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Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Research Published by Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang Jl Prof. Dr. Hamka Kampus III Ngaliyan Semarang 50185 Website: https://journal.walisongo.ac.id/index.php/JNSMR Email:jnsmr@walisongo.ac.id
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Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Research
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
ISSN : 26146487     EISSN : 24604453     DOI : https://doi.org/10.21580/jnsmr
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Materials Science & Nanotechnology Physics
Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Research, an international journal, provides a forum for publishing the original research articles, review articles from contributors, and the novel technology news related to natural sciences and mathematics research. Scientific articles dealing with fundamental sciences, material sciences, mathematics, materials characterization, etc. are particularly welcome. The journal encompasses research articles, original research report, reviews, short communications and scientific commentaries in fundamental sciences and mathematics including: fundamental sciences, fundamental physics, fundamental chemistry, fundamental biology, mathematics, applied sciences, applied physics, applied chemistry,applied biology,applied mathematics and materials characterization.
Arjuna Subject : Umum - Umum
Articles 8 Documents
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Search results for , issue "vol. 12 no. 1 (2026): june" : 8 Documents clear
In Vivo validation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Acalypha indica leaf extract in an Aluminum Chloride-Induced Alzheimer's Disease mouse model Lisa Savitri; Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo; Rochmad Krissanjaya
Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Research Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/jnsmr.v12i1.30610

Abstract

Neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer’s disease, are closely associated with cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative stress. A. indica L. is a medicinal plant traditionally used for neurological disorders and has been reported to contain phytochemicals with potential acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of A. indica in a scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment model. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6): normal control, scopolamine control, donepezil-treated, and two extract-treated groups (100 and 300 mg/kg body weight). Animals received oral treatment for 14 days, and cognitive impairment was induced by scopolamine (1 mg/kg). Spatial learning and memory were assessed using the Morris Water Maze test, followed by biochemical and histopathological analyses. Scopolamine significantly impaired cognitive performance, increasing escape latency from 21.4 ± 3.2 s to 45.8 ± 5.6 s and reducing time spent in the target quadrant from 32.6 ± 4.1 s to 14.3 ± 2.8 s (p < 0.05). Treatment with A. indica extract at 300 mg/kg significantly improved cognitive performance, reducing escape latency to 26.2 ± 3.5 s and increasing target quadrant retention time to 29.4 ± 3.9 s (p < 0.05 versus scopolamine). The extract also reduced brain AChE activity from 1.78 ± 0.19 to 1.02 ± 0.12 μmol/min/mg protein, decreased malondialdehyde levels from 3.11 ± 0.34 to 1.48 ± 0.21 nmol/mg protein, and increased superoxide dismutase activity from 4.02 ± 0.51 to 7.98 ± 0.71 U/mg protein (all p < 0.05). Histopathological examination demonstrated preservation of hippocampal neuronal architecture in extract-treated animals. The neuroprotective effects of the high-dose extract were comparable to those of donepezil. These findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of A. indica exerts significant neuroprotective effects through cholinergic modulation and antioxidant mechanisms, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic candidate for the management of neurodegenerative disorders.
Forecasting boarding passenger volume at PT KAI Daop 5 Purwokerto using SARIMA and LSTM Fajar Tri Wahyuni; Atika Ratna Dewi
Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Research Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/jnsmr.v12i1.30880

