mg/l. Variation of recovered chrome sulfate concentrations for tanning jacket leather were 25, 50, 75 and 100% respectively. Controls were made with the use of 100% of industrial grade chrome sulfate. The best result were goat jacket leather tanned with recovered chrome of 75 and 100 % for its physical properties and 25% for its chemical properties. Test results of SEM showed that chrome was morphologically presence in tanned goat leather mass.Keywords: tanning, jackets leather, chrome recovery, physical and chemical properties, leather morphology.ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengambil kembali krom dalam air limbah penyamakan krom untuk mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan dan menghemat pembelian puder krom sebagai bahan penyamak krom. Air limbah penyamakan krom yang keluar dari drum, disaring dan dimasukkan dalam tangki dan ditambah NaOH untuk diendapkan menjadi krom hidroksida. Selanjutnya krom hidroksida dialirkan ke tangki yang lain dan ditambahkan asam sulfat pekat menjadi krom sulfat yang digunakan untuk menyamak. Hasil diuji kadar Cr2O3 terlebih dahulu sebelum digunakan untuk menyamak. Hasil uji kadar Cr2O3 adalah rata-rata sebesar 3958,6 mg/l. Variasi konsentrasi krom sulfat hasil recovery untuk penyamakan kulit jaket berturut-turut 25, 50, 75, dan 100%. Krom sulfat pasaran dengan konsentrasi 100% digunakan sebagai kontrol. Hasil uji sifat fisis kulit jaket kambing terbaik adalah konsentrasi krom berturut-turut 75 dan 100 % dan untuk sifat kimia kulit jaket terbaik 25 % yang disamak dengan krom sulfat hasil recovery. Hasil uji SEM menunjukkan bahwa secara morfologi krom dijumpai dalam kulit tersamak.Kata kunci: penyamakan, kulit jaket, chrome recovery, sifat fisik dan kimia, morfologi kulit.
The preparation of dual-functional hydrogel as the surface coating of plastics in biomedical applications Nan Zhao; Bidhari Pidhatika
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 35, No 2 (2019): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v35i2.5604

Abstract

Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOXA) is among polymers that have been reported to show anti-adhesive (bio-passive) behavior in numerous biomaterial applications. This work aimed to develop dual-functional hydrogel coatings, with PEOXA as hydrophilic polymer and benzophenone as cross-linker. PEOXA was partially hydrolyzed in acidic conditions to form PEOXA-m% EI that contains ethyleneimine (EI) groups. The EI groups were used as conjugation sites for incorporation of benzophenone (BP) molecules to PEOXA chains to form PEOXA-m% EIBP. Thin films of surface-attached polymer networks were generated from PEOXA-m% EIBP copolymers composed of PEOXA as platform and benzophenone as crosslinker units. The polymer became crosslinked through benzophenone units and forms a hydrogel as biopassive platform during irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light. Laminin was incorporated into biopassive polymer network to allow for preparation of dual-functional hydrogel. NMR spectra indicated successful control of PEOXA partial hydrolysis and conjugation of benzophenone molecules to PEOXA chains. Ellipsometry and ATR-FTIR results showed that wavelength of UV light during C, H-insertion reaction influences stability of polymer network (hydrogel) on the substrate surface. XPS spectra verified that a stable film could be generated using suitable UV light during preparation of polymer network. Cell culture study on laminin/PEOXA-coated PMAA plastics showed dual-functional properties.
Rancang bangun perekayasaan pabrik kantong plastik untuk pembibitan Niken Karsiati
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 8, No 15 (1992): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v8i15.495

Abstract

The aim of this research is to find out process of production and the relation between cost, sell price and percentage of break even point.Production of capacity planned is 960 kg per day, so that in one a year with 288 work day the capacity produced is 276.480 kg of polybag. Manufacturer works for 24 hours a day. The economical calculation are as follows : the total capital is fixed capacital + working capital = Rp. 609,608,534.00, the total production cost is variable cos a year + fixed cost a year = Rp. 946,054,322.00; the manufacturing cost = Rp. 3,425.00 / kg, the profit calculation before taxing is Rp. 170,233,678.00, after taxing is Rp. 136,186,942.40; the capital (rate of return) before taxing is 27.92%, after taxing is 22.34 % and the pay out period before taxing 3 year 1 month, after taxing is 3 year 8 months the break even calculation consists of the break even point is Rp.620,120,313.00, the percentage of break even point is 56.07% and the capacity of break even point is 155 ton polybag. INTISARI Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses produksi dan hubungan antara biaya, harga jual dan persentase batas rugi laba. Kapasitas produksi direncanakan sebesar 960 kg per hari, sehingga dalam 1 tahun dengan 288 hari kerja kapasitas yang dihasilkan 276.480 kg kantong plastik. Satu hari pabrik bekerja selama 24 jam. Dari perhitungan analisa ekonomi diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut : total modal yang terdiri dari modal tetap dan modal kerja = Rp. 609.608.534,00, biaya produksi yang terdiri dari biaya tidak tetap 1 tahun dan biaya tetap 1 tahun = Rp. 946.054.322,00 Harga Pokok Produksi = Rp. 3.425,00/ kg. keuntungan sebelum pajak Rp. 170.233.678,00 sesudah pajak Rp.136.186.942,40. Keuntungan pengembalian modal sebelm pajak = 27,92% sesudah pajak 22,34% dan waktu pengembalian modal sebelum pajak = 3 tahun 1 bulan, sesudah pajak 3 tahun 8 bulan. Perhitungan nilai batas rugi laba = Rp.620.120.313,00 dan persentase batas rugi laba = 56,07% serta kapasitas batas rugi laba = 155 ton. 
Pengaruh pemlastis nabati terhadap sifat elastomer termoplastik berbasis campuran karet alam/poli propilena Dwi Wahini Nurhajati; Supraptiningsih Supraptiningsih; Nursamsi Sarengat
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 31, No 2 (2015): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v31i2.506

