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Masrianih Masrianih
Tadulako University
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Flour Addition on Iron (Fe) and Vitamin A Levels of Crackers as a Healthy Snack Suriyanti Suriyanti; Abd Hakim Laenggeng; Musdalifah Nurdin; Masrianih Masrianih; I Nengah Kundera; Yulia Windarsih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1213-1221

Abstract

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf crackers are an innovative food product that can be utilized as a nutritious snack. Moringa is widely recognized as a superfood due to its high nutritional value, including proteins, vitamins, and minerals that provide various health benefits. In the context of improving community dietary patterns, these crackers may serve as a healthier snack alternative. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera leaf supplementation in increasing the iron (Fe) and vitamin A contents of crackers as a healthy snack alternative. The analyses were conducted using a spectrophotometric method with standard calibration curves to determine iron and vitamin A concentrations. The treatments consisted of different concentrations of Moringa leaf powder: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. The results showed that the addition of Moringa leaf powder significantly increased the iron content, from 0.67 mg/100 g in the control treatment to 3.05 mg/100 g at the highest concentration. Vitamin A content also increased with increasing levels of Moringa leaf supplementation, although the trend was not entirely linear due to the effects of processing on compound stability. The standard calibration curves demonstrated a linear relationship between concentration and absorbance, indicating that the analytical method was valid. These findings suggest that the incorporation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder effectively enhances the nutritional quality of crackers, particularly in terms of iron and vitamin A content, making them a promising healthy snack option.
Nest Associated Mites (Acari: Winterschmidtiidae) of Stingless Bee Tetragonula fuscobalteata in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia Nurly Maftukhah; I Made Budiarsa; Manap Trianto; Masrianih Masrianih; Rafiqah Rafiqah; Fatmah Dhafir
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1265-1271

Abstract

Stingless bees are essential pollinators in tropical ecosystems and play an important role in sustaining biodiversity and agricultural productivity. In Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, Tetragonula fuscobalteata is widely cultivated in small-scale meliponiculture systems. However, information regarding mites associated with its nests remains limited. This study aimed to identify and describe nest-associated mites found in T. fuscobalteata colonies. The research was conducted in Dolago Village, Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi. Nest samples were collected from five active colonies. Mites were observed under a stereo microscope, collected using a fine brush, and mounted on slides with polyvinyl alcohol. Identification was based on morphological characteristics using standard taxonomic keys, and morphometric measurements were obtained using Image Raster 3.0. All specimens were identified as deutonymphs of the genus Saproglyphus (Acari: Winterschmidtiidae). Mites were found in storage pots and cerumen structures but were absent from brood cells. The deutonymphs exhibited a well-developed sucker plate, reduced chelicerae, and fused coxae III, indicating phoretic adaptation. The mean body length was 192.72 ± 22.14 µm and width was 145.78 ± 12.62 µm. These findings provide baseline data on mite associations in T. fuscobalteata nests and contribute to understanding arthropod interactions in meliponiculture systems.
Diversity of Insect Species on Bird's Eye Chili Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Tudua Village, Morowali Regency Nurul Amna Moh Said; Fatmah Dhafir; Syech Zainal; Manap Trianto; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Masrianih Masrianih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1223-1229

Abstract

Insects are the most diverse group of living organisms, accounting for nearly 80% of all known animal species. They belong to the phylum Arthropoda and exhibit a wide range of morphological characteristics. Insects can be found in almost all habitats, ranging from lush tropical rainforests to harsh deserts, as well as aquatic environments such as rivers and lakes. This study aimed to identify and describe insect species associated with bird's eye chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Tudua Village. The research was conducted in October 2025. The study sites were selected using purposive sampling, with three observation plots measuring 10 × 10 m each. Insect samples were collected using a combination of sweeping nets, pitfall traps, light traps, and yellow traps. The collected specimens were identified based on their morphological characteristics up to the order, family, genus, or species level and were analyzed descriptively to determine their ecological roles within the agroecosystem. The results revealed a total of 29 insect species belonging to eight orders: Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Odonata, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Blattodea. The identified insects exhibited diverse ecological roles, including pests, herbivores, predators, pollinators, and decomposers. Members of the order Hemiptera and some species of Coleoptera were the most commonly encountered pest groups. Meanwhile, Araneae, Hymenoptera, and Odonata functioned as natural predators, Lepidoptera acted as pollinators, and Blattodea served as decomposers. The presence and distribution of insects were influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, and soil pH.
Analysis of Flavonoid and Tannin Contents in Pumpkin Seed (Cucurbita moschata) Extract Adi Fahri; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti; Fatmah Dhafir; Masrianih Masrianih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1003-1009

