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All Journal International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan indonesia Sanitarian Jurnal Kesehatan Poltekita : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Ruwa Jurai: Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Journal of Environmental Health and Sanitation Technology Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal)
Akhmadi, Zainal
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Environmental Science Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health

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Analisis Faktor Risiko Lingkungan Fisik terhadap Penyakit ISPA Di Ruangan Kantor PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia II (Persero) Cabang Pontianak Tahun 2014 Putri, Emelia; Hermilestari, Ani; Akhmadi, Zainal
Jurnal Sanitarian Khatulistiwa Vol 7, No 1 (2015): April 2015
Publisher : Jurnal Sanitarian Khatulistiwa

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Abstract

Abstrak. Analisis Faktor Risiko Lingkungan Fisik Terhadap Penyakit Ispa di Ruangan Kantor PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia II (Persero) Cabang Pontianak Tahun 2014. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor risiko lingkungan fisik terhadap penyakit ISPA antara lain kelembaban, suhu, pencahayaan, kepadatan hunian, dan angka kuman di ruangan kantor PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia II (PERSERO) Cabang Pontianak. Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasi analitik dengan metode cross sectional yang melakukan pengujian terhadap hipotesis. Jenis uji yang digunakan adalah chi-square dengan α = 0,05. Populasi ruangan kantor sebanyak 5 ruang dengan jumlah pekerja 498 orang, untuk sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 5 ruang dan 100 pekerja. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan ada hubungan antara kelembaban dengan kejadian ISPA diperoleh nilai p (0,001), ada hubungan suhu dengan kejadian ISPA diperoleh nilai p (0,001), ada hubungan antara pencahayaan dengan kejadian ISPA diperoleh nilai p (0,034), serta ada hubungan antara kepadatan hunian dengan kejadian ISPA diperoleh nilai p (0,001), dan ada hubungan antara angka kuman dengan kejadian ISPA diperoleh nilai p (0,031).Abstract. Analysis of Physical Environment Risk Factors to the Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) At PT Pelabuhan Indonesia II (Persero) Branch Pontianak 2014. This research purpose to analyze the risk factor of the physical environment to the incidence of ARI including humidity, temperature, exposure, resident density, and number of microbe in office room of PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia II (PERSERO) Pontianak branch.The type of this research is observational analytic with cross sectional method who do testing toward hypothesis. The type of test used is chi-square with α = 0,05. Population of office room as much 5 room with workers number 498 people and for the sample in this research is 5 room and 100 workers.The result of statistic test indicate there is a relationship between humidity with ARI incident retrieved p value (0,001), there is a relationship between temperature with ARI incident retrieved p value (0,001), there is a relationship between exposure with ARI incident retrieved p value (0,034), as well as there is a relationship between resident density with ARI incident retrieved p value (0,001), and there is a relationship between number of microbe with ARI incident retrieved p value (0,031).
Biofiltration Performance of Coconut Shell and Plastic Waste Made from Egg Holders for Medical Wastewater Treatment Akhmadi, Zainal; Suharno, Suharno; Hikmah, Kholisotul
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia Vol 19, No 1 (2020): April 2020
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkli.19.1.62-67

