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Oktaviani Yanti Zega
STIKes Nauli Husada
Dentistry Health Professions Nursing Public Health Veterinary

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The Relationship between Energy and Protein Intake and the Incidence of Chronic Energy Deficiency in Pregnant Women Oktaviani Yanti Zega; Meiyati Simatupang; Asrina Sitompul
Open Access Health Scientific Journal Vol. 5 No. 2 (2024): August 2024
Publisher : Griya Eka Sejahtera

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55700/oahsj.v5i2.259

Abstract

Background: Chronic energy deficiency (CED) during pregnancy is a nutritional concern associated with fetal growth and child health. Adequate energy and protein intake is essential to support nutritional requirements during pregnancy. This study aimed to examine the associations of energy and protein intake with CED among pregnant women in Sibabangun District, Central Tapanuli, Indonesia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2024, involving 80 pregnant women recruited through total population sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The variables analyzed included energy intake, protein intake, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed using SPSS, with associations assessed using the chi-square test.Results: Thirty participants (37.5%) had CED. Mean energy intake was 1,877.6 ± 325.5 kcal/day, mean protein intake was 60.8 ± 16.6 g/day, and mean MUAC was 23.40 ± 1.43 cm. Energy intake was significantly associated with CED (p < .001; OR = 14.67), as was protein intake (p = .003; OR = 4.67). Participants consuming <1,800 kcal/day had higher odds of CED than those consuming ≥1,800 kcal/day. Similarly, participants consuming <60 g of protein/day had higher odds of CED than those consuming ≥60 g/day.Conclusion: Energy and protein intake were significantly associated with CED among pregnant women. These findings indicate cross-sectional associations and do not establish causal relationships.
Changes in Energy and Protein Intake After Local Food-Based Nutrition Education for Pregnant Women in Tukka Village Fitri Khoiriyah; Mei Yati Simatupang; Oktaviani Yanti Zega
Open Access Health Scientific Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : Griya Eka Sejahtera

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55700/oahsj.v6i2.261

Abstract

Background: Energy and protein intake during pregnancy is important for maternal health and fetal growth. Education using local food samples can help mothers implement nutritional recommendations in their daily consumption. This study aims to describe changes in energy and protein intake following local food-based nutrition education among pregnant women in Tukka Village, Central Tapanuli Regency.Methods: A pre-experimental study with a single-group before-after design was conducted in March 2025. A total of 30 pregnant women were recruited through total sampling. Education using leaflets or modules on energy and protein sources, portion sizes, meal frequency, and examples of local food-based menus was provided. Data collection used a questionnaire. Intake before and after the intervention is presented as the mean and standard deviation.Results: Most participants were aged 20–35 years (76.7%), had a high school education (46.7%), and were in their second trimester (43.3%). Mean energy intake increased from 1,645 ± 285 to 1,980 ± 270 kcal/day, with a difference of 335 kcal/day. Mean protein intake increased from 55.8 ± 12.4 to 69.7 ± 11.8 g/day, with a difference of 13.9 g/day.Conclusion: Reported energy and protein intakes were higher after local food-based nutrition education. The design without a control group limits causal conclusions. Controlled studies with standardized intake measurements are needed to confirm the effectiveness of the intervention and its impact on maternal nutritional status.
Household Food Security and Risk of Chronic Energy Deficiency among Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study Oktaviani Yanti Zega; Jenni Susi Sihite; Mei Yati Simatupang
Open Access Health Scientific Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : Griya Eka Sejahtera

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55700/oahsj.v6i2.264

Abstract

Background: Household food insecurity may limit pregnant women's access to sufficient and nutritious food. This study examined the association between household food security and the risk of chronic energy deficiency (CED) among pregnant women in Badiri District, Central Tapanuli Regency, Indonesia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2025 involving 50 pregnant women recruited through total sampling. Household food security was assessed using a questionnaire, and CED risk was classified as a mid-upper arm circumference <23.5 cm. Associations were examined using Pearson's chi-square test. The unadjusted prevalence ratio (PR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated from the contingency table.Results: Twenty-two participants (44.0%) lived in food-insecure households, and 15 (30.0%) were classified as at risk of CED. The proportion at risk of CED was 50.0% in food-insecure households and 14.3% in food-secure households. Food insecurity was associated with a higher prevalence of CED risk (PR = 3.50; 95% CI: 1.29–9.50; χ² = 7.483; p = 0.006).Conclusion: Household food insecurity was associated with CED risk among pregnant women in the study population. Integrating food-security screening, nutritional assessment, and support for food access into antenatal care should be considered. The cross-sectional design and lack of adjustment for confounders limits causal interpretation and generalizability.
Co-Authors Asrina Sitompul Fitri Khoiriyah Jenni Susi Sihite Mei Yati Simatupang Meiyati Simatupang