Abstract

Pumpkin is one of the herbal plants that possesses various medicinal properties, including antidiabetic, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, due to the presence of bioactive compounds in its seeds. This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds present in pumpkin seed extract using qualitative and quantitative descriptive methods. Qualitative analysis was conducted through color reaction tests using several specific reagents to identify the presence of flavonoid and tannin compounds. Quantitative analysis was performed using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method based on standard solution calibration curves to determine the concentration of each compound. The qualitative test results indicated that the pumpkin seed extract positively contained flavonoids and tannins, as evidenced by the formation of specific color changes in each test. The quantitative analysis showed that the average flavonoid content was 9.34 mg/g, while the average tannin content was 9.42 mg/g. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that pumpkin seed extract contains high levels of flavonoid and tannin compounds, indicating its potential as a natural source of antioxidants. This study is expected to serve as a basis for further development regarding the potential utilization of pumpkin seeds with pharmacological effects.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Sulawesi Endemic Butterfly Cethosia myrina Using the COI (Cytochrome Oxidase I) Gene Iin B Mantulangi; Masrianih Masrianih; Manap Trianto; Fatmah Dhafir; Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti; Amalia Buntu
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1055-1063

Abstract

Cethosia myrina is a butterfly species belonging to the family Nymphalidae and is endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia. The phylogenetic relationships of this species were investigated through molecular phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetics is a method used to examine the evolutionary relationships among living organisms. This study aimed to describe the phylogenetic relationships of C. myrina based on the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene. Samples were collected using an exploratory survey method. Genomic DNA was isolated using the GS 100gSYNC™ DNA Extraction Kit. DNA amplification was performed using COI primers (LCO1490 forward and HCO2198 reverse) through the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Amplified DNA fragments were visualized using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, a UV transilluminator, and a gel documentation system. Subsequent bioinformatics analyses were conducted using Gene Studio, DnaSP, BLAST, DNASTAR, and MESQUITE software. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods in MEGA version 11, applying the Kimura 2-parameter model with 10,000 bootstrap replicates. The results demonstrated that both the Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods produced phylogenetic trees that clearly illustrated the evolutionary relationships among the analyzed samples. Genetic variation analysis revealed the presence of two haplotypes, with a haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.603 ± 0.165 and a nucleotide diversity (?) of 0.00053 ± 0.00013. Phylogenetic reconstruction formed a single monophyletic clade of C. myrina supported by a 99% bootstrap value. A genetic distance of 0.00% was observed among populations from Central Sulawesi (CMST1.1, CMST1.2, and CMST1.3), Central Sulawesi (EU275514.1), and South Sulawesi (HM998338.1), indicating an extremely close genetic relationship among these populations.
Analysis of Daily Behavioral Patterns of Purebred Cats Before and After Sterilization Henny Chandra; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Syech Zainal; Fatmah Dhafir; Masrianih Masrianih; Manap Trianto
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1183-1192

Abstract

Male domestic cats tend to exhibit different behaviors influenced by reproductive hormones, such as aggression, territorial instincts, and relatively high levels of exploratory activity. Sterilization (castration) has been shown to reduce the production of these hormones, which may consequently affect cats' daily behavioral patterns. This study aimed to examine changes in the daily behavior of domestic male cats before and after sterilization (castration). Observations were conducted on 15 cats (A–O), with variables including feeding frequency, sleeping patterns, grooming behavior, play activity, aggressive behavior, social interactions, and physical health. The method employed was direct observation of cat behavior before and after the sterilization procedure. The findings revealed significant behavioral changes following sterilization, including reduced aggression, decreased roaming activity, increased resting time, and more regular feeding patterns. In addition, social interactions with humans and other cats increased, while the cats’ physical condition became more stable. The degree of behavioral change varied among individual cats and was influenced by factors such as breed, age, individual temperament, and the environment in which they were kept. Therefore, sterilization not only plays an important role in population control but also contributes to improved behavioral stability and overall welfare in domestic male cats.
Habitat Characteristics of Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) Nesting Sites in Bukit Jaya Village, Banggai Regency, Indonesia Nuraini Nuraini; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Fatmah Dhafir; Rafiqa Rafiqa; Masrianih Masrianih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1011-1019