Abstract

Railway transportation plays a vital role in supporting public mobility, requiring accurate passenger demand forecasting to assist operational planning, particularly during seasonal peak periods. This study aims to apply and compare the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models for daily passenger boarding volume forecasting at PT Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI) Daop 5 Purwokerto. The dataset consists of daily passenger boarding records from January 1, 2023, to July 15, 2025, treated as a time series. For the SARIMA model, data preprocessing included log transformation, differencing, and seasonal differencing to achieve stationarity. Meanwhile, the LSTM model employed data normalization and sequence construction to capture nonlinear temporal dependencies. The experimental results show that the best SARIMA configuration is SARIMA(3,1,3)(0,1,1)7, while the optimal LSTM architecture uses a window size of 30 with two hidden layers of 64 and 32 units trained for 50 epochs. Performance evaluation on the test data indicates that the LSTM model outperforms SARIMA, achieving lower error values (RMSE = 2632.94; MAPE = 13.2%) compared to SARIMA (RMSE = 3399.48; MAPE = 17.9%). These findings indicate that, in this case study, the LSTM model achieved better forecasting performance than the SARIMA model on the selected hold-out test dataset (882 training observations and 45 testing observations). The obtained MAPE of 13.2% indicates good forecasting accuracy according to the adopted accuracy scale, suggesting that LSTM is a promising approach for supporting passenger demand forecasting at PT KAI Daop 5 Purwokerto.
Seismic activity parameters (seismicity index, annual probability, and recurrence time) estimated for the M ≥ 4.0 earthquakes in East Kolaka, Indonesia Imanuela Indah Pertiwi; Marniati; Joshua Purba; Trismahargyono
Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Research Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/jnsmr.v12i1.30899

Abstract

The M 4.9 magnitude earthquake in East Kolaka, Indonesia, that occurred on Friday, 24 January 2025, was followed by a series of other earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from M 1.2 to M 5.1. The distribution of epicenters of the earthquake series that occurred in the East Kolaka region forms a single line of convergence. Seismic activity parameters were estimated using the Maximum Likelihood method, as implemented in the ZMap 7.1 program. Using the BMKG earthquake event catalogue for the period 2021–March 2025, the a-value for the East Kolaka region—specifically at coordinates 3.9512 °S 121.685°E to 4.1625°S 121.905°E, is 4.894, indicating that annual seismic activity in that area is quite high, while the Mc value is 2.4, indicating that the frequency of earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 2.4 (M>2.4) will weaken or decrease. The seismicity index values for earthquakes with M≥4.0 are higher than those for other large-magnitude categories and decrease as magnitude increases. The probability of large-scale earthquakes in this region decreases with increasing magnitude, whether over a 1-year or a 5-year period. The M≥4.0 magnitude earthquake also has a shorter recurrence interval than other large-magnitude categories. The presence of a new active fault in the East Kolaka region, triggered by the composition of the rock strata—which consist largely of metamorphic rock—is one of the reasons for the high number of earthquakes in the area. The earthquakes that occurred in the East Kolaka region between April and October 2025 correspond to a high b-value (1.01 to 1.23), indicating that many small-magnitude earthquakes occurred and that large-magnitude earthquakes are not expected in the near future. This real-world frequency aligns perfectly with the high b-value and probability estimates derived in this study, confirming that the region is currently characterized by frequent small-scale energy releases rather than catastrophic ruptures.
Response surface optimization and characterization of protein concentrate fraction from Cocoa Bean shell (Theobroma cacao L.) waste with evaluation of its antioxidant activity Syafrika Nurlia; Hariyanti; Supandi; Alda Ria Oktavian; Rizky Arcinthya Rachmania
Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Research Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/jnsmr.v12i1.30987