Abstract

Vegetable plasticizer is a plasticizer that is derived from renewable raw materials, that are used as an alternative to petroleum-based plasticizer. The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of the vegetable and  plasticizer with petroleum plasticizers on the mechanical properties of (Thermoplastic Elastomer) TPE. Vegetable plasticizer used in this study is a modified castor oil. Natural rubber/polypropylene (KA/PP) based TPE was made in an internal mixer at a temperature of 180ºC with a variousvarious ratio KA/PP ratio and type of plasticizer. In general, modified castor oil as a plasticizer has a more positive effect on the mechanical properties of TPE in various ratios of KA/PP, is mainly related to improvement of properties of tensile strength, elongation at break and flexing resistance 100 kcs. The best formula of TPE is a TPE that is composed of KA/PP 60/40 using modified castor oil. XRD results showed that TPE is dominated by amorphous phase.Keywords: castor oil, natural rubber, polypropylene, TPE.ABSTRAK  Pemlastis nabati merupakan pemlastis yang berasal dari bahan baku yang terbarukan yang digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk pemlastis berbasis minyak bumi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membandingkan pengaruh pemlastis nabati dengan pemlastis dari minyak bumi terhadap sifat mekanik elastomer termoplastik. Pemlastis nabati yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah minyak jarak yang telah dimodifikasi. TPE berbasis campuran kompon karet alam (KA)/poli propilena (PP) dibuat di dalam internal mikser pada suhu 180°C dengan variasi perbandingan KA/PP dan jenis pemlastis. Secara umum minyak jarak termodifikasi sebagai pemlastis mempunyai pengaruh yang lebih positif terhadap sifat fisis TPE pada berbagai rasio KA/PP terutama terkait perbaikan sifat kuat tarik, perpanjangan putus dan ketahanan retak lentur. Formula TPE terbaik adalah TPE yang dikomposisi dari KA/PP pada rasio KA/PP 60/40 menggunakan pemlastis minyak jarak. Hasil XRD memperlihatkan bahwa TPE hasil penelitian didominasi fasa amorf. Kata kunci: karet alam, minyak jarak, poli propilena, TPE
Kekuatan fisik kulit kaki ayam pedaging samak nabati ditinjau dari perbedaan lama penyimpanan dengan garam kristal V Sri Pertiwi Rumiyati
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 9, No 18 (1994): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v9i18.417

Abstract

The aim of this research was to identify physical strength (tensile strength, elongation at break and tear strength) of shank skin leather which had been painted salt for 12 weeks. Raw materials used in this research were shank skins taken from Glagah. Yogyakarta, while 60 – 70 sides of skins were used for each treatment. 250% salt calculated from the weight of the skins was painted on the flesh sides, the were then preserved in 0; 2; 4; 6; 8; 10 and 12 weeks, followed by vegetable tanning process. A 5 sides of speciment was taken randomly from every treatment for tensile strength and elongation at break tests, while 4 sides of them was taken randomly from every treatment for tear strength test. The test result of tensile strength, elongation at break and tear strength of skins preserved for 12 weeks were successively 113,558 kg/cm2; 66% and 17.745 kg/cm. Compare to SNI 0250-89-A, tensile strength and elongation at break still comformed the requiment stated. Data analyse used in this study was Complete Random Design (CRD) and the data showed that there were not significant difference. It has practical meaning that the use of crystal salt 250% from the weight of shank skins for 2 weeks preservation will produce good quality leather viewed from their physical strength.  INTISARI Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kekuatan fisik (kekuatan tarik, kemuluran dan kekuatan sobek) kulit kaki ayam pedaging dengan pengulasan garam Kristal sampai 12 minggu. Materi penelitian diambil dari pemotong aam pedaging di Kampung Glagah, Yogyakarta sejumlah 60-70 lembar setiap perlakuan. Garam yang digunakan sebesar 250% dari berat kulit dengan cara diulaskan pada bagian daging. Lama penyimpanan 0; 2; 4; 6; 8; 10 dan 12 minggu, kemudian diproses dalam satu kali proses dengan bahan penyamak nabati. Contoh uji diambil secara acak 5 (lima) lembar per perlakuan untuk uji kekuatan tari dan kemuluran sedang untuk uji kekuatan sobek 4 (empat) lembar per perlakuan. Hasil uji kekuatan tarik, kemuluran dan kekuatan sobek pada penyimpanan sampai 12 minggu berturut-turut sebesar 113,558 Kg/cm2, 66% dan 17,745 Kg/cm. Hasil uji kekuatan tarik dan kemuluran tersebut bila dibandingkan dengan SNI 0250-89-A, masih memenuhi persyaratan. Analisis data menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (CRD), hasilnya terhadap semua uji tidak ada perbedaan nyata. Arti praktisnya adalah penggunaan garam Kristal sebanyak 250% dari berat kulit kaki ayam pada penyimpangan kulit sampai 12 minggu kekuatan fisik kulit tersebut masih baik.
Extraction of fat/oil from fleshing by-product using a wet rendering process and combination with organic solvents Sugihartono Sugihartono; Dona Rahmawati; Ageng Priatni; Efa Radnawati
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 35, No 1 (2019): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v35i1.4629