Abstract

The Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) is an endemic bird species found in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This species belongs to the order Galliformes and is distinguished by a prominent black, hard casque on its head, an orange beak, predominantly black plumage, and yellowish facial skin. The Maleo exhibits a unique reproductive strategy, as it does not incubate its eggs directly. Instead, it buries them in loose sandy soil that is naturally heated by geothermal activity. According to the 2021 assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Maleo is classified as Critically Endangered under criteria A2cd+4cd (Version 3.1) of the IUCN Red List. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of Maleo nesting habitats in Bukit Jaya Village, Banggai Regency, in order to support the conservation of suitable in situ breeding and nesting environments. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach, focusing on direct field observations and literature review. Sampling stations were determined using an exploratory survey method, in which sites were purposively selected based on habitat characteristics to observe Maleo nesting conditions and the surrounding vegetation. Data collected included nesting-hole depth and width, temperatures inside and outside the nesting holes, sand surface temperature, and humidity. Measurements were conducted three times daily at 08:00, 13:00, and 17:00. The results showed that: (1) nesting-hole depth ranged from 43 to 46 cm, with an average of 44.4 cm; (2) nesting-hole width ranged from 47 to 53 cm, with an average of 50 cm; (3) between 08:00 and 17:00, the average temperature inside the nesting holes was 31°C, the average temperature outside the holes was 35.74°C, the average sand surface temperature was 36.2°C, and the average relative humidity was 72.62%; and (4) the nesting habitat in Bukit Jaya Village was characterized by diverse vegetation growth forms, including trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbing plants (lianas). A total of 16 plant species belonging to 12 families were identified within the nesting habitat. The protection of nesting habitats should be continuously strengthened to help prevent the extinction of this valuable and iconic bird species.
Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Flour Supplementation on Magnesium (Mg) and Potassium (K) Contents of Crackers as a Nutritious Snack Desi Desi; Abd Hakim Laenggeng; Masrianih Masrianih; Musdalifah Nurdin; Raya Agni; I Nengah Kundera
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1337-1344

Abstract

Moringa oleifera leaf flour is recognized as a local food ingredient rich in essential minerals, particularly magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K), which play important roles in various physiological functions of the human body. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf flour supplementation on the magnesium and potassium contents of crackers. The research employed an experimental approach using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% Moringa oleifera leaf flour supplementation, with two replications for each treatment. Magnesium and potassium contents were quantitatively determined using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The data were analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that increasing concentrations of Moringa oleifera leaf flour tended to increase the magnesium and potassium contents of the crackers, with magnesium levels ranging from 0.06 to 0.09 mg/g and potassium levels ranging from 0.79 to 1.93 mg/g. However, statistical analysis revealed that the addition of Moringa oleifera leaf flour did not significantly affect magnesium content (p = 0.377), whereas it had a significant effect on potassium content (p = 0.001). These findings indicate that magnesium and potassium responded differently to the fortification process. Therefore, Moringa oleifera leaf flour demonstrates considerable potential as a fortification ingredient, particularly for enhancing potassium content in crackers as a nutritious snack alternative.
Co-Authors Abd Hakim Laenggeng Adi Fahri Amelia A Riuh Andi Nurjannah Delia Nurhaliza Desi Desi Fatmah Dhafir Henny Chandra I Made Budiarsa I Nengah Kundera Iin B Mantulangi Lestari MP Alibasyah Manap Trianto Moh Syahrial Farawansyah Murni Ammalia Musdalifah Nurdin Nuraini Nuraini Nurly Maftukhah Nurul Amna Moh Said Rafiqa Rafiqa Rafiqah Rafiqah Raya Agni Rifana Lemba Safani Safani Sinta Sinta Sukmawati Sukmawati Suriyanti Suriyanti Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati Syech Zainal Vadillah Vadillah Windarsih, Yulia Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti