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All Journal Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro Komputer dan Informatika (JITEKI) Journal of Computer Science and Informatics Engineering (J-Cosine)
L. Ahmad Syamsul Irfan Akbar
universitas mataram
Computer Science & IT Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Implementation of Static Routing with Path Redundancy on LoRa SX1276 and ESP32 Based on Graph Theory L. Ahmad Syamsul Irfan Akbar; Misbahuddin; Muhamad Syamsu Iqbal; A. Sjamsjiar Rachman; Giri Wahyu Wiriasto; Djul Fikri Budiman; Made Sutha Yadnya
Journal of Computer Science and Informatics Engineering (J-Cosine) Vol 10 No 1 (2026): June 2026
Publisher : Informatics Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jcosine.v10i1.701

Abstract

The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the demand for energy-efficient wireless communication systems and others under various environmental conditions. LoRa (Long Range) technology has attracted considerable attention due to its ability to support long-distance transmission with low power consumption. However, most existing LoRa network implementations rely on single-hop or non-redundant statistical routing to the gateway point, making them vulnerable to link degradation or node failure. This study enhances the statistical routing mechanism with path redundancy implemented on an ESP32 microcontroller and an SX1276 LoRa transceiver module to improve communication transmission. The network topology is modeled using graph theory, where each node is represented as a vertex and communication paths are represented as weighted edges based on the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). The primary and backup routes are derived from the minimum-weighted path in the graph. Experimental results show that incorporating path redundancy improves the packet delivery ratio (PDR) and maintains communication continuity during primary path quality degradation. The proposed approach demonstrates the feasibility of a reliable multi-hop LoRa network using statistical routing with graph-based path redundancy.
Dynamic Routing Table Formation Using Bellman–Ford Algorithm in LoRa Mesh Networks with RSSI-Based Link Costs L. Ahmad Syamsul Irfan Akbar; Misbahuddin; Muhamad Syamsu Iqbal; A. Sjamsjiar Rachman; Giri Wahyu Wiriasto; Djul Fikry Budiman; Made Sutha Yadnya
Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro Komputer dan Informatika Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/jiteki.v12i3.31603

Abstract

The increasing adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) systems requires reliable, energy-efficient, and scalable communication technologies. Although LoRa provides long-range communication with low power consumption, its single-hop architecture limits network scalability in complex deployment environments. This study proposes an RSSI-aware dynamic routing mechanism for LoRa mesh networks based on the Bellman–Ford algorithm and implemented on ESP32 devices equipped with SX1276 transceivers. The main contribution of this research is the implementation of a lightweight distributed routing mechanism that enables autonomous routing-table formation and adaptive multi-hop communication without requiring global network topology information. Experimental evaluations were conducted in a multi-story indoor environment using up to ten LoRa nodes. The proposed routing mechanism successfully achieved neighbor discovery, autonomous routing-table formation, and adaptive multi-hop route establishment. The network reached an average convergence time of 86.60 seconds in a ten-node deployment, demonstrating successful dissemination of routing information throughout the network. Reliability analysis produced an average Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 60.7%, with communication remaining reliable up to approximately three hops but decreasing significantly for longer routes. These findings indicate that the proposed Bellman–Ford-based routing mechanism can effectively support delay-tolerant IoT applications, including environmental monitoring, smart agriculture, and infrastructure sensing. Future work will focus on improving communication reliability for longer multi-hop paths through enhanced link-quality assessment, retransmission strategies, and routing optimizations.
Co-Authors A. Sjamsjiar Rachman Djul Fikri Budiman Djul Fikry Budiman, Djul Fikry Giri Wahyu Wiriasto Made Sutha Yadnya Misbahuddin, Misbahuddin Muhamad Syamsu Iqbal Muhamad Syamsu Iqbal