Abstract

Cocoa bean shell (Theobroma cacao L.) waste is an underutilized agro-industrial by-product with potential as an alternative plant-based protein source. This study aimed to optimize the extraction of a protein concentrate fraction from cocoa bean shell (CBS) waste using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and to evaluate its chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity. Protein extraction was performed by alkaline maceration with magnetic stirring varying pH, extraction time, and solvent-to-solid ratio. Optimization was conducted using a Box–Behnken Design (BBD). The quadratic regression model adequately described the experimental data, with an Adjusted R² of 0.9490 and a Predicted R² of 0.9549, while the lack of fit was not significant (p > 0.05). Among the extraction variables, pH showed the most significant effect on protein recovery (p < 0.0001). The optimum conditions were pH 12, extraction time of 90 min, and solvent-to-solid ratio of 0.104 g/mL, resulting in a predicted recovery yield of 1.33% with a desirability value of 0.996. Although the recovery yield was relatively low, the optimized conditions provide baseline information for future process improvement. The resulting protein concentrate fraction contained 1.30 ± 0.11 % yield, 13.67 ± 0.42% protein, 5.98 ± 0.31% ash, 1.88 ± 0.03% fat, and 5.30 ± 0.28% moisture content. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed five protein bands ranging from 15–78 kDa, while FTIR analysis confirmed characteristic protein functional groups and phenolic compounds. The major amino acids identified were tyrosine (6.31 mg/g), glutamate (1.72 mg/g), and aspartic acid (1.68 mg/g). Antioxidant activity was relatively weak, with IC₅₀ values of 1020.38 ± 19.53 ppm and 1820.68 ± 39.12 ppm in the DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. These findings indicate that CBS waste has potential as a sustainable source of protein-rich ingredients. However, further process intensification and post-extraction modification are required to improve protein recovery and functional properties.
Microwave-assisted extraction of gelatin from Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) scales: effect of extraction time and quality evaluation Hariyanti; Ida Wati; Ari Widayanti
Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Research Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/jnsmr.v12i1.31475

Abstract

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) has economic value and is highly sought after in Indonesia. One of the by-products of barramundi is its scales, which are used to make gelatin products. Gelatin production can be increased by exploring alternative extraction processes that use environmentally friendly green technologies, such as microwave processing. This study aims to determine the effect of microwave extraction time on gelatin production from barramundi and to compare the evaluation results with those of standard gelatin per SNI and GMIA. The method in this study was an experiment with three extraction-time treatments (10, 20, and 30 minutes) to determine gelatin product yields and characterize the products. Results showed that curing time significantly affected yield, water content, ash content, and Zn content (P < 0.05), but did not significantly affect viscosity, pH, or Cu content (P > 0.05). Variations in extraction time indicate that it affects gelatin quality, including yield, organoleptic water content, ash content, pH, viscosity, and Cu and Zn levels. Gelatin with a microwave extraction time of 30 minutes produced the highest amount, namely 11.68 ±0.02%, with a water content of 12.77±0.01%, ash content of 2.16±0.15%, pH of 5.44±0.05, viscosity of 3.51±0.04  cps, and Cu and Zn metal content of 8.61 ±0.04 mg/Kg and 4.61±0.13 mg/Kg, respectively. The characterization results were based on SNI and GMIA standards. The FTIR results for gelatin also showed compliance. This study concluded that extracting gelatin from barramundi fish scales with lime juice in a microwave for 30 minutes is a promising method for obtaining alternative halal gelatin raw materials.
A country-level k-Means Clustering of stress and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic Stella Mediana Manalu; Sarini Abdullah
Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Research Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/jnsmr.v12i1.31506

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially increased psychological stress worldwide, making it important to understand how countries differ in their coping strategies. Previous cross-national studies have primarily relied on descriptive or regression-based analyses, which are limited in identifying latent national coping-stress profiles based on multiple coping behaviours. To address this limitation, this study applies K-Means clustering to identify groups of countries with similar stress and coping characteristics. The analysis was conducted using aggregated country-level data from the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey. The final dataset consisted of 25 countries. For the clustering analysis, each country was represented using 19 features, consisting of the mean values of 16 coping 16 coping strategies and the proportions of respondents in the low, moderate, and high stress categories. The optimal number of clusters was determined using the elbow method dan supported by the silhouette coefficient, resulting in a four-cluster solution. Four distinct national coping-stress profiles were identified. Cluster 1 (Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Japan) exhibited balanced stress levels with moderate engagement in social dan recreational coping activities. Cluster 2 (Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Mexico, Poland, Turkey, United States) recorded the highest stress levels and was characterised by intensive social interaction and entertainment-based coping. Cluster 3 (nine European countries) exhibited the lowest stress levels and predominantly relied on institutional trust and government information, Cluster 4 (Indonesia, Kosovo, Portugal, Taiwan) showed moderate stress levels and was characterised by greater adherence to government-related information, entertainment-based coping, and the highest use of religious or spiritual coping. These findings demonstrate that K-Means clustering provides a useful approach for identifying cross-national stress-coping profiles that may not be evident through conventional statistical analyses. The identified clusters offer insights into variations in coping behaviours across countries and may support the development of more context-specific mental health interventions.
In silico physicochemical and drug-likeness assessment of Indoloquinoxaline Derivatives as potential Anti-Alzheimer Agents Noor Dienna Annisha; Alfa Zihni Adzaky; David Ardiansyah; Annisa Ananda; Muhammad Zulqurnain
Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Research Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/jnsmr.v12i1.32090