Abstract

Latar belakang: Pengelolaan limbah cair medis dari fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan memegang peran penting bagi lingkungan dan keamanan masyarakat luas. Pencemar yang terkandung di dalamnya harus diolah terlebih dahulu sebelum dibuang ke lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan hasil dari pengolahan limbah cair medis (IPAL) dengan menggunakan tempurung kelapa dan plastic bekas tempat telur sebagai media biofiltrasi untuk menurunkan kadar BOD dan COD di Puskesmas Siantan Hulu.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan jenis quasi-eksperimen. IPAL yang diaplikasikan adalah continuous flow dengan volume 2000 liter dan dibagi menjadi 4 tahapan, yaitu pengendapan awal, bak anaerob, bak aerob dan bak pengendapan akhir. Proses pembiakan mikroorganisme dilakukan secara alami dengan membiarkan media direndam dalam bak anaerob dan aerob selama 14 hari. Penelitian inti dilakukan secara kontinyu dengan lama tinggal 6 hari sesudah melewati ketebalan media tempurung kelapa dan plastic bekas yang berbeda, yaitu 20:40 cm, 40:40 cm dan 60:20 cm. Hasil dianalisis menggunakan uji t berpasangan dan uji One-Way Anova serta rumus efisiensi penurunan parameter.Hasil: Diperoleh hasil bahwa ada perbedaan kadar BOD dan COD sebelum dan sesudah melewati media biakan lekat (p=0,000) dengan berbagai ketebalan media. Berdasarkan waktu tinggal, tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap kadar BOD dan COD (p=0,985 dan p=0,142).  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di antara kombinasi anaerobic dan aerobic, aplikasi 20 cm tempurung kelapa dan 60 cm plastic bekas selama 6 hari menghasilkan penurunan tertinggi, yaitu dengan efisiensi rata-rata 94,3% dari rata-rata 130 mg/l menjadi 6,2 mg/l dan COD 96,6% dari rata-rata 217,2 mg/l menjadi 7,3 mg/l..Simpulan: Penelitian ini menghasilkan kadar BOD dan COD yang sesuai (<NAB), menjadi 6,2 md/l dan 7,3 mg/l. Modifikasi ini menurunkan BOD dengan rata-rata efisiensi 94,3% dan COD 96,6%. Disimpulkan bahwa ketebalan media yang terbaik adalah 20:60 cm tempurung kelapa dan plastik bekas dan waktu tinggal 1 hari.ABSTRACT Background: Health facilities waste water management is a crucial environmental and public safety issue. These pollutants should be treated by the proper treatment before release to the municipal drainage. This study aims at presenting the results of waste water treatment modification which used coconut shell and plastic as biofiltration media to decrease organic pollutants (BOD and COD) at Public Health Center of Siantan Hulu.Methods: This study is a quasy experiment. The type of wastewater treatment that is used in this research is a continuous flow which has total volume 2000 litter and divided into 4 zones, i.e presedimentation, anaerob zone, aerobic zone and post sedimentation zone. Seeding microorganism has done naturally by letting media in anaerob and aerob zone for 14 days. The main research were conducting by continuous operation under 6 days retention time after treated by different media depth of coconut shell and plastic, i.e 20:60cm, 40:40cm and 60:20cm. The results analyzed by paired sample t-test, one-way anova, and also proportional efficiency formula. Results: It obtained that there was difference of BOD and COD level before and after through various bed depth of media (p=0,000). Based on retention time, it was not found any difference towards BOD and COD content (p=0,985 and p=0,142). The result of experiment shows that within the combined anaerobic and aerobic process using 20 cm coconut shell and 60 cm of plastic media under condition 6  days retention time, the average of removal efficiency of BOD reached to 96,6% from 130 mg/l into 6,2 mg/l and COD 94,3% which 217,2 mg/l down to 7,3 mg/l.. Conclusion: Application of coconut shell and plastic waste media filtration for medical wastewater treatment resulted  appropriate BOD and COD content, into 6,2 mg/l and 7,3 mg/l respectively. This modification decreases BOD with the average of percentage efficiency stood at  94,3% and COD at 96,6%. It was found to be the best media with an appropriate coconut shell:plastic waste bed depth of 20:60 cm with 1 day of retention time.
EFEKTIFITAS EKSTRAK BUAH MENGKUDU (Morinda citrifolia) SEBAGAI PESTISIDA NABATI UNTUK PENGENDALIAN MENCIT (Mus musculus) Putri, Agnes Verawati; Hajimi, Hajimi; Akhmadi, Zainal
Ruwa Jurai: Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Vol. 15 No. 3 (2021)
Publisher : Poltekkes Kemenkes Tanjung Karang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26630/rj.v15i3.3068

Abstract

Hama yang seringkali ditemukan didalam rumah dan merugikan bagi manusia adalah mencit  (Mus musculus). Selain sebagai hama dan perusak bangunan, Mus musculus juga berperan sebagai penyebar penyakit bagi manusia. Pengendalian yang telah dilakukan oleh masyarakat adalah membuat jebakan atau perangkap, racun tikus, dan pengasapan. Selain itu terdapat cara alami yaitu menggunakan buah mengkudu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) sebagai pestisida nabati terhadap pengendalian mencit (Mus musculus) dan untuk mengetahui perbedaan efektifitas ekstrak buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) pada setiap variasi dosis yaitu 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, dan 55%. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimen semu (quasi experiment). Jumlah sampel 30 mencit. Uji toksisitas terhadap mencit menggunakan fixed dose methode. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji one way Anova. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan adanya pengaruh efektifitas ekstrak buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) terhadap kematian mencit (p-value = 0,000 < 0,05), akan tetapi pada kosentrasi 55% belum dapat dikatakan efektif untuk membunuh hama mencit (Mus musculus) karena baru mampu membunuh 20% mencit.
Efficacy of calcium lactate as a biodegradable coagulant for peat water purification: an experiment comparative study Asmadi, Asmadi; Akhmadi, Zainal; Suharno, Suharno; Yulia, Yulia
International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) Vol 14, No 1: March 2025
Publisher : Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijphs.v14i1.24650

Abstract

Kalimantan relies significantly on peat water as a water source. However, due to its high organic content, acidic nature, and intense color, it is not safe to drink. To address this issue, researchers proposed an eco-friendly coagulant, calcium lactate, to remove suspended solids. To test its effectiveness, the coagulant was compared to membrane technologies, specifically nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO), at Rasau Jaya General Hospital in West Kalimantan between April and October 2022. Different pressures, 40, 60, and 80 Psi, were used to test both methods. Before and after treatment, the levels of total coliform, E. coli, pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), turbidity, color, and calcium were examined. The results showed that the best outcomes were achieved at 60 Psi. The combination of 0.8 mg/l calcium lactate and NF met all the standard values, except for color (29 TCU). Calcium lactate and RO, however, produced safe drinking water at 60 Psi from all analyzed parameters (E. coli=0, total coliform=0, pH=6.5, TDS=7.1, nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)=2.8 NTU, color=8.7 TCU, and calcium 7.6 mg/l). The reduction of bacteriological substances achieved 100% for both methods. Overall, the combination of calcium lactate and RO yielded slightly better results than NF.
Pengaruh Jenis Elektroda Dan Waktu Proses Elektrokoagulasi Dalam Menurunkan Kadar Kekeruhan Dan Warna Air Gambut Di Kota Pontianak Manalu, Tiara Anita Quasimodogenity; Akhmadi, Zainal
Journal of Environmental Health and Sanitation Technology Vol 2 No 2 (2023): Journal of Environmental Health and Sanitation Techology
Publisher : Jurusan Kesehatan Lingkungan Poltekkes Kemenkes Pontianak