Abstract

The extraction of fat/oil from fleshing by-products using moist heating (boiled and steamed) produces a fat that contains large amounts of impurities and which is bluish color, whereas when using fatty solvents, it is necessary to dry the ingredients. The purpose of this study was to determine the fat/oil characteristics from fleshing by-products extracted using a combination of wet rendering (temperatures of 80, 90 and 100 °C, and times 1, 2 and 3 hours) with n-hexane. The combined treatment of wet rendering (temperature 90 °C and duration 2 hours) with n-hexane gave rise to the production of fat with the highest yield (11.10% w/w). The higher the temperature and the longer the wet rendering process, results in fat with higher levels of free fatty acid and the saponification value, but the lower the number of peroxides and the darker the color. The fats/oils consist of 37 fatty acid compounds, composed of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. There are six very present fatty acid compounds, namely butyric acid methyl ester, tetradecanoic acid methyl ester, cis-10-pentadecanoic acid methyl ester, palmitoleic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid methyl ester and trans-9-elaidic acid methyl ester.
Studi pelapisan logam pada produk-produk plastik Dwi Wahini Nurhajati
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 8, No 15 (1992): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v8i15.491

Abstract

The most popular technique for the metalic finishing of plastic are electroplating and vacuum metallizing. Electroplating for plastics is a surface coating process with metal in the electrolyte cell, where the role of plastic is as a catode, and metal as an anode. Vacuum metallizing for plastics is a process in which plastics surfaces are thinly coated with metal by exposing them to the vapor of metal that has been evaporated under vacumm. INTISARI  Teknik untuk melapis plastik dengan logam yang banyak digunakan adalah lapis listrik (“electroplating”) dan secara vacum (“vacuum metallizing”). Teknik lapis listrik adalah proses pelapisan permukaan plastik dengan logam didalam sel elektrolit, dimana plastik yang akan dilapisi bertindak sebagai katoda dan logam yang dilapiskan berperan sebagai anoda. Sedangkan teknik pelapisan plastik dengan logam secara vacum adalah proses pelapisan permukaan yang berlangsung didalam sebuah “vacuum chamber”, dimana logam diubah menjadi uap logam karena panas dalam kondisi vakum. 
Determination of vulcanization rate constant, crosslink density, and free sulfur content on carbon black flled EPDM Ike Setyorini; Arum Yuniari
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 33, No 2 (2017): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v33i2.3345

Abstract

Different ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) composite with the carbon black (CB) variation of 50, 60, and 70 phr (per hundred rubbers) is compounded by using an efcient (EV), semi-efcient (SEV), and conventional (CV) sulfur vulcanization systems. This research aims to investigate the effect of vulcanization systems and carbon black content on the vulcanization rate constant, the crosslink density, and the free sulfur content. This research shows the EV system resulting in the fastest vulcanization rate constant (0.0191/second), the lowest overallcrosslink density (0.0022 mol.cm-3), and the highest percentage of free sulfur content in the EPDM vulcanization (0.40 %). The CV system provides the slowest vulcanization rate constant (0.0061/second) and the highest overall crosslink density (0.0034 mol/cm-3). The percentage of free sulfur content in the EPDM vulcanization of CV system is between EV and SEV systems. The SEV system provides the vulcanization with the characteristic of vulcanization rate constant and overall crosslink density between EV and CV systems as well as provides the lowest percentage of free sulfur content (0.29 %). The higher carbon black loading in each vulcanization systems means the lower rate constant of vulcanization and the higher overall crosslink density.

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Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 5, No 9 (1990): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 5, No 9 (1990): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 4, No 8 (1989): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 4, No 8 (1989): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 3, No 7 (1988): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 3, No 7 (1988): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 3, No 6 (1988): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 3, No 6 (1988): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 2, No 5 (1987): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 2, No 5 (1987): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 2, No 3-4 (1986): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 2, No 3-4 (1986): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 1, No 2 (1984): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 1, No 2 (1984): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 1, No 1 (1984): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 1, No 1 (1984): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan 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