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All Journal International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Eksergi: Chemical Engineering Journal Jurnal Chemurgy Jurnal Inovasi Teknik Kimia MOTIVECTION : Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering Journal of Industrial Community Empowerment SAINTI: Majalah Ilmiah Teknologi Industri Journal Of Chemical Process Engineering Journal of Clean Technology
Aini, Apsari Puspita
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Aerospace Engineering Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Automotive Engineering Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Economics, Econometrics & Finance Energy Engineering Environmental Science Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Nutrient Recovery from Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Fertilizer Production: Technology Options and Practical Barriers Yahya, Agung Kurnia; Aini, Apsari Puspita; Miftahurrahmah; Sahaq, Anang Baharuddin
Journal of Clean Technology Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/joct.v3i1.42320

Abstract

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a high-strength agro-industrial wastewater whose management governs both environmental performance and operational resilience of palm oil mills. Treatment trains optimized solely for COD/BOD reduction often accumulate operational penalties under feed variability, including scaling, sludge burden, and persistent polishing demands, rather than forming a controllable value-generating platform. This review reframes nutrient recovery from POME as a fertilizer manufacturing problem embedded in a wastewater system, where removal does not equal recovery unless nutrients are transferred into a defined product phase with mass-balanced yield, controlled composition, impurity management, and agronomic function. Anaerobic digestion is positioned as a pivotal pivot point because it converts organic load to methane while producing an anaerobically digested liquor that is operationally more suitable for targeted nutrient recovery than raw POME. Using a PRISMA-ScR scoping review with a systematic search, evidence was mapped across three coupled outcome domains: water reuse/reclamation, energy recovery (biogas/CH₄), and nutrient circularity (N–P recovery and derived products). The synthesis compares unit operations by function and operability constraints, then assembles feasible combinations into a process superstructure and a decision roadmap for pathway selection under mill constraints. Findings emphasize that raw POME and anaerobically digested POME are not interchangeable feedstocks: raw POME is dominated by solids/colloids that hinder selective recovery and contaminate products, while post-digestion variability is more chemistry-driven and governs precipitation windows and membrane stability. Recovery options converge toward hybrid systems integrating crystallization (struvite/phosphate minerals), adsorption/ion exchange with regenerability, membrane concentration including fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis, and biological assimilation (microalgae), with fouling, scaling, and crystallization inhibition as decisive design variables. Overall, meaningful nutrient recovery from POME is achieved only when fertilizer grade products are produced while simultaneously reducing compliance risk and operational burden.
Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Buah Sebagai Ecoenzyme Untuk Pengolahan Palm Oil Mill Effluent Elisma, Netri; Armin, M Ikhlas; Miftahurrahmah, Miftahurrahmah; Aini, Apsari Puspita; Putri, Melysa
Jurnal Inovasi Teknik Kimia Vol. 10 No. 3 (2025): July | INTEKA - Jurnal Inovasi Teknik Kimia
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik Universitas Wahid Hasyim

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31942/inteka.v10i3.14676

Abstract

The palm oil industry plays a crucial role in the global economy, particularly in Indonesia as one of the leading producers of palm oil. However, its production process generates a substantial amount of liquid waste known as Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), which is rich in organic pollutants, including Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), as well as residual oil and grease. If not properly managed, POME can lead to environmental pollution and disrupt surrounding ecosystems. Conventional treatment methods, such as anaerobic ponds, induced air flotation, and coagulation–flocculation, present several limitations, including prolonged processing time and high operational costs. As an alternative, the use of eco-enzyme derived from the fermentation of organic waste, such as fruit peels, offers a more efficient and environmentally friendly solution. Eco-enzyme contains active enzymes, including lipase, protease, and amylase, which are effective in degrading complex organic compounds in POME, thereby naturally reducing BOD, COD, and TSS levels. Furthermore, the presence of organic acids and phenolic compounds in eco-enzyme contributes to pH neutralization and facilitates the adsorption of heavy metals in POME. This study aims to explore the potential of eco-enzyme as a sustainable technology for POME treatment, while also supporting the principles of zero waste and circular economy within the palm oil industry.
Co-Authors . Widayat Achmad Roesyadi Anang Baharuddin Sahaq Arief Budiman Armin, M Ikhlas Elisma, Netri Enny Nurmalasari H Hadiyanto Khairati, Miftahul Miftahurrahmah Miftahurrahmah, Miftahurrahmah Muhammad Zulfikar Luthfi N. H., Harmiwati Permadani, Resi Levi Puji Rahayu Putri, Melysa Rasrendra, Carolus Borromeus Romigo, Rivaldo Ronald Sukwadi Sanjaya, Nady Sitompul, Johnner Ulia, Hasnah Yahya , Agung Kurnia Yahya, Agung Kurnia