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30602/jehast.v2i2.275

Abstract

Air gambut adalah air permukaan yang banyak ditemukan di daerah dataran rendah yang berlahan gambut, dengan banyak zat organik, besi, dan asam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana jenis elektroda dan waktu proses elektrokoagulasi mempengaruhi kadar kekeruhan dan warna air gambut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen semu (quasi eksperimen) dengan berbagai jenis elektroda (besi, aluminium, dan tembaga) dan waktu kontak 30 menit, 60 menit, 90 menit, 120 menit, dan 150 menit. Power supply yang digunakan 24 volt dan volume air 15 liter. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan bahwa kadar kekeruhan sebelum perlakuan rata-rata 61 NTU, dan setelah perlakuan, elektroda besi menurunkan kadar kekeruhan paling rendah 19 NTU, elektroda aluminium menurunkan kadar kekeruhan paling rendah 16 NTU, dan elektroda tembaga menurunkan kadar kekeruhan paling rendah 18 NTU serta waktu kontak masing-masing 150 menit. Kadar warna sebelum perlakuan adalah 571 TCU dan setelah perlakuan, elektroda besi menurunkan paling sedikit 127 TCU, elektroda aluminium menurunkan paling sedikit 124 TCU dan elektroda tembaga menurunkan paling sedikit 111 TCU serta waktu kontak masing-masing 150 menit. Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian bahwa ada pengaruh berbagai jenis elektroda dalam menurunkan kadar kekeruhan dan warna air gambut. Diharapkan dapat menjadi alternatif dalam pengolahan air gambut untuk menurunkan kadar kekeruhan dan warna serta dapat mengurangi efek samping terhadap kesehatan akibat dari air gambut yang mengandung asam humus seperti asam humat, asam fulvat, dan humin.
Factors Related to Cafe Worker’s Lung Capacity in Pontianak, Indonesia Sunarsieh, Sunarsieh; Repelita, Felina; Akhmadi, Zainal
Kesmas Vol. 17, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Exposure to cigarette smoke in public places affects the human population lung capacity. Cafe workers are a population susceptible to cigarette smoke exposure. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with the lung capacity of cafe workers. This study used an observational method with a cross-sectional approach. The sample was composed of 74 participants. Data collection was carried out by interviewing and observing respondents. Exposure to inhaled smoke was measured using interviews and a spirometer checking lung capacity. The Chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between risk factors and lung capacity. The results showed a significant relationship between age (p-value = 0.006) and the lung capacity of cafe workers. The older person had, the greater the risk of decreased lung function. There was a significant relationship between cigarette smoke exposure, age, and the lung capacity of cafe workers. The intervention needs to be done to make a preventive measure by establishing non-smoking area regulations in public spaces and monitoring the workplace environment.
The Influence of Electrode Plate Area in Reducing Turbidity and Color Levels in Peat Water Akhmadi, Zainal; Chitra, Fara; Wulantika, Daeng
Poltekita : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Vol. 17 No. 3 (2023): November
Publisher : Poltekkes Kemenkes Palu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33860/jik.v17i3.3387

Abstract

Peat water generally exhibits characteristics ranging from dark brown to black, with high organic content and a pH range between 3.7 and 5.3. These features pose challenges in meeting clean water quality standards, essential for maintaining human health. Consequently, the treatment of peat water becomes a pressing need to enhance its quality for suitable use. Electrocoagulation has emerged as a widely applied method in peat water treatment. This research aims to evaluate the influence of electrode plate area and contact time in reducing turbidity and color in peat water. The research methodology employed a quasi-experimental design known as the One-Group Pretest-Posttest. Thirty test samples were collected with variations in electrode plate areas of 4 x 30 cm, 5 x 30 cm, and 6 x 30 cm. Contact time was varied within the range of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes, applying a voltage of 48 volts. The results indicated fluctuations in the increase of turbidity in peat water after the electrocoagulation treatment. A plate area of 6 x 30 cm led to a turbidity increase of 27.33 NTU or approximately 83% after a contact time of 150 minutes. Meanwhile, the color level in peat water decreased by 65 TCU with a 5 x 30 cm electrode plate area after 150 minutes of contact time, achieving an effectiveness of 90% in color reduction. In conclusion, the electrode plate area significantly influences the reduction of turbidity and color in peat water. Although there is no discernible effect of contact time on turbidity levels, prolonged contact time has a significant impact on reducing the color level in peat water.
Co-Authors Asmadi asmadi Chitra, Fara Hajimi, Hajimi Hermilestari, Ani Hikmah, Kholisotul Manalu, Tiara Anita Quasimodogenity Putri, Agnes Verawati Putri, Emelia Repelita, Felina S.Pd. M Kes I Ketut Sudiana . Suharno Suharno Sunarsieh, Sunarsieh Wulantika, Daeng Yulia Yulia