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a major progressive neurodegenerative disorder with limited therapeutic efficacy, primarily targeting acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with significant challenges related to Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) penetration. This study aimed to perform drug likeness screening, ADMET profiling, and BBB penetration prediction of indoloquinoxaline derivatives as potential CNS-active anti-Alzheimer candidates using SwissADME as the sole computational platform. A total of 36 compounds, comprising 31 indoloquinoxaline derivatives and five reference anti-Alzheimer drugs, were analyzed in silico using five pharmacokinetic filters (Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge), followed by lipophilicity assessment (Consensus LogP range: 2.59–5.39), molecular weight, rotatable bonds, hydrogen bonding, and medicinal chemistry evaluations. All 36 compounds fulfilled Lipinski and Veber criteria with 100% compliance, while Ghose, Egan, and Muegge filters identified 3, 2, and 8 violations, respectively, predominantly attributable to excessive lipophilicity in substituents such as –CF₃ and tert-butyl groups. The investigated compounds exhibited CNS-compatible MW (219.24–400.52 Da), LogP (2.88–4.95 for the majority), and TPSA (30.71–54.50 Ų) profiles. A total of 29 out of 31 synthesized compounds (93.5%) were predicted as BBB-permeant. In addition, all candidates showed zero PAINS alerts and predominantly zero Brenk alerts, indicating favorable medicinal chemistry characteristics and low risk of nonspecific bioassay interference. Several compounds demonstrated physicochemical properties comparable to clinically approved anti-Alzheimer drugs (donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine), suggesting promising potential for further AChE-targeted CNS drug development.
Characterization of microbiological quality and physico-chemical parameters of clean water in primary healthcare facilities within the Kalideres District Zulpriadi; Haerul Anwar; Faisal M. Jasin; Atila Sonmax; Julfanih
Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Research Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/jnsmr.v12i1.32454

Abstract

The availability of clean water that meets quality standards in primary healthcare facilities is a fundamental requirement to prevent nosocomial infections and ensure patient safety. This study aims to characterize the microbiological quality and physico-chemical parameters of clean water within the Kalideres Community Health Center (Puskesmas) and its supporting units, based on the standards of the Minister of Health Regulation Number 2 of 2023. Water sampling and testing across 11 locations were conducted using the aseptic grab sampling method, in compliance with a combination of international ISO standards, Indonesian National Standards (SNI), APHA Standard Methods, and the laboratory's internal Work Instructions (IK). The results indicate significant water quality degradation, particularly regarding microbiological parameters, where locations such as the Pegadungan 1 Supporting Health Center (Pustu) exhibited Total Coliform levels exceeding >1000 colonies/100ml, and the Kalideres Community Health Center unit was found to be contaminated with both Total Coliform and E. coli at concentrations surpassing >1000 colonies/100ml. Physical parameters showed critical values for turbidity at Pustu Kamal 2, reaching 19.10 NTU, which far exceeds the 3 NTU regulatory limit. Chemically, Manganese (Mn) concentrations were detected exceeding the 0.1 mg/L threshold at Pustu Pegadungan 4 (0.2455 mg/L) and Pustu Pegadungan 2 (0.1227 mg/L). In conclusion, the water quality in the majority of primary healthcare facilities in the Kalideres region is in a concerning state due to massive bacteriological contamination and non-compliance with several physico-chemical parameters. This situation underscores the urgent need for technical interventions, including the implementation of water treatment systems and more rigorous disinfection protocols, to mitigate health risks for both medical staff and the general public.

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